(i; ■W'. i^'. Jii' ill I u iiiili llil '^T M TENTH ANNUAL Iowa Year Book of Agriculture Issued by the Iowa Department of Agriculture LIBKARV 1 jyjj BOTANICAL UAKDCN. DES MOINES FMORY H. ENGLISH, STATE PRINTER E. D. CHASSELL, STATE BINDER 1910 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Office of Iowa State Department op Agriculture, Des Moines, Iowa, February 12, 1910. To His Excellency, B. F. Carroll,' Governor of Iowa-. Sir: — I have the honor to transmit herewith the Tenth Annual Iowa Year Book of Agriculture, for the year 1909. JOHN C. SIMPSON, Secretary State Board of Agriculture. /9^ INTRODUCTORY. In compiling the Tenth Annual Iowa Year Book of Agricul- ture it has been the purpose of the Department to present in an intelligent manner information most sought for by students of agriculture and those seeking information looking toward* the betterment of agricultural conditions in the State of low^a. The usefulness of the Department in disseminating informa- tion is greatly impaired" for the reason that the law governing the Department makes no provision for the publishing of any information through any other medium except the Iowa Year Book of Agriculture. We believe that s'ome change should be made in the law whereby the Department would have the means and authority to publish bulletins, and not be obliged to with- hold valuable information from the public until such time as it may be published in the Year Book. The Year Book for 1909 is divided into fifteen parts. Pre- ceding Part I is a compilation of crop and other farm statistics showing Iowa's source of wealth. Part I contains the final summary of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for the year 1909. In this part will be found the monthly review of the climatology for the year, the dates of last killing frost in spring and first in autumn, climate and crop review for the year, com- parative data of temperature and precipitation, and the final estimate on the acreage and jield of the principal farm crops in each county and for the state. Part II contains statistical tables of Iowa's principal farm crops for the years of 1896 to 1909 inclusive, acreage, production and value of the principal farm crops of the United States in 1909, statistics of the prin- cipal farm crops of the world for the years 1904 to 1909 inclu- sive, and the estimated number, average price, and total value ^_^of farm animals in the United States January 1, 1910, with com- ^parisons. Part III contains crop and other farm statistics gath- '"'ered liy the township assessors and reported to this Department by the county auditor of each county in the state. This is the first report under the provisions of Chapter 86, Acts of the Thir- vi INTRODUCTORY ty-third General Assembly and contains the following data : Table No. 1. Total number, average size, and total acreage of all farms within the state, number of rods of tiling, number of silos, number of manure spreaders in use, and the average monthly wage paid farm help. Table No. 2. Total acreage, total yield and average yield per acre of the following farm crops for the year 1909: Corn, oats, barley, winter and spring wheat. Table No. 3. Acreage, yield and average yield per acre of rye, potatoes, alfalfa and hay, also number of bushels of timothy and clover seed, number of acres of pop corn, acres and yield of sweet corn, number of acres in garden and orchards, and the acreage alloted to pasture, all for the year 1909. Table No. 4. Number of horses, mules and cattle (all ages) on the farms in Iowa January 1, 1910 ; the number of cattle shipped in for feed- ing during the year and the number sold for slaughter during the same period, the average number of hogs and sheep kept on the farm, the number of sheep shipped in for feeding and the number sold for slaughter, the average number of poultry kept on the farm, the number marketed during the year, the approx- imate number of dozens of eggs received and the approximate number of dozens sold during the year. Part IV contains a report of the proceedings of the joint session of the Annual State Farmers' Institute and Corn Belt Meat Producers' Asso- ciation on December 7, 1909. Part V contains the proceedings of the State Agricultural Convention, December 8, 1909. Part VI gives a sjmopsis of the proceedings of the State Board of Agriculture, executive and special committee meetings. Part VII contains a complete report of the proceedings of the an- nual meeting of the Swine Breeders' Association for 1909. Part VIII sets forth the proceedings of the Thirty-third Annual Con- vention of the Iowa State Dairj^ Association held at Cedar Rapids November 16, 17 and 18, 1909. Part IX is a reprint of the State Food and Dairy Commissioner's Tweny-third An- nual Report, same being for the year 1909. Part X contains re- prints from bulletins from various experiment stations and other valuable data from the agricultural press and from papers read before county farmers' institutes on agriculture and kindred subjects, and a financial statement of county farmers' institutes in Iowa receiving state aid. Part XI is a report of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition by the leading agricultural papers of this and adjoining states, with the official report of awards in INTRODUCTORY vii the live stock departments for the 1909 fair and the scoring in the boys' judging and the girl's cooking contests. Part XII gives a report of the agricultural conditions in the state by the county and district agricultural societies in Iowa ; also a finan- cial statement of county and district fairs in Iowa receiving state aid and a statement showing admission fees charged at these fairs. Part XIII is a report of the horse breeding industry in Iowa with a list of state certificates issued from ]\Iay 1, 1909, to May 1, 1910; also a copy of the law governing the state enroll- ment of stallions and the lien law for service fee, with recom- mendations for changes in these laws. Part XIV gives a copy of the concentrated feed and seed laws. Part XV is a directory of associations and organizations representing agricultural in- terests in Iowa. STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 1910 EX OFFICIO MEMBERS. Governor of State Des Moines President of Iowa State College Ames State Dairy Commissioner Des Moines State Yeterinarian Forest City OFFICERS. C. E. Cameron, President Alta W. C. Brown, Vice-President Clarion J. C. Simpson, Secretary Des Moines G. S. GiLBERTSON, Treasurer Des Moines DISTRICT MEMBERS. First District — R. S. .Johnston Columbus Junction Second District — C. W. Phillips Maquoketa Third District — E. M. Reeves Waverly Fourth District — E. J. Ci'RTIn Decorah Fifth District — E. M. "Wentwobth State Center Sixth District — T. C. Legoe What Cheer Seventh District — C. F. Cl'rtiss Ames Eighth District — John Ledgerwood Weldon Ninth District — Chas. Eschek. Jr Botna Tenth District — O. A. Olson Forest City Eleventh District — H. L. Pike Whiting The President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer are elected for one Year. Terms of the Directors for even-numbered Districts expire Second Wednes- day in December, 1910. Terms of Directors from odd-num- bered Districts expire second Wednesday in Decem- ber, 1911. COMMITTEES YEAR 1910 EXECUTI\-E COMMITTEE. C. E. CAMERON . . .W. C. BROWN J. C. SIMPSON ATJDITING COMMITTEE. C. W. PHILLIPS R. S. JOHNSTON T. C. LEGOE. COMMITTEE OX RESOLUTIOXS. E. J. CURTIN JOHN LEDGERWOOD CAS. ESCHER, JR. COMMITTKI-: OX lUI.ES. C. E. CAMERON J. C. SIMPSON C. F. CURTISS R. S. JOHNSTON H. L. PIKE COMMITTEE OX ADULTEBATIOX OF FOOD. SEEDS AXD OTHER PRODUCTS. E. M. WENTWORTH C. F. CURTIS H. R. WRIGHT COMMITTEE OX DAIRY IXDrSTRY AXD PRODUCTS IXCLUDIXG FRAUDULEXT IMITATIOXS THEREOF. H. R. WRIGHT O. A. OLSON W. C. BROWN COMMITTEE OX COXTAGIOUS DISEASES AMOXG DOMESTIC ANIMALS. C. F. CURTISS p. O. KOTO E. M. REEVES H. L. PIKE COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF LAWS AND NEW LAWS. E. M. WENTWORTH. .C. F. CURTISS. .H. R. WEIGHT. .C. E. CAMERON W. C. BROWN J. C. SIMPSON LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE. C. E. CAMERON J. C. SIMPSON W. C. BROWN E. M. WENTWORTH C. W. PHILLIPS IOWA WEATHEE AND CROP SEEVTCCE. GEO. M. CHAPPEL, Director Des Moines ILLUSTRATIONS Agricultural Building, Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds 79 Ayreshire bull, "Howie's Fizzaway" 349 Ayrshire cow^, "Boghall Snowdrop" 348 Bird's-eye view of Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds 86 Champion Holstein herd 345 Champion butter cow, "Loretta D" 350 Champion long distance cow, "Jacoba Irene" 354 Chicken hatch 617 Ginseng garden 509 Group of Holstein cows ." 353 Guernsey bull, "Hero of Court Le Bilq. Jr." 347 Guernsey bull, "Lord Mar" 347 Guernsey cow, "Dolly Dimple" 351 Guernsey cow, "Victoria" 346 Holstein bull, "Buffalo Skylark Ames" 344 Holstein bull, "Dijkestra Beauty Ladd" 343 Holstein cow, "Parthenia Hengerveld ' 342 Horse Barns, Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds 157 Iowa Silo 418, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 137, 438, 439, 440, 441, 443 Jersey bull, "Beauvoir's King" 354 Jersey bull. "Derry's Jolly Lad, Jr." 355 Jersey cow, "Hector's Fairy Bell" 352 Live Stock Pavilion, Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds 61 Scene during Sunday concert, 1909 Fair 182 Sheep barn. Clover Hill Farm 487, 490 Shropshire ewe, "Clover Hill" 476 Stock and corn judging contestants, 1909 Fair 682 Swine Barn and Pavilion, Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds. .. 102 Vegetable division, 1909 Fair 388 TABLE OF CONTENTS Letter of Transviittal. Introductory . State Board of Agriculture. Standing Committees. Index to Illustrations, lotca's Source of Wealth. PART I. Iowa Weather and Crop Report for 1910 1- 60 PABT n. Statistical Data Farm Crops of Iowa for past Twenty-nine Years; Farm Crops of the United States for 1909; Farm Crops of the World for 1908; Number, Average Value and Total Value of Farm Animals in the United States, January 1, 1910 62- 85 PABT m. Crop and Other Farm Statitstics for the Year Ending December 31, 1909, Gathered by Township Assessors and Reported to This Department by County Auditors 87- 101 PART IV. Report of Joint Session of State Farmers' Institute and Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, December, 1909 103- 134 PART V. Report of Annual Agricultural Convention, December, 1909 135- 181 PART VI. Summary of State Board and Committee Meetings for 1909 183- 279 PART vn. Report of Annual Meeting of Iowa Swine Breeders' Association, June, 1909 281- 304 PABT vni. Report of Iowa Dairy Association Meeting 305- 387 PART IX. Statistics on Iowa Dairying, From Commissioner's Report 389- 416 PART' X. Miscellaneous Papers of Value to the Student of Agriculture 417- 638 xvi TABLE OF CONTEXTS PART XI. Iowa state Fair and Exposition, 1909 639- 787 PART XII. Condensed Reports from County and District Agricultural So- cieties 789- 891 PART xin. Report of Division of Hore Breeding, May 1. 1909 to May 1, 1910. . PART XIV. Concentrated Feed and Seed Law PART XV. Directory of Associations and Organizations Representing Agri- cultural Interests in the State IOWA'S SOURCE OP WEALTH FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1909. COMPILED FOR THE IOWA YEAR BOOK OF AGRICULTURE, FROM STATISTICS GATHERED UNDER THE NEW IOWA SAT I STIC AL LAW. ACREAGE PRODUCTION, AVERAGE YIELD AND VALUE PER ACRE AND TOTAL VALUE OP IOWA FAEJI PRODUCTS FOR THE YEAR 1909. 1 Farm Products Acreage Produc- tion 2 a) u < £• o cd u 4) a O a "5 > Total Value Corn .. 8,681,850 4,312,134 1S9,970 303,-32 562,622 41,606 1.38,130 17,305 4,333,983 23,041 952,440 308,036,868 U7,0S3,8o0 3,621,933 3,803,460 10,352,040 556,846 12,427,595 173,653 6,311,874 65,806 34.6 27. 18.2 12.5 17.5 18.4 90. 10. 1.4 2.85 $ .51 .35 .92 .90 .46 .60 .53 1.30 7.00 S.OO $17.65 8.45 16.75 11.25 8.05 8.04 47.70 13.00 9.80 22.80 15.00 .50 "OO .50.00 100.00 75.00 10.00 $157,098,803 Oats 40,979,317 Winter wheat Springs wheat I'.arley - Uye Potatoes -— Flax Hay Alfalfa ... . 3,3:32,197 3,420,414 4,761,938 3^,107 6,586,614 225,745 44,183,118 526,448 14,286,000 Timothy seed .. 1,067,538 4.1,598 1.50 8.03 1,601,307 Clover seed Pop corn (acres) Swoet corn (acres) Garden (acres) Orchards (acres) Pasture (acres) 14,063 44,874 151,199 9,466,7918 i364,292 332,784 443,400 704,150 4,487,400 11,339,925 94,667,980 Wool _ 1,000,000 50,000,000 25,858,573 Total 30,221,356 . $466,170,849 NUMBER, AVERAGE VALUE AND TOTAL VALUE OF LIVE STOCK, JANUARY 1. 1910. s> s eS > 3 CB ^__ si o < fi Horses . - 1,322,464 $115.00 $152,083,360 Mules Milch cows Other cattle Swinf> Sheep ■51,654 1,107,233 3,5.30,304 6,312,634 889,726 120.00 40.00 25.00 ll.OO 5.50 6,158,480 44,28^,320 88,257,600 69,438,974 4,893,«3 Total $365,161,227 xviii IO^YA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TOTAL ACREAGE IN FARMS OF IOWA, AVERAGE ACREAGE IN FARMS, AVERAGE VALUE FARMS PER ACRE, TOTAL VALUE FARMS, VALUE FARM MACHINERY. AVERAGE VALUE FARM MACHINERY PER FARM. RURAL POPULATION. ETC. Total number of acres in farm lands 30,221,356 Number of farms (Iowa Dept. of Agriculture Statistical reports, Jan- uaiT, laiO) 190,4as Average acreage in farms (Iowa Dept. of Agriculture Statistical reports, January, 1910) 158.66 Average value per acre (estimated) $ TO. 00 Total value farms of Iowa (estimated) $0,266,601,700 Total value farm machinery (estimated) $ 76,195,200 Average value farm machinery, per farm $ 361.00 Rural population (Iowa census, 1905) 1,142,114 Number rods tiling in Iowa.— 39,744,166 Number silos in use on Iowa farms 1,556 Number manure spreaders in use on Iowa farms 59,243 Average monthly wage paid farm help $ 26.50 Number cattle shipped in for feeding, 1900 301,896 Number sold for slaughter, 1909 1,101,488 Number sheep shipped in for feeding, 1909 250,726 Number sheep sold for slaughter, 1909 448,338 Number poultry on Iowa farms _ 22,OGJ,70T Value poultry 9 11,081,3.53 Average number dozen eggs received yearly 84,726,975 Total value eggs received @ $ .17.5t per dozen 9 14,827.220 GENERAL SUMMARY. Value of crops and other farm products, 1909 $ 466,170,849 Value of live stock, .January 1, 1910 365,161,227 Total for 1909 - $ 831,333,076 Total for 190S < 802,354, &!6 Increase year 1909 over 190S $ 28,977,430 Increase year 1909 over 1007 101,005,105 Total value farms and farm machinery, farm crops and live stock at close of year 1909 ..$3,174,128,976 Or an average value per farm of $ 16,663 PART I. Report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for 1909. George M. Ghappel, Director. This report has been compiled from the monthly and Aveekly bulletins of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, the purpose being to present in a condensed form the principal climatic features of the year, together Avith the tabulated statistics of the staple soil products of the state, for future reference. The equipment of the co-operative meteorological stations has been kept up to a high standard through the generous co-operation of the lion. Chief U. S. Weather Bureau. Self-registering maxi- mum and minimum thermometers, rain gages and instrument shel- ters have been issued whenever necessary to improve the records. Meteorological reports were received regularly each month from 122 stations in charge of co-operative observers, and also from the U. S. Weather Bureau stations at Des Moines, Davenport, Du- buque, Charles City, Keokuk, Sioux City and Omaha, Nebraska. During the six crop months of 1909, this office distributed about 42,500 copies of the weekly weather crop bulletin and during the year 22,000 copies of the Monthly Climatological Report of the Weather and Crop Service. The distribution of the daily weather forecasts, by mail, rural telephone and rural mail service has been maintained with very little variation in the number distributed as compared with the number issued in 1908. About one hundred thousand rural tele- nhone subscribers and nearly seven thousand patrons of the rural mail routes receive the forecasts daily and special, warnings of the approach of cold Avaves and heavj- snoAVS Avhenever issued. The tabulation of the precipitation data for tne several drainage basins of the state has been completed, and the tables are being printed by the Chief U. S. Weather Bureau. IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGEICULTURE CLIMATOLOGY OF THE YEAR 1909 The mean temperature was very nearly normal, tliere being an excess of only 0.1°; but the average snowfall .was considerably above the normal of the past twenty years. The average snowfall was greater than ever before recorded since state-wide observations began in 1890, and the average precipitation has been exceeded only once, in 1901, during that time. January, February, June and November gave an excess of tem- perature and precipitation. There was a deficiency of both temperature and precipitation during March, May and October, while April, July, Sep- tember and December gave a deficiency of temperature and an excess of precipitation. August gave an excess of temperature and a deficiency of precipitation, and both the temperature and precipitation were below normal in October. The spring and early summer months were cool and wet; but August was hot and dry. The most notable characteristics of the weather during IS 09 were the continuously cold weather during the fore part of the planting season; the excessive rains in June and the first half of July; the droughty conditions in August; the high temperature and excessive precipitation in November; and the severe cold and ab- normally heavy snowfall in December. Baeometer. — The mean pressure of the atmosphere for the year 1909 was 30.02 inches. The highest observed pressure was 30.71 inches, at Dubuque, Dubuque county, on January 7th, and at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on January 30th. The lowest pressure observed was 29.06 inches, at Davenport, Scott county, on January 29th. The range for the State was 1.65 inches. Tempekatuke. — The mean temperature for the State was 47.6°, which is 0.1° above the normal for thg State. The highest temperature reported was 103°, at Bloomfield, Davis county, on August 15th, and at Baxter, Jasper county, on August 16th. The lowest temperature reported was — 26°, at Inwood, Lyon county, on February 15th and December 29th. The range for the State was 129°. Precipitation. — The average amount of rain and melted snow for the year as shown by complete records of 97 stations, was 40.01 inches, which is 7.36 inches above the normal, and 4.75 Inches above the average amount in 1908. The greatest amount recorded at any station for the year was 53.48 inches, at Peri'y, Dallas county. The least amount recorded was 27.20 inches, at Buckingham, Tama county. The greatest monthly rainfall was 13.30 inches, at Afton, Union county, in June. The least monthly precipitation was a trace, at Fairfield, Jefferson county, in August. The greatest amount in any 24 consecutive hours w^as 6.50 inches, at Allerton, Wayne county, on July 6th. The average amount of snowfall was 46.8 inches. The greatest amount of snowfall, unmelted, at any station during the year was 90.8 inches, at Algona, Kossuth county. The greatest monthly snowfall was 32.0 inches, at Perry, Dallas county, and the greatest 24-hour snowfall was 20.0 inches, at Humboldt, Humboldt county, on March 7th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 104 days. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART I 3 Wind. — The prevailing direction of tlie wind vv-as south. The highest velocity reported was at Sioux City, Woodbury county, 72 miles per hour, from the northwest, on January 29th. SuxsHiXE AND CLOUDINESS. — Thc average number of clear days was 152; partly cloudy, 92, and cloudy, 121, as against 176 clear days; 96 partly cloudy; and 94 cloudy days in 190S. The duration of sunshine was below normal in all but the summer months when it was slightly above the sea- sonal average. MONTHLY SUMMARIES JANUARY. The average temperature for the month was considerably above the normal, altho seasonable temperature for January prevailed during the first half and the last three days of the month. The coldest periods of the month v.ere between the 5th and 12th, and tte 29th and 31st, when the minimum temperatures were near or below zero. The coldest day was on the Cth when the minimum temperature ranged from 10 degrees below zero in the southern counties to 25 degrees below zero in several of the northern counties. From the 13th to the 28th the weather was unseason- ably warm, especially on the 23d, when the highest temperature ever recorded in January occurred at several stations in the southeastern part of the State. The last three days of the month were cold with minimum temperatures generally below zero. There was considerably more precipi- tation than usual, notwithstanding the fact that but little moisture fell prior to the 28th. Small amounts of snow fell between the 4th and 7th, and on the 15th and 16th. Light rain fell between the 18th and 23d with an excessive amount of foggy v/eather. Light rain began on the 28th increasing to heavy rain in the evening and turning to snow during the night. This storm was attended by extremely high northwest winds which continued from the night of the 28th to the morning of the 30th, making it one of the worst blizzards experienced in this section for many years. The high winds caused the snow to drift badly, and blew down hundreds of windmills and thousands of telegraph and telephone poles. All street car and railroad train service was practically abandoned, and many head of live stock perished from the cold and exposure. The storm was so fierce that live stock would not face the wind and flying snow to seek shelter. The wind, during the storm, attained a maximum velocity of 72 miles per hour at Sioux City; 66 miles at Omaha, Nebr.; 44 miles at Des Moines; 37 miles at Keokuk; 36 miles at Davenport; and 31 miles at Dubuque. There v,as some plowing done between the 24th and 27th in the south- eastern counties, but the alternating thawing and freezing weather was not favorable to fall grain. Tempekatukes. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 113 stations, was 21.2°, which is 1.9° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern 4 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE section, 17.8*, which is 1.6° above the normal; Central section, 21.3*, which is 2.1° above the normal; Southern section, 24.4°, which is 2.0° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 28.4° at Ottumwa, Wapello county, and the lowest monthly mean 13.2° at Rock Rapids, Lyon county. The highest temperature reported was 72° at Keokuk, Lee county, on the 23d; the lowest temperature reported was 25° below zero at Grand Meadow in Clayton, Northwood in Worth, and Ridgeway in Winneshiek counties, on the 6th. The average monthly maximum was 55.1°, and the average monthly minimum was 17.9° below zero. The greatest daily range- was 50° at Ames, Story county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 38.8°. Pbecipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 119 stations, was 1.66 inches, which is 0.61 inch above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.61 inches, which is 0.79 inch above the normal; Central section, 1.77 inches, which is 0.67 inch above the normal; Southern section, 1.60 inches, which is 0.36 inch above the normal. The greatest amount, 3.74 inches, occurred at Ridgeway, Winneshiek county, and the least, 0.41 inch, at Le Mars, Plymouth county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 2.10 inches, occurred at Lacona, Warren county, on the 28th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 6 days. The average snowfall, unmelted, was 7.8 inches. By sections, the aver- ages were as follows: Northern section, 9.3 inches; Central section, 8.2 inches; Southern section, 5.8 inches. The greatest monthly snowfall, 20.0 inches, occurred at Elkader, Clayton county, and the greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 8.0 inches, at Northwood, Worth county, on the l5th, and at Iowa Falls, Hardin county, on the 29th. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 9; partly cloudy, 6; cloudy, 16. The duration of sunshine was below the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 29 at Davenport; 28 at Des Moines; 30 at Dubuque; 34 at Keokuk, and 35 at Sioux City. Wind. — South winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 72 miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 29tn. FEBRUARY. The average temperature for the State for the month of February was much above the normal, and has been exceeded but twice in the past 20 years. In February, 1892, the average was 1.9° higher, and in February, 1896, it was 1.2° higher than the average for the past month. The lowest average temperature for February during the past 20 years was 12.2° in 1899, or 14° per day lower than for February, 1909. Over the larger part of the State the month was comparatively mild and at numerous stations in the southern and southeastern and at a few stations in the central counties the minimum temperature for the month was above zero. It is the first time in 27 years that sub-zero temperatures have not been recorded during February at Des Moines and Dubuque. On the other hand, reports indicate that the month was very severe in the north- western counties where the temperature was below zero on several days, and the monthly minimum ranged from 18° to 26° below zero. The TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PARI I 5 weather was remarkably warm from the 1st to the 9th, and moderately warm from the 16th to the 23d, and from the 26th to the close of the month. The highest temperature was recorded at most stations on the 4th. The coldest period was between the 9th and 16th, the lowest tem- perature being recorded on the 15th. Another cold period occurred on the 24th and 25th. The average precipitation was generally above the normal, there being only 29 out of 106 stations that reported a definciency. For the State as a whole, the daily amounts of precipitation were not very large, but rain or snow was frequent. There were but two days between the 5th and 27th on which rain or snow did not fall at some station in the State. The worst storm of the month was on the 9th, when the second severe blizzard of the winter occurred. This storm was especially severe in the north- western counties where the snowfall was heavy and the wind velocity was over 50 miles per hour. The snow drifted badly and caused a complete suspension of all railroad and street car traffic. Many deep snow drifts, caused by this storm, were still visible in the northern counties at the close of the month. Another storm with blizzard characteristics occurred on the 14th but was not heavy enough to cause much damage except to again fill up the narrow cuts which had been shoveled through the drifts caused by the previous storm. Some damage has been done to fall grains, clover and alfalfa by the alternating thawing and freezing weather. TEMPERAxrBE. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 114 stations, was 26.2°, which is 7.0° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 21.8°, which is 5.6° above the normal; Central section, 26.8°, which is 7.2° above the normal; Southern section, 30.0°, which is 8.2° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 34.2°, at Keokuk, Lee county, and the the lowest monthly mean 17.4°, at Sibley, Osceola county. The high- est temperature reported w^as 62°, at Burlington, Fairfield, Keokuk, and Ottumwa, in Des Moines, Jefferson, Lee and Wapello counties, on the 4th; the lowest temperature reported was 26° below zero, at Inwood, Lyon county, on the 15th. The average monthly maximum was 54.4°, and the average monthly minimum was 4.1° below zero. The greatest daily range was 61°, at Creston, Union county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 38.2°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 120 stations, was 1.54 inches, which is 0.48 inch above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.42 inches, which is 0.48 inch above the normal; Central section, 1.60 inches, which is 0.52 inch above the normal; Southern section, 1.59 inches, which is 0.44 inch above the normal. The greatest amount, 4.72 inches, occurred at Perry, Dallas county, and the least, 0.30 inch, at Lenox, Taylor county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 1.50 inches, occurred at Fairfield, Jefferson county, on the 7th. The average snowfall, unmelted, was 7.7 inches, the average for the three sections being as follows: Northern section, 11.9 inches; Central section, 7.1 inches; Southern section, 4.1 inches. The greatest monthly 6 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE snowfall, 25.0 inches, occurred at Rockwell City, Calhoun county, and the greatest 24-hour amount, 12.0 inches, occurred at Rockwell City on the 10th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 5 days. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 11 ; partly cloudy, 6; cloudy, 11. The duration of sunshine was below the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 55 at Charles City; 47 at Davenport; 48 at Des Moines; 37 at Dubuque; 52 at Keokuk, and 44 at Sioux City. Wind. — Southwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported A'as 53 miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury county. THE WINTER OF 1908-1909. The mean temperature for the three winter months was 24.9°, which is 4.2° above the normal for the State. The highest temperature reported was 72° at Keokuk, Lee county, on January 23d. The lov.-est tempeiature reported was 26° below zero at Inwood, Lyon county, on February 15th. The average monthly precipitation for the state was 1.26 inches and the average total precipitation was 3.77 inches, or 0.47 inch above the winter normal. The average total snowfall, unmelted, was 19.3 inches, or one inch more than for the winter of 1907-1908. The average number of days on which .01 inch or more of precipitation was reported was 14, or one more than the average for the winter of 1907-190S. The coldest periods of the winter were from January 5th to 13th; January 29th to 31st, and from February 5th to 16th, but the severe cold of the last period v*-as confined to the northwestern counties. The winter was 1.1° colder than the winter of 1907-1908, and 1.8° warmer than the winter of 1906-1907. The average number of clear days was 35; partly cloudy, 20; cloudy, 35. as compared with 39 clear, 21 partly cloudy, and 31 cloudy days during the v.inter of 1907-1908. MARCH. March, 1909, will go on record as furnishing an unusual variety of weather conditions. The first six days of the month were mild and pleas- ant but most of the remainder of the month was cold v.ith frequent snow and rain storms, accompanied by thunder and lightning and brisk to high winds. The snov.fall in the central and northern counties was excep- tionally heavy, and exceeded all previous records for March at several stations. The low temperatures also broke all former records for the sec- ond decade of the month in the north central counties and the severity of the thunder during the snow storm on the 9'th was phenomenal. The average temperature for the month was slightly below the normal, yet at the central station there was an average daily deficiency of six degrees during the last 23 days. The only days between the 8th and 31st on which there was an excess were the 22d, 23d and 24th. The 23d was the warmest day of the month when the maximum temperatures ranged from 45° in the northern to 71° in the southern counties. The lowest temperature for the month at all stations was recorded on the 17th and was generally below zero in the northern districts, the lov.cst being 15 below zero. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 7 The average precipitation for the state was slightly below the normal for Mai'ch, but the average snowfall was considerably above the normal and was excessive in many localities. Reports indicate that there was good sleighing from five to ten days in northern districts, which is un- usual for the time of the year. Notwithstanding the fact that there was a deficiency in precipitation, there was less than the usual amount of sunshine. Reports vary as to the condition of clover and winter grains; some indicate that the alternating freezing and thawing weather has had an injurious effect and others that the plants are still in good condition, but the majority show that there has not been sufficient spring growth to permit an accurate estimate. All reports, however, agree that the con- tinued cold nights have been favorable for fruit. Temperatuee. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 116 stations, was 32.5°; which is 1.5° below the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 29.6°, which is 1.6° below the normal; Central section, 32.4°, which is 1.8° below the normal; Southern section, 35.6°, which is 1.1° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 40.0° at Ottumwa, "Wapello county, and the lowest monthly mean was 28.2° at Charles City and Fort Dodge, in Floyd and Webster counties. The highest temperature reported was 71°, at St. Charles, Madison county, on the 23d; the lowest tempera- ture reported was — 15°, at Iowa Falls, Webster City and Zearing, in Hardin, Hamilton and Story counties, on the 17th. The average monthly maximum was 59.6° and the average monthly minimum was 0.5°. The greatest daily range was 48° at Carroll, Carroll county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 33.4°. Pei;cipit.\.ttox. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 120 stations, was 1.53 inches, which is 0.39 inch below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.48 inches, which is 0.25 inch below the normal; Central section 1.48 inches, which is 0.50 inch below the normal; Southern section, 1.64 inches, which is 0.41 inch below the normal. The greatest amount, 5.00 inches, occurred at Perry, Dallas county, and the least, 0.28 inch, at Denison, Crawford county. The greatest amount in any twenty-four hours, 2.00 inches, occurred at Humboldt, Humboldt county, on the 7th. The average snowfall, unmelted, was 9.8 inches, the average for the three sections being as follows: Northern section, 13.5 inches; Central section, 9.5 inches; Southern section, 6.3 inches. The greatest monthly snowfall, 32.0 inches, occurred at Perry, Dallas county, and the greatest twenty-four hour amount, 20.0 inches, occurred at Humboldt on the 7th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 6 days. SuNSHixE AND Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 12; partly cloudy, 12; cloudy, 9. The duration of sunshine was below the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 56 at Davenport; 49 at Des Moines; 45 at Dubuque; 59 at Keokuk; and 55 at Sioux City. Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 48 miles per hour from the northwest at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 13th. S IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE APRIL. The month, was abnormally cold and cloudy with an excessive amount of precipitation in all but the extreme western counties w'here there was a slight deficiency. Freezing temperatures occurred in all districts every week during April, and the month closed with the temperature at freezing or below in all parts of the state. The average temperature was 2.3' higher than the average for April, 1907, which was the coldest April on record since state-wide observations have been taken and the only one colder than the past month. The precipitation, like the cold, was almost continuous, there being very few warm or clear days. At least a trace of rain or snow fell in some part of the state on every day during the month and the average amount of snowfall was greater than the average of any preceding April since 1896. Thunder storms accompanied by- hail and wind squalls were frequent, and, in many cases, were quite destructive to property. Under such adverse conditions, field w'ork has been retarded and was, at the close of the month, about two weeks behind the average of former years. In the east central and northeast districts, where rain or snow fell almost daily from the 12th to the 30th, farm work is especially backward, and the seeding of oats in those districts was only about three-fourths finished at the close of the month. A large acreage intended for oats has been abandoned in all parts of the state, thereby reducing the acreage of that crop from 10% to 15% below the acreage of last year. The acreage of wheat has, however, been increased and there will be a decided increase in the acreage of corn if favorable weather prevails during May. Wheat and early sown oats are up and in most cases show a good stand, but there is a probability that oats, just beginning to sprout, were injured by the hard freeze which occurred on the night of the last day of the month. The continued cold weather has kept the fruit buds dormant and no blossoms have appeared except in the extreme southern counties, and the indications are thereby very favorable for a good crop. Clover and all grasses, while making slow growth, are in good condition and reports indicate that there was very little damage done by the alter- nating freezing and thawing weather during the winter, and the excessive precipitation during April assures another good hay crop. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 117 stations, was 43.8°, which is 4.7° below the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures w^ere as follows: Northern section, 40.7°, which is 6.1° below the normal; Central section. 44.1°, which is 4.4° below the normal; Southern section 46.7°, which is 3.6° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 50.6°, at Keokuk, Lee county, and the lowest monthly mean 37.0°, at Rock Rapids, Lyon county. The highest temperature reported was 86°, at Burlington, Des Moines county, on the 29th; the lowest temperature reported was 14°, at Elma, Howard county, and Fayette, Fayette county, on the 10th. The average monthly maximum w'as 76°, and the average monthly minimum was 20°. The greatest daily range was 52°, at Hancock, Pottawattamie county, and Storm Lake, Buena Vista county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 39°. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 9 Pbecipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 119 stations, was 4.58 inches, which is 1.75 inches above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 4.18 inches, which is 1.71 inches above the normal; Central section, 4.95 inches, which is 2.08 inches above the normal; Southern section, 4.60 inches, which is 1.46 inches above the normal. The greatest amount, 9.43 inches, occurred at New Hampton, Chickasaw county, and the least, 0.83 inch, at Hancock, Pottawattamie county. The greatest amount in any twenty-four hours, 4.60 inches, occurred at New Hampton, Chickasaw county, on the ISth. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 12 days. The average amount of unmelted snowfall for the state was 3.1 inches; the greatest amount, 20.8 inches, occurred at Northwood, Worth county. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 9; partly cloudy, 9; cloudy, 12. The duration of sunshine was below the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 58 at Charles City; 49 at Davenport; 47 at Des Moines; 41 at Dubuque; 59 at Keokuk, and 47 at Sioux City. Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 56 miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 28th. MAY. The average temperature for the month was considerably below the normal and was the lowest for May, with one exception, 1907, since April, 1893. The cool wave that spread over the state at the close of April, con- tinued during the first three days of May and caused freezing temper- atures on one or more of those days in all parts of the state and w^as attended, on the first by snow flurries over the central and northern counties. The night temperatures continued below normal most of the time until the 29th but there were several days when the temperatures were unusually high, especially the fifth when the maximum was 90° or above in all but the extreme southeastern counties. The precipitation for the state at large was slightly below the normal but there was a slight excess over the district comprising the three northern tiers of counties. The average for the state was four inches less than the average for May, 1908. From the 3d to the 11th and from the 16th to the 23d the weather was generally dry but showers were frequent during the remainder of the month with an occasional heavy downpour, accompanied in several localities by hail and wind squalls which did some damage. On the whole the month was favorable fOT farm operations and good progress was made in field work. Corn was practically all planted by the close of the month except on low and wet ground and cultivation was general. The stand, color and vitality of corn is exceptionally good. Grass and small grain made rapid growth during the latter half of the month and was reported to be nearly up to the average for the last of May. The continued cold weather during April and the fore part of May kept the fruit buds dormant until near the middle of the month thereby escaping any material damage by the late 10 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE frosts. The average date for all kinds of fruit trees to be in full bloom at Des Moines is about May 5th, but they were not in full blossom this year until May 16th. Tempeeatuee. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 111 stations, was 57.9°, which is 2.2° below the normal for lo-wa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 56.3°, which is 2.2° below the normal; Central section, 58.0°, which is 2.2° below the normal; Southern section, 59.3°, which is 2.3° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 61.0°, at Keokuk, Lee county, and the lowest monthly mean was 54.2°, at Dows, Wright county, and Sibley, Osceola county. The highest temperature recorded was 97°, at Onawa, Monona county, on the 5th; the lowest temperature reported was 18°, at Inwood, Lyon county, on the 2d, and at Washta, Cherokee county, on the 3d. The average monthly maximum was 92.0°, and the average monthly minimum was 24.1°. The greatest daily range was 63°, at Fort Dodge, Webster county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 45.7°. Peecipit.\tion. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 121 stations, was 4.34 inches, which is 0.16 below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 4.59 inches, which is 0.04 inch above the normal; Central section, 4.09 inches, which is 0.38 inch below the normal; Southern section, 4.34 inches, which is 0.13 inch below the normal. The greatest amount, 7.85 inches, occurred at Rockv,-ell City, Calhoun county, and the least, 1.86 inches, at Waterloo, Black Hawk county. The greatest amount in 24 hours, 3.95 inches, oc- curred at Rockwell City, Calhoun county, on the 14th and 15th. Meas- urable precipitation occurred on an average of 9 days. The average amount of unmelted snowfall for the state was 0.1 inch; the greatest amount, 2.5 inches, occurred at Grand Meadow, Clayton county. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 12; partly cloudy, 12; cloudy, 7. The duration of sunshine was slightly aboAe the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 70 at Charles City; 65 at Davenport; 66 at Des Moines; 59 at Dubuque; 75 at Keokuk, and 53 at Sioux City. JUNE. The average temperature for the month was only a fraction of a degree above the normal but the rainfall was considerably above the average for June. The first week was moderately warm, there being a daily excess of about three degrees, but on the 8th the temperature was much lower and it remained below normal until the 19th. The lowest temperature oc- curred generally on the 15th but no frost was reported from the northern stations as there was on June 15, 1908. From the 20th to the close of the month the temperature was considerably above the normal, the maxi- mum occurring at many stations on the 30th. There was an excess of rainfall in all districts of the State but there were a few comparatively small areas where a slight deficiency w^as re- ported, the most notable one being along the Mississippi river from Scott county southward to Des Moines county. The heaviest rainfall v as over Union and the adjacent counties where the monthly amounts ranged from TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 11 8.00 inches to over 13.00 inches. It uas also heavy over the Missouri divide and the extreme northwestern county. Showers occurred at some station in the State on every day of the month except the 19th. And yet there were on an average, 12 clear days. Thunder and lightning accompanied most of the showers hut wind squalls and severe hail storms were not as frequent as usual. The frequent and excessive rains caused high water in all rivers and creeks, especially in the western districts. The flat and bot- tom lands were flooded two or three times and a large acreage of corn v/as finally abandoned after being replanted once or twice. The surplus moisture also interfered with the cultivation of corn on ground not thoroughly drained and many fields are quite foul. With all the adverse conditions corn on uplands and well drained fields, and these comprise nearly 90 per cent of the total acreage, has made very satisfactory prog- ress considering its late start and much of it is up to the standard for this season of the year and the fields were generally clean. Where the fields have not received proper cultivation the corn is short and uneven and it depends on future weather as to whether or not it matures. The condition of small grain, grass, potatoes and garden truck has improved during the month, but there has been a decline in the condition of fruit. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 111 stations, was 69.1°, which is 0.3° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 67.6°, which is 0.2° above the normal; Central section 69.3°, which is 0.3° above the normal; Southern section 70.3°, which is 0.3° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 72.8° at Keokuk, Lee county, and Keosauqua, Van Buren county, and the lowest monthly mean 64.8°, at DoT.'s, Wright county. The highest temperature reported was 96°, at Keosauqua, Van Buren county, on the 26th; the lowest temperature re- ported was 40°, at Elma, Howard county, on the 15th. The average month- ly maximum was 90°, and the average monthly minimum was 48°. The greatest ilaily range was 43° at Dov.s, Vrright county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 32°. Precipitatiox. — ^The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 120 stations, was 6.41 inches, which is 1.89 inches above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 6.00 inches, which is 1.43 inches above the normal; Central section, 6.15 inches, which is 1.78 inches above the normal; Southern section, 6.41 inches, which is 1.89 inches above the normal. The greatest amount, 13.30 inches, occurred at Afton, Union county, and the least, 2.80 inches, occurred at Davenport, Scott county. The greatest amount in tw-enty- four hours, 6.00 inches, occurred at Perry, Dallas county, on the 25th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 13 days. SuxsHixE AND CLOUDINESS. — The average number of clear days was 12; partly cloudy, 10; cloudy, 8. The duration of sunshine was about normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 74 at Charles City; 57 at Davenport; 62 at Des Moines; 75 at Keokuk, and 51 at Sioux City. Wind. — South v.inds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 48 miles per hour from the Southwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 20th. 12 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE JULY. Showers were heavy and frequent from the 3d to the 12th, and the tem- perature was unusually low from the 3d to the 7th; but, as a whole, July was one of the best harvest months on record. The latter half of the month was characterized by moderately warm weather, light and widely scattered showers, a high percentage of sunshine, and the rarity of thunderstorms and wind squalls. The rainfall was especially heavy over the southern, central and w^estern districts during the first decade, and caused high water in all creeks and rivers within the area of heavy rain-* fall. Bottom lands were flooded for the third time this season and many thousands of acres of corn had to be abandoned. The heavy rains also pre- vented haying, and, in the southern districts where the small grain w'as ready for the harvester, the ground was too wet and soft to run machinery; but after the 12th the weather changed suddenly from wet and cool to comparatively dry and warm. During the second decade much of the be- lated corn was given some cultivation, but, owing to its rapid growth due tc the higher temperature, the stalks soon became too high to permit further cultivation, and many fields were laid by in a weedy condition. The third decade was the w'armest part of the month, the 29th being the warmest day, when the maximum temperature ranged generally from 90 to over 100 degrees. During this period the showers continued light and scattered; the 26th w^as the only day on which the showers were at all general, and, as in the first and second decades, the heaviest rainfall was over the western half of the state. At the close of the month the surface of he ground was dry over the larger part of the state, and the crops in the eastern districts were beginning to feel the effect of the drouth. Exceptionally rapid progress was made during the latter half of the month in haying and harvesting, and most of the hay and grain crops were secured In excellent condition. Corn made remarkably rapid advancement and nearly all the early planted fields were in full tassel and earing nicely at the close of the month. The belated corn was doing its best, but most of it got too late a start to mature unless frost occurs much later than usual. There was some threshing done before the close of the month, and the early reports indicate a good yield of wheat of very fine quality. Oats straw is short but the yield will be fair and the quality is better than for the past two years. Barley is gen- erally poor. Pastures and potatoes were still in good condition at the close of the month, but they, as well as corn, were needing more rain. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 117 stations, was 72.3°, which is 1.1' below the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures w^ere as follows: Northern section 71.2°, which is 0.9° below the normal; Central section, 72.1°, which is 1.6° below the normal; Southern section 73.5°, which is 1.0° belo-w the normal. The highest monthly mean was 75.8° at Thurman, Fremont county, and the lowest monthly mean, 69.3°, at Sibley, Osceola county. The highest temperature reported was 102°, at Elkader, Clayton county, and Ridgeway, Winneshiek county, on the 29th; the lowest temperature reported was 46° at Washta, Cherokee county, on the 24th. The average monthly maximum was 95°, and the average monthly minimum was 52°. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 13 The greatest daily range was 42°, at Decorah, Winneshiek county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 31°. Pkecipitatiox. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 126 stations, was 4.77 inches, which is 0.33 inch above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 4.08 inches, which is 0.20 inch below the normal; Central section, 4.25 inches, which is 0.26 inch below the normal; Southern section 5.99, which is 1.45 inches above the normal. The greatest amount, 12.20 inches, occurred at Mount Ayr, Ringgold county, and the least, 1.20 inches, at Waterloo, Black Hawk county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 6.50 inches, occurred at Allerton, Wayne county, on the 6th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 10 days. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 15; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 8. The duration of sunshine was below the nor- mal, the percentage of the possible amount being SO at Charles City; 63 at Davenport; 63 at Des Moines; 65 at Dubuque; 64 at Keokuk, and 55 at Sioux City. Wind. — Southwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 38 miles per hour from the north, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 30th. ToRN.vDO IN Cherokee County. Soon after 6 P. M., of Sunday, July 11th, a black, threatening, fun- nel-shaped cloud was observed several miles west of Washta that proved to be a small but vigorous tornado. The first farm struck by the storm was the Kerney Wise place, about two miles west of town, where the trees of a thick grove on each side of the house were broken off, but no damage was done to the building. It then swept in an east-southeast direction for forty rods where the one and a half story house of Elijah Crum was blown six rods to the southeast, turned bottom side up and smashed be- yond repair. The barn, which contained several horses, was completely torn to pieces and scattered over the surrounding fields. Only one of the horses was hurt and that one but slightly. The foundation was all that remained of the large hog house; and the corn crib, recently built, was moved several feet and badly damaged. Near by observes at this point saw two funnel-shaped clouds, but only one of them reached the earth. The storm track was about four rods wide at the Wise farm, but varied from two to four rods wide as it passed through a corn field be- tween the Crum and the Little Sioux river. The storm crossed the river below the S. Lyman place at nearly right angles to the river, taking up a large amount of water as it went over, and then raised up, dipping down again about six miles southeast of Washta, where it destroyed the barns and outbuildings on the S. Cipperly place, the R. E. Knapp place, occupied by Herbert Hind, and the Henry Ashton place. The storm track was here about twenty rods wide, and two miles in length. Mr. H. L. Felter, co-operative observer at Washta, who kindly furnished the in- formation for this report, says that there was very little wind except quite near the tornado; that there was about .05 inch of rain preceding the storm and that the only thunder heard was at a distance and thirty 14 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTURE minutes before the storm. A very heavy roar v/as heard during the pas- sage of the cloud. The estimated damage to crops and property is placed at $8,000, but there was no loss of life and no one was seriously injured. AUGUST. August, 1909, will be noted for its uniformly high temperatures, the small number of cloudy days, and, over the larger part of the State, the small amount of rainfall. Both the day and night temperatures were high until the 28th, when a cool wave passed over the State, resulting in light frosts an low ground on the morning of the 29th, over the northern and, in a few localities, in southern districts; but no damage was done to vegetation. The maximum temperatures were up to or above 90° on ten days in northern and twenty-one days in southern counties, and the aver- age of the monthly maximum temperatures was 96° The rainfall was deficient in all but the northeast and extreme north central counties; yet at least a trace of rain fell in some part of the State on every day of the month, except the 19th and 20h. During the second decade, showers were frequent and the rainfall heavy over the northeast and north central districts; but over the remainder of the State the showers were extremely local, and the rainfall generally very light. The monthly rainfall ranged from a trace in Jefferson county to 8.21 inches in Chickasaw county. Drouthy conditions prevailed during the entire month over the southern half of the State, and the condition of the corn crop deteriorated from 10 to 25 per cent. There was also- some deprecia- tion in a few localities in the northern districts, but the early planted corn, on rich soil and well cultivated fields, withstood the drouth remark- ably well and much of it was well up to the average of past years at the close of the month. The drouth also seriously affected the pastures, fall plowing, late po- tatoes and the fruit crops. The pasturage was so short in many sections that it w^as necessary to give stock extra feed. The usual amount of falf plowing has been reduced and the acreage of fall grains will be consider- ably less than w^as anticipated. The second crop of hay will also be short, and the clover seed crop will be much smaller than last year. The dry, cloudless weather was favorable for stacking and threshing grain, and that work progressed rapidly. Shock threshing was practically com- pleted at the close of the month. Temperatuee. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 114 stations, was 76.1°, which is 4.3° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follo^ws: Northern section, 74.7°, which is 4.4° above the normal; Central section, 76.2°, which is 4.3° above the normal; Southern section, 77.3°, which is 4.0°, above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 80.4°, at Bloomfield, Dallas county, and the lo-west monthly mean 71.2°, at Olin, Jones county. The highest temperature reported was 103°, at Bedford, Taylor county, on the 16th, and at Bloomfield, Davis county, on the 15th; the lowest tem- perature reported was 33°, at Washta, Cherokee county, on the 29th. The average monthly maximum was 96°, and the average monthly minimum was 44°. The greatest daily range was 52, at Massena, Cass county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 34°. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART I 15 Pkecipitatiox. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 122 stations, was 1.81 inches, which is 2.18 inches below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 3.04 inches, which is 0.48 inch below the normal; Central section, 1.51 inches, w^hich is 2.54 inches below the normal; Southern section, 0.87 inch, w-hich is 3.53 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 8.21 inches, occurred at New Hampton, Chickasaw county, and the least, a trace, at Fairfield, Jefferson county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 4.30 inches, occurred at New Hampton, Chickasaw county, on the 9th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of five days. Sunshine and CLOuniNESS. — The average number of clear days was 21; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 2. Duration of sunshine was above the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 83 at Charles City, 78 at Davenport, 84 at Des Moines, 65 at Dubuque, 84 at Keokuk, and 81 at Sioux City. Wind. — South winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 36 miles per hour from the southeast, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 23d. SEPTEMBER. The hot and drouthy conditions prevailing at the close of August were broken by lower temperatures on the 1st and copious and general showers on the 2d of September. From the 2d to the 14th showers occurred in some part of the State every day, and were general and the rain- fall heavy between the 12th and 14th. Another period of showery weather prevailed between the 19th and 24th, but the last 'si.x days were generally clear and pleasant, although the night temperatures were quite low. The temperatures were below normal from the 1st to the 8th; 14th to 16th; 22d to 27th, and on the last day of the month; the lowest occurring on the 27th when the minimum was below the freezing point at several stations in the northern counties. Light frosts occurred on low ground in the extreme northern part of the state on the 1st and 5th, and in all parts of the state on the 23d, 24th and 27th. On the latter date the frost was heavy on low ground over the northern and northeastern counties, but reports indicate that no damage was done to vegetation except in a very few places where some of the tender vines were injured. The warmest periods were between the 9th and 13th and from the 17th to the 21st, when the maximum temperatures ranged from SO to 87 degrees over the northern and from 85 to 94 degrees over the southern districts, the highest occurring generally on the 12th or 13th. The rains during the first half of the month revived the pastures and softened the ground sufficiently to permit fall plowing to be resumed, and excellent progress was made in plowing and seeding fall grains during the re- mainder of the month. The rains came too late, how'ever, to be of much value to the early planted corn, but reports indicate that the rains and the subsequent warm weather were beneficial to the late planted corn, which improved one or two points during the month.. The dry weather during the last six days caused the corn to mature and dry out rapidly, and 16 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE nearly 90 per cent of the crop was safe at the close of the month from any damaging effect of frost. Heavy wind squalls on the 12th did ma-, terial damage in blowing down corn over the northern, western and south- western counties. The potato crop did not recover from injury received during the August drouth and the yeild will be very light. The scond crop of hay was lighter than last year but was put up in good condition. Tempeeatuee. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 114 stations, was 62.4°, which is 1.3° below the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 60.6°, which is 1.5° below the normal; Central section, 62.6°, which is 1.0° below the normal; Southern section 64.1°, which is 1.4" belo-w the normal. The highest monthly mean was 66.7°, at Bloomfield, Davis county, and the lowest monthly mean 58.4°, at Estherville, Emmet county. The highest temperature reported was 94°, at Bonaparte, Van Buren county and Fairfield, Jefferson county, on the 13th, and at Clarinda, Page county, and Massena, Cass county, on the 12th; the lowest tempera- ture reported was 30°, at Elkader, Clayton county, Fayette, Fayette county, and Humboldt, Humboldt county, on the 27th, and at Washta, Cherokee county, on the 24th. The average monthly maximum was 88°, and the average monthly minimum was 36°. The greatest daily range was 54°, at Olin, Jones county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 36°. Pbecipitatiox. — The average precipitation for the state, as shoTvn by the records of 122 stations, was 3.58 inches, which is 0.17 inch above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 3.54 inches, which is 0.13 inch above the normal; Central section, 3.23 inches, which is 0.01 inch belo"tv' the normal; Southern section, 3.98 inches, which is 0.41 inch above the normal. The greatest amount, 7.34 inches, occurred at Thurman, Fremont county, and the least, 1.39 inches, at Gil- man, Marshall county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 3.35 inches, occurred at Amana, Iowa county, on the 13th and 14th. Measur- able precipitation occurred on an average of 9 days. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 14; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 8. The duration of sunshine w^as about normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 66 at Charles City; 70 at Davenport; 64 at Des Moines; 54 at Dubuque; 60 at Keokuk, and 55 at Sioux City. Wind.— Southeast winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 41 miles per hour from the South, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 18th. OCTOBER. The mean temperature for the month was slightly below the normal; the average daily deficiency ranged from 2.2 degrees in the northern districts to 2.3 degrees in the southern districts. The warmest periods of the month v.-ere between the 1st and the 9th and between the 29th and 31st, when the maximum temperatures ranged from 70 to 89 degrees in the northern, and from 75 to 95 degrees in the southern districts; the TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART I 17 highest occurring generally on the 2d, but at many stations the maximum for the month occurred on the 3d, 4th, 6th, 7th or 8th. The coolest period was between the 10th and 20th; the lowest temperature occurred on tlae 12th or the 13th, except over the extreme northern and northeastern counties where it occurred on the 28th. During the past 19 years, there have been five cooler Octobers, but there are no records of as low tempera- ture during the first 15 days of October as was registered this month on the 12th and 13th, when the minimum temperatures ranged from 10 to 20 degrees over the northern and from 15 to 23 degrees over the southern counties. The ground was frozen to such an extent that potatoes remain- ing in the ground were considerably damaged. Cabbage and turnips were also injured, and over the southern portion of the state, many thousand bushels of apples were frozen on the trees. As there had been no killing frost or freezing temperatures previously to the 12th, much of the vege- tation was still green; and corn, though ripe, was not dry enough to withstand such a severe freeze without injury to its germinating qualities. The leaves fell from the trees soon after the freeze without their usual fall coloring. The precipitation was generally below the normal over the northern two-thirds of the state and slightly above the normal over the southern third. There was no rain between the first and seventh, but from the 8th to the 12th the rainfall was general and was mixed with slight snow flurries on the 11th and 12th, which is much earlier than usual for the first snow of the season. From the 13th to the 19th, there were only a few scattered and generally light showers, but from the 20th to the 23d and on the afternoon and evening of the 31st the ranfall was again quite general. Between the 24th and the 30th the weather was generally clear and pleasant. While the rainfall was belOTv normal, there has been enough moisture for the growth of winter wheat and for fall plowing, but not enough to have any material effect on the stage of streams and ponds which are low. Corn husking was begun about the middle of the month but reports indicate that there is still too much moisture in the ears to warrant its being cribbed in large quantities. A great deal of care should be taken in selecting and caring for the seed corn, or next year's crop will show a very poor stand. Temperatxjee. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 114 stations, was 49.7°, which is 2.2° below the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 47.9°, which is 2.2° belo-w the normal; Central section 49.7°, which is 2.1° below the normal; Southern section 51.5°, which is 2.3° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 57.8°, at Mt. Plesant, Henry county, and the lowest monthly mean 42.6°, at Elkader, Clayton county. The highest temperature reported was 97°, at Bloomfield, Davis county, on the 2d; the lowest temperature reported was 10°, at Washta, Cherokee county, on the 13th. The average monthly maximum was 85°, and the average monthly minimum was 18°. The greatest daily range was 54°, at Iowa Falls, Hardin county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 40°. 2 18 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Pkecipitatiox. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 118 stations, was 2.22 inches, which is 0.13 inch below the normal. By sections the averages were as follo"ws: Northern section, 1.71 inches, which is 0.56 inch below the normal; Central section, 2.08 inches, Avhich is 0.36 inch below the normal; Southern section, 2.87 inches, which is 0.52 inch above the normal. The greatest amount, 4.70 inches, occurred at Cumberland, Cass county, and the least, 0.48 inch, at Independence, Buchanan county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 2.33 inches, occurred at St. Charles, Madison county, on the 9th. Measurable precipita- tion occurred on an average of 6 days. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 16; partly cloudy, 6; cloudy, 9. The duration of sunshine was slightly below the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 68 at Charles City; 66 at Davenport; 59 at Des Moines; 58 at Dubuque; 55 at Keokuk, and 56 at Sioux City. Wind. — Southeast winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 49 miles per hour from the north at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 11th. The average snowfall was a trace, and the greatest amount in 24 hours, 0.5 inch at Estherville, Emmet county, on the 12th, and also at Keokuk, Lee county. NOVEMBER. The month Vvill go on record as having been the wettest and one of the warmest Novembers since State-wide observations began in 1890. Both the temperature and precipitation were above the normal at every station in the State, which is unprecedented; and the temperature was above the normal on all but four or five days of the month. The average tempera- ture for the State was 42.4 degrees, which is 6.5 degrees above the normal and the highest average for November during the past nineteen years, except in 1899, Avhen the average was 43.9°. The first decade was the warmest part of the month, and the highest temperature occurred gener- ally betv.een the 4th and 6th, when the maximum temperaure ranged from 66° to 77° over the northern district, which comprises the three northern tiers of counties; from 68° to 81° over the central district, comprising the three central tiers of counties; and from 74° to 84° OTer the southern counties. The only cold periods of the month were on the 17th and 18th, and the 22d and 23d; the lowest temperature occurring generally on the 18th, when minimum temperatures ranged from -4° to 12° over the north- ern district; the lowest being reported from the western part of the dis- trict or the northwestern part of the State. Over the central counties the minimum ranged from 3° to 17°, and from 6° o 18° over the southern dis- trict. The precipitatio-n was excessive in all districts, and was well distributed throughout the month, there being only three days on which rain or snow did not fall in some part of the State, viz.: 4th, 18th and 19th. The heaviest precipitation occurred between the 11th and 16th, but the amounts were heavy on the 1st, 7th, 22d, 23d and 28th, and the monthly amounts at many stations exceeded all former records for November. The amounts TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART I 19 of snowfall over the northern counties also exceeded all November records. Heavy snow fell on the 15th, 16th, 22d and 23d, and the monthly amounts ranged from 8 inches to 29.5 inches in the northern district. The fre- quent and heavy rains and the frostless weather caused high water in all rivers and creeks, many of which, especially in the central and western districts, were at flood stage and overflowed the bottom lands, which is also an unprecedented condition for November. The rains interfered with the corn harvest and made the roads so muddy that they were almost im- passable. Much of the corn is lying on the ground, and the grain Is seriously damaged by the excessive moisture. From 35 to 40 per cent of the corn crop is still in the fields, and, unless the weather conditions im- prove at an early date, a large percentage of it will be lost or ruined. Corn in cribs is surcharged with moisture, and the warm, moist weather has caused it to mold badly. The excessive rains have, however, been beneficial for grass, alfalfa and fall grains, all of which are i-eported to be in good condition. The rains also assure an abundant water supply for the winter and will put the soil in good condition for early spring work, if the weather is favorable at that time. Fall plowing progressed until the close of the month. Tejiperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 117 stations, was 42.4°, which is 6.5° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 38.7°, which is 5.0° above the normal; Central section, 42.8°, which is 7.1° above the normal; Southern section, 45.8°, which is 7.6° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 50.2°, at Keokuk, Lee county, and the lowest monthly mean, 34.4°, at Sibley, Osceola county. The high- est temperature reported was 84°, at St. Charles, Madison county, on the 5th; the lowest temperature reported was -4°, at Washta, Cherokee county, on the 18th. The average monthly maximum was 74°, and the average monthly minimum was 9°. The greatest daily range was 44°, ai Estherville, Emmet county, and at Woodburn, Clarke county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 37°. Precipitatiox. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 123 stations, was 5.39 inches, which is 4.00 inches above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 5.89 inches, which is 4.58 inches above the normal; Central section, 5.11 inches, which is 3.68 inches above the normal; Southern section, 5.18 inches, which is 3.74 inches above the normal. The greatest amount, 11.48 inches, occurred at Humboldt, Humboldt county, and the least, 2.07 inches, at Independence, Buchanan county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 4.08 inches, occurred at Harlan, Shelby county, on the 13th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 10 days. The average amount of unmelted snowfall was 6.8 inches, averaging as follows: Northern section, 13.7 inches; Central section, 4.5 inches; and Southern section, 2.3 inches; the greatest amount was at Plover, Poca- hontas county, 29.5 inches, and the least amount v/as a trace at a number of stations in the Central and Southern sections. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 10; partly cloudy, 7; cloudy, 13. The duration of sunshine was below the 20 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE normal, the percentage of the possible amo-unt being 41 at Charles City; 46 at Davenoprt; 34 at Des Moines; 45 at Dubuque; 43 at Keokuk, and 47 at Sioux City. Wind. — South winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 46 miles per hour from the South, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 10th. DECEMBER. December, 1909, will be noted for its low average temperature, exces- sive cloudiness and the frequency of snow storms. It was the coldest December since state-wide observations began in 1890, and probably the coldest since 1876. The average temperature was 12.1° lower than the average for December, 1908, and 2.9° lower than any other December since 1890. The monthly minimum temperatures were not, however, as low as in 1892, 1901 and 1903, but the weather was continuously cold from the 5th to the 30th inclusive. The first four days were moderate, with maximum temperatures above 40° and ranged from 45° to 60° on the 2d. A cold wave passed over the state on the 5th, and from that date to the 30th the maximum temperatures were below the freezing point, except on one or two days, and the minimum temperatures were near or below zero. At many stations, the minimum temperature was below zero on a greater number of days than was ever before recorded during the month of December. The lowest temperature was recorded on the 29th, except in the extreme southeastern counties where the minimum occurred on the 30th. The average precipitation was .99 inch above the normal and has been exceeded in December only twice during the past 20 years. In 1891 the average precipitation was .26 inch greater, and in 1902 it was .05 Inch greater than the average for the past month. Rains were general from the 1st to the 3d, changing to snow in the northern district on the latter date, to sleet over the southern and eastern districts on the 4th and to enow over the larger part of the state on the 5th. After the 5th, snow fell at frequent intervals, but the daily amounts were generally light ex- cept on the 24th and 25th, when the amounts ranged from 2 to 12 inches of dry snow; the larger amounts being reported from the central and east central districts. At least a trace of precipitation fell at some station in the state on every day of the month, except the 31st, and the number of days with .01 inch or more of precipitation exceeded all former records for December at several stations. The average total snowfall for the state was 13.7 inches, and the ground was covered with snow from the 3d in the northern and from the 5th in the southern and eastern districts until the close of the month, and there has been more good sleighing than for many years so early in the winter. The snow has afforded good pro- tection to winter grains, meadows, and alfalfa, and they are reported to be in excellent condition. The deep snow and severe cold weather have, however, put a stop to all drainage work and prevented the completion of corn husking. Fully 25 to 30 per cent of the corn is still in the fields, and much of it is covered with snow. The heavy snowfall on the 24th and 25th delayed all freight and the Christmas passenger traffic, but as there was but little wind no trains were stalled. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 21 Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 116 stations, -was 15.1°, which is 8.5° below the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows:; North- ern section, 13.3°, which is 7.6° below the normal; Central section, 15.2°, which is 8.6° below the normal; Southern section, 16.9°, which is 9.3° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 20.6°, at Keokuk, Lee county, and the lowest monthly mean 10.1°, at Sibley, Osceola county. The highest temperature reported was 60°, at Keosauqua, Van Buren county, on the 1st; the lowest temperature reported was -26°, at Inwood, Lyon county, on the 29th. The average monthly maximum was 49°, and the average monthly minimum was -15°. The greatest daily range was 55°, at Sibley, Osceola county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 37°. PRECiriTATiON. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 114 stations, was 2.18 inches, which is .99 inch above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.75 inches which is .72 inch above the normal; Central section, 2.30 inches which is 1.10 inches above the normal; Southern section, 2.49 inches, which is 1.16 inches above the normal. The greatest amount, 6.10 inches, occurred at Clinton, Clinton county, and the least, .89 inch, at Storm Lake, Buena Vista county, and at West Bend, Palo Alto county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 2.32 inches, occurred at Clinton, Clinton county, on the 12th and 13th. The average depth of snowfall for the State was 13.7 inches; the great- est depth was 29.0 inches at Sheldon, O'Brien county, and the least was 5.9 inches at West Bend, Palo Alto county. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 11 days. SuxsHiNE AND CLOUDINESS. — The average number of clear days was 10; partly cloudy, 5; cloudy, 16. The duration of sunshine was below the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 35 per cent at Charles City; 35 per cent at Davenport; 38 per cent at Des Moines; 36 per cent at Dubuque; 31 per cent at Keokuk, and 35 per cent at Sioux City. Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported v,^a9 50 miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 16th. 22 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE c2 o 5 C M to 3 M n — < r^ w c O O CJ CJ 1) o OOXO a O O o JJtJ J J J a o o o o o a oj OOOOOOM o _^ o :,23 0-- rs oo » „ o o_^ „ i; C5 2 oooo ^OOO >, >. >. >. >. >v >i >. >1 >. >. >, >. >.>.•>.>, >. >. >. >. >.>,>.>>>.>.>>>» 2>,i CSS c ss; — 1^ ^ ^^62 fl EX: o o o c ;; a— rt .-3 a rt ca cs o X 5 .-. -H o « o 5 J 2; X X JQ X X X :/; '/3 r r (M— iSlMNCMW-^MNN'-'NNNSJNMMNN^NNeONMgT-"-' o-jcjoi)aoocjooooouooyooo4jcjooocjjjoo COOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOXOOOOOXCC as O0OO3 0OS000 00 coooooo O a! tS 5 a OCi;«!icOx< — >^S€c"«i^5-3=£:'g (i)«"o™™*'-"-'i'i'0'o:SCG _;jjjSSS2^zzzoooo en X c3 v (U —< cosL,a.a.a< t—N— IPJN -M S^^ .C^lCl MJ.lrJC'lNOM'-t^^^'-'t^MWNN Sep. 2" Oct. li Oct. 11 Oct. 12 Oct. 12 • iJaa^ . w 4J w «-I w w 4-i 4-> a-iJ w 4J 4J 4.^ a*-' 4-^ 4-> ^ •ooju" •ooooooooajouoooajocjoc :oxxo '-OOOOOOOOXOOOOOXOOOO CO -- 0— 'ooo rtcsooo 00 ^0 oo_^» cScCXcac^cdc3cCcdctfctcCc^33cjcQ:<£Ccdcdc^c - *•* "3 < Sf> a 4> 4) c3 s d C3 * d to 2g 3; d a a Q 1-} <: ij < 1890 48.0 110 July 13 -27 January 22 31 28 45.74 16.00 1891 47.3 106 August 9 -31 February 4 32.90 49.05 23.48 1892 46.6 104 July 11 -38 January 19 ' 36.58 48.77 24.78 3i!7 1893 45. '< 102 July*13 -36 January 14 27.59 33.27 19.19 36.2 1894 49.7 109 July 26 -37 January 25 21.94 29.81 15.65 18.4 1895 47.2 104 May 28 -33 February 1 26.77 35.25 18.57 25.5 1896 48.6 104 July 3 -20 January 4 37.23 51.60 28.68 19.8 1897 47.9 106 July *23 -30 January 25 I 26 97 36.18 20.21 38.5 1898 47.7 103 August 20 -25 December 31 1 31 34 55.47 19.51 38.6 1899 47.5 104 September 6 -40 February 11 i 28. 6S 42.06 21.79 23.2 1900 49.3 103 August 3 -27 February 15 i 34.15 47.33 25.05 26.3 1901 48.9 113 July 22 -31 December 15 1 24.41 37.69 16.35 37.2 1902 47.7 98 July 30 -31 Januarv 27 43.82 .58 80 20.14 27.7 1903 47.2 '01 August 24 -27 December 13 35.39 50.53 26.41 19.1 1904 46.3 100 July 17 -32 January 27 28.51 38.93 19.34 30.3 1905 47.2 104 August 11 -41 February 2 36.56 52 26 24.66 37.9 1906 48.4 102 July 21 -32 February 10 31.60 44.34 20.63 32.5 1907 48.0 102 Julys -31 February 5 31.61 4:-t.90 19.93 24.3 1908 49.5 101 AuKUSt 3 -18 January 29 35.26 49.98 24.11 20 7 1909 47.6 103 August *15 -26 February *15 40.01 53.48 27.20 46.8 * And other dates . IOWA CROP REPORT, JUNE 1, 1909. Acreage of Farm Crops. Estimated Condition of Staple Crops, Fruit and Live Stock. Reports received June 1st from county and tov/nship correspondents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service show the following results as to the number of acres and average condition of staple farm crops; also the condition of fruit and live stock. Corn. — The unfavorable conditions that prevailed during March and April prevented the seeding of the usual acreage of small grain and the acreage of corn has thereby increased a little over 5 per cent as compared with the acreage planted in 1908. So the acreage is about 105, and the average condition on June 1st was rated at 94. Last year at correspond- ing date it was 92 per cent. Wheat. — The drouth of last August, September and October prevented the seeding of as large an acreage of winter wheat as was antcipated and the cold w^et weather during the early spring months of this year caused a reduction in the acreage of spring wheat of about 2 per cent. The estimated acreage is now, winter wheat 100 and spring wheat 98 and the average condition is 92 and 94 per cent respectively. Last year the estimates were 101 and 100. Oats. — The acreage of oats is placed at 94 per cent and the average condition 90 per cent. Last year the condition on June 1st was 102 per cent. 30 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Rye. — Acreage seeded, compared with last year, 95 per cent, and the average condition 94 per cent. Last year the condition was 101 per cent. Baeley. — A-creage 98; estimated condition 94 per cent as compared with 101 per cent last year. Flax. — Area seeded, 97 per cent; condition, 95 per cent. Potatoes. — Acreage planted, 102 per cent; condition, 96 per cent. Last year condition 98. Meadows. — There has been a reduction of about 2 per cent in area of meadows, the acreage being 98 per cent. The condition 97 per cent as compared was 104 per cent last year. Grass was slow in starting this spring but o'^ing to favorable weather in May the condition is improving rapidly. Pastures are about 99 per cent in acreage and 97 per cent in condi- tion. CoxDiTiox OF Fkuit. — As Compared with an Average Crop. — Apples, CO per cent; plums, 92; peaches, 22; grapes, 94; strawberries, 85; rasp- berries, 90; blackberries, 85; cherries, 82. Condition of Live Stock. — Cattle, 94 per cent; hogs, 95; horses, 96; sheep, 96; foals, 90; spring pigs, 85. The acreage of crops cannot be tabulated until the returns of the township assessors are received from all the counties. The complete report of acreage will probably be published in July. IOWA CROP REPORT, JULY 1, 1909. Following is a summary gf reports received from crop correspondents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, showing the estimated condition of staple crops July 1, 1909, as compared with the average condition on that date in past years: Corn, 92 per cent, winter wheat, 96; spring wheat, 95; oats, 91; rye, 96; barley, 94; -flax, 94; hay crop, 100; pastures, 103; potatoes, 100; apples, 76; plums, 68; grapes, 85. Condition July 1, 1908: Corn, 85 per cent; winter wheat, 99; spring wheat, 94; oats, 90; rye, 95; barley, 93; flax, 89; hay crop, 103; pastures, 104; potatoes, 99; apples, 50; plums, 40; grapes, 80. July 1st average of the past ten years: Corn, 89 per cent, winter wheat, 92; spring v.heat, 92: oats, 90; rye, 93; barley, 94; flax, 92; hay crop, 88; pastures, 96; potatoes, 98. A revised estimate of the area of corn planted this year shows about 102 per cent, or an average increase of 2 per cent, compared with the area planted in 1908, and a decrease of a little over 2 per cent as shown by reports on June 1, 1909, before the heavy rains began. IOWA CROP REPORT— AUGUST, 1909. Following is a summary of reports received from crop correspondents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, showing the estimated condition of the staple crops August 1, 1909, as compared with the average condi- tion on that date in past years: The condition of corn has improved materially during July over the larger part of the State but there has been a corresponding decrease over large sections of the southern coun- ties, due to the excessive rains during the first ten days of July, so that TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 31 the average for the State at large is 91 per cent; spring wheat, 92; oats, 92; barley, 87; flax, 93; hay crop, 101.5; pastures, 102; potatoes, 92; apples, 65; and grapes, 80. The condition on August 1, 1908 was: Coin, 88 per cent; spring wheat, 93; oats, 85; flax, 92; barley, 94; hay crop. 10 1; pastures, 102: potatoes, 93; apples, 48; gripes, 78. CROP ACREAGE FOR 1909. Following is an estimate of the acreage of the staple crops for 1909 based on the reports of crop correspondents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, and the acreage for 1908 as shown by the returns of the township assessors: Winter wheat, 133,740 acres; spring wheat, 265,330; corn, 8,213,280; oats, 4,261,410; rye, 49,590; barley, 492,320; tame hay, 3,485,550; wild hay, 886,740; pastures, 8,901,970; flax, 25,520; potatoes, 127,840 acres. The full report showing the acreage of the various crops by counties, will be found on another page of this report. IOWA CROPS— FINAL REPORT, 1909. Final Report for the State — Total Yield of Soil Products — Value of Farm Prices. December 1, ]f)Of). Following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service and Threshermen, showing the average yield per acre and total yields of staple soil products, and the average prices at the farms or nearest stations, December 1, 1909. The value gained by feeding farm crops for the production of live stock, poultry and dairy products is not taken into consideration in this report. CoKX. — A revised report of the estimated corn acreage, made August 1st, after the heavy rains had ceased, indicated that the area planted this year was 8,213,280, or 186,330 acres less than the estimated acreage planted in 1998. The average yield per acre for the State this year was 32.9 bushels, making a total yield of 269,812,000 bushels. Of this amount about 35 per cent is still in the fields, and a large percentage of the corn in the cribs is in very poor condition. There is no record of corn being in as poor condition on December 1st as it is this year. High winds on September 12th blew much of the crop down, and the excessive rains in November made the ground so soft that it was diflBcult to get in the fields, and the unusually warm and moist weather has caused much of the corn in cribs to mold and that on the ground to rot. From present indications, much of the corn in the fields will be ruined and lost. The average farm price on December 1st was 51 cents per bushel, making the aggregate value $137,604,120. The total yield last year was 301,873,150 bushels, and the average total yield for the ten preceding years is 301,412,384 bushels. Wheat. — Winter wheat, area harvested, 133,748 acres, yield per acre, 20.5 bushels; total yield, 2,739,050 bushels; average price, 92 cents per bushel; total value, $2,519,926. The total yield last year was 1,678,540 bushels and the average total yield for the ten preceding years is 1,161,- 011 bushels. 32 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Spring Wheat. — Area harvested, 265,339 acres; average yield, 13.6 bushels per acre; total product, 3,608,910 bushels; price per bushel, 90 cents; total value, $3,248,019; aggregate value of wheat, $5,767,945. The total yield last year was 4,968,250 bushels, and the average total yield for the ten preceding j'ears is 10,665,709 bushels. Oats. — On account of unfavorable weather conditions last spring, oats were planted from two to four weeks later than usual, and as a result the acreage seeded was 170,236 acres less than the area harvested in 1908; but notwithstanding the many adverse conditions, the yield per acre was slightly better and the quality much better than last year. The area harvested was 4,261,414 acres; average yield, 27.4 bushels per acre; total product, 116,557,830 bushels; aggregate value at 35 cents per bushel, $40,795,240. The total yield last year was 112,830,490 bushels, and the average total yield for the ten preceding years is 121,224,606 bushels. Bakley. — Area harvested, 492,327 acres; yield per acre, 21.6 bushels; total product, 10,629,300 bushels; average price, 46 cents per bushel; total value, $4,889,478. The average total yield for the ten preceding years is 13,289,595 bushels. Rye. — Area harvested, 49,591 acres; average yield, 16.3 bushels per acre; total product, 805,780 bushels; average price, 60 cents per bushel; total value, $483,468. The average total yield for the ten preceding years is 1,301,120 bushels. PYax. — Area harvested, 25,525 acres; average yield, 10 bushels per acre; total yield, 255,205 bushels; average price, $1.29 per bushel; total value, $329,214. The ten year average is 609,202 bushels. Potatoes. — Area harvested, 127,841 acres; average yield, 8S bushels; total product, 11,209,950 bushels; average price, 53 cents; total value, $5,941,273. Hay (Tame.) — Average yield per acre, 1.7 tons; total product, 5,828,580 tons; average farm price, $7.42 per ton; value of crop, $43,248,063. Hay (Wild).— Yield per acre, 1.4 tons; total product, 1,219,630 tons; average price, $5.90 per ton; total value, $7,195,718. THE ORIGIN AND THE PURPOSE OP THE MOUNT WEATHER OBSERVATORY. BY PROF. VriLLIS L. MOORE, CHIEF U. S. WEATHER BUREAU. In 1870 the United States government undertook the important work of forecasting today what kind of weather might reasonably be expected tomorrow. This service, because of its value to the industries of the country, has rapidly grown and we now get reports twice daily of the surface conditions of temperature, moisture, rainfall, wind velocity and direction, and other data from more than two hundred stations in the United States, West Indies, Mexico, Canada and elsewhere. From this information the forecaster now makes predictions for the coming two days with such success that they are of service to nearly every class of people. But the more accurate this forecasting, and the greater the length of time ahead to which it can be made to apply, the TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 33 greatei" is its value — the ideal condition being the forecasting of the type of season to expect together with detailed forecasting from day to day. A knowledge of the type of the coming season will, among other things, tell the farmer what crops to plant, while the daily forecasts advise hira in regard to cultivating and harvesting, and when safely to ship. These ideal conditions, however, do not exist at the present time, and can not be had without a great deal more knowledge than we now possess of the interrelations of meteorological phenomena. Forecasting, that practical part of meteorology so valuable to the public, is an art that can improve only as our knowledge of the underlying science is increased, and there- fore it seems proper for the government to undertake to add to that knowledge. Anything so extensive as general meteorological investigations can not be undertaken with much hope of success by an individual, nor is it practical for private institutions to do so, though much of value is constantly appearing from these sources. Many of the needed investiga- tions of storms, for instance, require simultaneous observations, made at different places, and some of them demand for their solution years of continuous work. From these and other similar considerations it is imperative that the Weather Bureau push investigations of this nature as vigorously as possible, and in every way that seems hopeful of success. But from the difficulty and complexity of the problems involved the im- provement of the forecasting may be only imperceptibly gradual, just as have been the improvements in every other art and science, but it is certain that this is the only way by which improvements can be made, and it is equall-y certain that so long as this kind of work is continued the predictions in (he future will continue to improve over those of the past. The possible investigations are very numerous, but in general may be classed under some one of the following heads: (a) Studies of the atmosphere at the surface of the earth and at various altitudes; determinations of its temperature, moisture content, pressure, state of electrification, direction and magnitude of its move- ments, its cloudiness, dust content, absorption of light, of heat, and of electric waves, and its various other properties. (b) Solar investigations; involving a careful measurement of the insolation, or amount of solar energy reaching the earth in a unit of time, the size and distribution of sun spots, faculae, and prominences; and an especial effort to detect all changes in the registered amounts of solar energy, and a careful effort to refer these changes to their real causes, whether of terrestrial or of solar origin. (c) Terrestrial magnetism — a study of the regular and of the irregular changes in the magnitude and direction of the earth's magnetic force, in connection with other terrestrial phenomena and with solar activities of all kinds. (d) Laboratory investigations — the reproduction under controllable conditions of various meteorological phenomena, and experiments that may aid in explaining the origin and law's of weather conditions; also the construction and standardizing of certain apparatus. 3 B4 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Since all these different lines of investigation have a common object — the solution of meteorological problems and the improvement of fore- casting — they are, therefore, more or less intimately related and inter- dependent, and obviously would better be carried on simultaneously, and so far as possible at the same place and under the same general manage- ment. The location should be suitable for the various investigations likely to be taken up, and the management should give all possible free- dom and encouragement to individual investigators consistent with proper co-ordination and unity of purpose. The study of the upper air demanding as it does the daily use of kites, requires a location with a high average wind velocity, and one where sometime during every day there is a strong probability of having a wind of at least 8 to 10 miles per hour. It also calls for a location 10 miles or more away from cities and electric light wires, since at such localities the loose wire falling down as a result of some accident to the kites during a storm would be very troublesome and even a source of danger. Besides the surrounding country for 15 to 20 miles should be compara- tively open, so that lost kites and their instruments may the more readily be recovered. The magnetic work also requires a location remote from cities, and from trolley lines, and free from beds of iron ore. The solar work calls for a place away from the smoke and dust of cities and above the haze of valleys; while the needs of the physical laboratory can be met nearly as well at one place as at any other, provided only that it is free from the disturbing jars of heavy traffic. obviously, too, it is desirable to have this important part of the Bureau's work done as near as practicable to Washington so that the central office may be in close touch with it. Mount Weather Observatory, the name of the group of laboratories and observatories where the Weather Bureau is doing this work, well meets these conditions. It is 1,725 feet above sea level, and is located in Virginia, on the top of the Blue Ridge Mountains, some 20 miles south of Harpers Ferry, and 47 miles in -a direct line from Washington. It is only 6 miles from Bluemont, the nearest railroad station, and is easily reached from that point along an excellent mountain road. It overlooks to the west the entire Shenandoah Valley from Strasljurg to Harpers Ferry, while to the east all that portion of Piedmont Virginia between the Blue Ridge and the Bull Run mountains is in full view. This ex- tensive sweep of valleys, mountains and plains affords rare opportunities for the study of storm formation and action. This location is satis- factory for the physical laboratory, and for the magnetic observatories. For solar work it is as well adapted as any place east of the Rocky Mountains; while for the study of the upper air it is peculiarly well situated, since kite flights can be obtained there almost daily through the entire year. The ground for this observatory was purchased September 22, 1902, and the contract for the central or administration building let December 20th, of the same year. Since then the observatory has gradually grown both in extent of plant and in scope of work. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART I 35 At present the administration building at Mount Weatlier is well equipped with apparatus for determining and automatically registering the atmospheric pressure, direction and velocity of the wind, sunshine, rainfall, temperature, and humidity; in short, it is equipped as a first- class meteorological station, and the data secured are regularly tele- graphed to the central office in Washington twice daily and used in all forecasts for this part of the country. Besides this instrumental equip- ment the administration building contains offices and several living rooms, all well adapted to the needs of the place. The aerial department is provided with an engine and dynamo, an electrolytic plant for generating the hydrogen used for the balloons, and tanks for containing this gas, a liquid air plant to provide means for standardizing instruments at the low temperatures to which they are subjected at high altitudes, an instrument room where repairs can be made, a room adapted to kite building, a computing and testing room, and a kite storage room. It also has a small half round revolving structure which contains the kite reel, and from which the kites are flown. Upper air data, as given by the self-registering apparatus carried by the kites, are telegraphed to Washington daily and used in forecasting. These data are also worked up in a very complete form and used in the study of the general movements and condition of the atmosphere, and it is already evident that in this way important information will be ob- tained. Two small buildings are devoted to the proper housing of the magnetic apparatus, where the magnetic condition of the earth with all its periodic, its irregular, and its spasmodic changes, whether small or great, mild or violent, are automatically recorded. The curious tracings are being studied in connection with solar and terrestrial phenomena, and it is practically certain that important rela- tions will be found, though it is difficult to decipher the writings of these delicate magnets. The physical laboratory is now under roof, but is not sufficiently com- pleted to be of any service. Solar physics is represented by only a small shelter, but a few feet square, containing a pyrheliometcr for measuring the amount and intensity of the solar radiation and the absorption of the earth's atmosphere. When the physical laboratory is finished and the solar-physical build- ing put up, the Mount Weather Observatory, as contemplated, will be complete. There will then be at this one place, so far as any one locality and its equipment can provide them, facilities for investigating any and every meteorological phenomenon, both directly by observation and in- directly through experimentation. Its purpose is to be the helping friend and not the competing rival of other places, whether public or private, and therefore every investigator engaged in research of importance to the Weather Bureau is invited to come and make use of its facilities for the prosecution of his studies. The whole aim of the observatory Is the discovery, no matter how or by whom, of fundamental truths of nature, and of their application to human welfare. — (Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory, Volume I.) 36 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TAUILATKI) CKOr Sl'M.MARY Corn 260,812,000 bu. $137,604,129 Winter Wheat 2,739,050 bu. 2,519,926 Spring Wheat 3,608,910bu. 3,248,019 Oats 116,557,830 bu. 40,795,240 Rye 805,780 bu . 483,468 Barley 10,629,300 bu. 4,889,475 Flax 255,205bu. 329,214 Potatoe- 11,209,950 bu. 5,941,273 Hay (Tame) 5,828,580 tons 43,248,063 Hay (Wild) 1,219.630 tons 7,195,817 Pastures and Crazing Estimated 95, 000, COO Buckwheat " 1 l5,tC0 Sweet Potatoes " 130,000 Sorgham and Broouicorn " ISO.OCO Timothy and Clover Seed " 1,500,000 Alfalfa and Millet " 535,000 Sweet Corn " 075,000 FruitCrops " 4,000,000 Garden Truck " 9,000,000 Total $357,419,615' TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 37 O Oh Q o 00 -H T-<_ao --i Mr-T «• r-T rH »o6 ^ >-<2 5000^0000000^0^000000^00000 r i=r "^ 3C *^ >i si ss; zi r:£ 3iC 5C — . . — . m^ **» 3^ r-^ , — , j-^ ^-n ^-^ c^ ■ — s - — s ■* ^— * >OOOC =r — — - - - - - - " S M 00 ■» 10 o o o o eo N S o o o o o o o o • OCCC5 ^ T> :c CJ t-- mwo ^s)» w^o^rH f t^as • ^ _ ^ _- _ ^ ^- ^ t^ ^-< lO 00 05 O 00 -^ atooooc-ao:^ «CO O -H »-t t^C^Q0Q000"0*OO^-*05C000OO^^^'H00O^00OCCCCOOlO'-<^* inooommNOioinoiooooojooinoooooooooo _r —T C^J ^ rH CVJ M -^ ^OOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOC OOOOOOC or^osciox ■ >QCO(_ _ _ _ - 30CSCC3000C rOm^ClWOM- 900000000C soooooooot i^MC-IC^J^-HO^OOOC ;55t- 00 — 5CCMC-XW— •wv=i.-;2'WXiin-H5^r5t-.s:M ;o;m t-cr, occ;-*r-otcoiff^i-^NNi.ia5N50t-05MOO«'«t-ooor-as ^r-ico meMif5-Hmr;<-iroi-nnNaoc4ioio »-cocoQO» ?ooooi: 5000000 >ooor?ooc 00 « -a" o> *-< cs c— C5 1— JOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC w-^ 00 00 00000 00 00 000 00 c S^K?500oJ5s5>o in V- 1- — c^i >o re o -J CM -» c- c^ -!■ rj i-o c>J ■«■ M -; oCi CM =; QC 50 m CO -aoa6^'^'-*»-'^^oo^ocOL'^t-c^c^ccL'CO-va5mc5co'*oo t^t-00 000000000: o in .-o t- ^ c^i tn re o ^3 cvi -* t- ; 2^ 03 ajOB J3d Bi9q8ng t^,_(^rvi— .oocswocm^^int— t— mot-t-05*i'0cot^ir-mo5cot^t— MeMcoT-<«»^o^-»c-oa5incocooo>o-«oincoin-aiT-ieMcoeM QQ 00 O^ CO CO c5co 'S'OC" t:-a5*l«0:ot^lr-m05COt— I >ooooooooo >OOQOOOOOO looooooooo oooooooooooooooooooc OO0O0000O0O002S2SSSS 5 o o o o o o o o o o o_o o o_o o_^o_o_^c _ S^SSsSx^MOt-^xxF-cooxi^yrt- — in»in-*oooo90t--£j tS P 5 o 5 t^ cr; P U. 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CO CO JO CO CO COCOrOCOCMCOCOffOCO^OCOr^C^ICOCMCOCO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO ocDOCMOcocoo»/:)Oco»oomrcxo:c o^jc coo-fO*oxxt-ooxoo i-itr-CDiOiO»-iCMCMCDr-iOO'*Xir;CD'^-<»'XO:000'*'«f^CO'<9'l--OiOCOCMCDC50 Oikftlftt-CMOi^CMXCamODaO'^lOOWStOOOOXOiOXOOsXCO CO CO CO CD O CD cocD'^aot^aiCMoxcDocD05CMir-^ioaoo»o^»ooi:~-o»-*'^a5cD»oo5t*r^r- o* ,2 2^2tir:3oc2'^5o5 2t^S5 25SS1 S'S'flflS'a'Cb'gc a O i^ ?> S - ■M5 dS * C3 -3 5 -r ^3flcsi;t.s;t,<-3aJcS<3Kj4)ODi^^2Sl1ooa)OSSo!3>.««i* TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 39 30XiCXl>*COOT»i<£>LCOO=C''-'CCi«^Jt-rOfCfMW t-Hini:£) CDCC^T^^iS to m^^ (C th CO i-( ^* CO -H T-1 m inooouaooooooooooooooooooooooQOooooooo •TiC'^'COC^aiCCt— ?jrOO*C0 30'^OrO-*WC>llOa5U3(M'«S«C^MOOO'^CQO'*lC'*i;5 W^ ^O ^« lO Tj<(OCSl WO'* CO M^H COUacOOSCMrH 8000000QOO OOOOOOOC^JO no" aTo'i^'-- CO CO w to CM CM X CD 00 iC0CO*->00CS-J'WC^10i CM 1-H (?^ C vi I-" t^ C^ CM CM 1- 1 JQOOOOOO I O CO o *o I^ ■^ 00 IT- »-• »o »rt rH 25 lO .-I ■^ CM OJ Sg8l jSSSoSooooo oooooc OC OOOOOOOi O OJ 00 t- «-! 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Dh a< s. i: 42 rOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE a{5 o o OOOOOOOQOOOOOQOOOOO coowocsooooioaimMc^i ICCO^ODCCt^Ot O-HT-H^OOMCn- St- « ac to c >ooooo OOOOOOOOIAOOOOO<_ _ OS5OOOOOOC0OOMWOOO mmo5t-coior-iTH •^ M •I ?^ N Csl o o OJOB jad euox 00IA^*COUdW^*^^^'^VA^^Wt^^^ OOOOOOOOIOU^OOQOOOOOO CC CO QD O '^ CO • OOU5C-00 ooooooooooooooooooo ooooooooooooooooooo lO'SOOOStOt-lOlOOOC-OO'J'MOiOMI" O0DkOC0OC-iO05»O»00DC-**OCCO0M:-t- ooooooooooooooooooo 55O0Ciot-"»M'-ec:O5CrJ-* — MO-. ^?TW lO »o oooo ^oo o -T o o r~ O w -T M O ^ C « m 00 1- 1- o o LO I- »c M O M :c -^ X c IMCCNNin ro m ■^ -* o M -H lo M '^ e 2a 3J3« Jad eiax^eng O (S 3J36 J3d siaqsng O a gggggggggggggSSSSSS I WWONCJOXint-OOlOXOlO-^XOW S -T rH — 05 •-< •W ■* M N TO op II 00035Q ^c^inicxirtow OQOOOOO MOOOOOOO coc5 0;o ^^«o 3000 eocvi aoo>-cN050os 500000 OOOOOOOOOOOOppOOp oooccoooooooooo»ooo ^»rco«oxooc— c--^-^iOT-iccc^ao-* O^l re TOO M C- :DXC3 -* ^H cow 8J3B J9d ei9nsna ^^^•-^oooiO'S't— r-osco-^c-oo loomooooooooooomoo e ^ 5 ■; S i ^ ^ ° J ! a s! I ^ « ■ I '^ o 1 "> 5 K lu. 1 rvTr c^ 1 ^ 9 S : ^ o ^ 3 ^ , o ! i led ^!»,S •>>' _v» ! =0, iS'n •<^' ■■•J V. ^ o! ^< 5 ; A |b, «) - £sr--o1 --« - - ^ 44 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART I 45 « rt 22« rt hi >ft O >>xiSi O o < H < H ■«! 1880 - 41 230,633,200 $.25 $57,658,300 5,625,200 1885 .- 33 224,636,522 .23 51,666,400 6,803,834 1890 28 239,675,156 .41 96,266,814 8.559,827 CORN CROPS— 1806-1909. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year 2 < 2 o Average farm value per busbel Dec. 1st « "3 > O « s u < 1896 -- 39 29 34.5 36.3 40.3 26.2 34 31 36 37.2 41 29.6 35.9 32.9 312,693.210 239,452,150 289,214,850 306,852,710 345,055,040 227,908,850 296,950,230 230,511,310 323,853,330 345,871,840 388,836,252 246,898,460 301,873,150 269,812,000 $.14 .17 .23 .23 .27 .50 .28 .36 .35 .35 .33 .44 .51 .51 $ 43,916,900 40,706,860 66,519,400 70,429,410 93,164,860 113,954,000 83,432,700 82,984,071 113,348,665 121,055,144 128,155,143 108,635,322 153,955,306 137,604,120 8,043,390 1897 - 8,253,522 1898 — . 8,396,286 1899 — 8,460,521 1900 - 8,618,660 1901 1903 - 8,687,480 8,700,000 1903 7,398,320 1904 - 9,000,000 1905 - -. 9,285,150 1906 9,443,960 1907 . 8,858,000 1908 8,399,610 1909 - 8,213,280 Average 14 years 34.4 294,679,450 .33 96,277,220 8.554,155 54 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OATS— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. -O a n T3 ^ t- "^ 5«q Year ^1 m 9i 0) erage alue p ushel 3t > M 0. o > >s^ ■ o o ■< H < H < 1880 . 35 42,283,800 $.23 $ 9,496,424 1,179,680 1885 - — - 32.5 29 71,737,900 80,002,735 .21 .38 1.5,064,959 30,401.039 2,207,320 1890 -... — 2,758,715 OATS— 1896-1909. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year ■d "3 o H o < 1896 . 26 30 32 34.5 35 32 31 25.9 2&.4 33.8 34 24.5 25.5 27.4 73,450,000 132,517,150 139,915,340 140,647,300 138,832,300 114,883,000 92,907,900 99,012,660 118,435,570 146,439,240 142,036,530 111,190,400 112,830,490 116.557,830 $.12 .16 .21 .19 .20 .35 .24 .30 .26 .25 .27 .39 .43 .35 $ 8,814.000 21,211,380 29,3a'5,220 26,722,980 27,766,460 40,209,230 22,297,000 29,703,798 30,793,284 36,609,810 38,349,878 43,364,256 48,517,110 40,795,240 2,825,000 1897 - 4,405,782 1898 - - — 4,299,243 1899 - 4,069,557 1900 - — 3,991,690 ♦1901 -- - - 3,799,220 1902 3,770,624 tl903 - 3,822,822 1904 - 4,018,980 1905 — 4,177,545 1906 . - - .- — 4,106,800 1907 4,536,170 1908 1909 4,431,650 4,261,414 Average 14 years 30.1 119,946,640 $.266 $31,752,690 4,041,17« *Short corn crop. fExcessive moisture. WHEAT- 1880, 1885. 1900. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Year "0 eo <» o 6C < T3 % eo 2| O o) cd It ©"cS H a- u ■ m u " 93 a v U u 18S0 10.5 12 11.7 36,099,760 31,776.108 25.114.552 $.82 .61 .78 $29,501,803 19.383.426 19,589,350 3.437.948 1886 -- 9.648, 009 1860 .— 2.002,696 TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 55 WHEAT— 1896-1909. Statistics Cooipiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year Si a t< t^ 1. e o) o, > am Si £ l* fe t- 3j " *; I' Li C 2| Eh l>aQ a» ^3 o>^ 1896 — 1897 1898 1899 - — 1900 1901 1902 — . 1903 1904 - 1905 - - 1906 1907 1908 1909 Av. 14 years 13 13.4 14.8 12.7 14.3 15.3 13 12.6 9.1 14.4 15 13 15.4 13.6 17 13 16.5 11 13.3 17.6 18 16.9 14.3 20.2 23 19.8 19.7 20.5 13.5 17.2 235 eoo 3r>2 792 230 230 800 ,350 430 ,760 S80 ,320 250 ,910 3,351,550 1,671,454 3,168,916 236,040 1,018,070 865,770 825,045 1,435,380 1,017,000 1,253,020 1,566,050 1,693,101 1,678,540 2,739,050 10,398,785 14,613,054 22,321,268 19,900,830 21,288,350 18,295,000 13,532,845 10,916,730 8,097,430 6,408,780 7,169,930 6,100,421 6,646,790 6.347,960 .57 $ 6 .74 10 10,671,299 1,608,142 12,288,440 .53 .58 .60 .60 .53 .67 .89 .72 1 .64 ' .82 , .86 .90 ! 020,000 813,650 602,000 701,490 799,370 965,000 .062,640 ,167,643 ,044,809 ,614,321 ,579,697 ,974,302 ,716,239 767,945 .68 :$ 7,844,936 739,245 ] ,222,974 1,484,682 1,559,931 1,492,630 1,188,239 1,021,281 837,422 846,070 420,068 443,810 424,407 408,614 399,087 892,033 B.VR LEY— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Year 2 cstd Total yield Averase farm value per bushel Dec. let Total value b O ■4 1880 23 4,600,000 27 5,737,095 24 1 3,664,368 $.42 .33 .47 $1,9.32,000 1,893,241 1,722,254 200,000 212,485 18S5 - 1890 152,682 56 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BAKLBY— 1896-1909. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year 2 < Total yield Average farm value per bushel Dec. 1st 4) S > o V u o < 1896 - - 29 25 27.5 25.6 25.3 24.2 25 24.7 25 27.5 26.5 24.6 26.7 21.6 15,881,618 14.076,850 14,138.000 14,719,310 12,695,200 14,654,410 15,380,910 12,179,790 12,317,710 15,566,770 14,858,830 3,893,330 10,629,660 10,629,300 $.20 .23 .30 .30 .33 .44 .33 .37 .34 .33 .36 .60 .50 .46 $3,176,320 3,237,670 4,209,740 4,415,57X) 4,189,410 6,447,940 5,075,710 4,506,522 4.188,021 5,137,034 5,349,178 5,935,998 5,314,830 4,889,478 517,642 1897 .1 551 ,867 1898 509,589 1899 - 557,598 1900 501,740 1901 604,610 1902 594,070 1903 493,108 1904 - — 493,370 1905 665,700 1900 558,870 1907 397,210 1908 1 307.408 1909 492,327 Average 14 years 25.2 18,401,550 $.36 $4,719,530 518,936 KYE-1880. 1885, 1S90. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. 2 •a s Year «2 isl > 0) «e ed i-i'H eS >a O > >flT^ O u < H < H < 1880 -- 14 15 574,000 $.38 1,710.000 ! .43 $218,120 718,200 41,000 1885 - 114,000 1890 — . 16 1.608,960 .51 820,570 100,560 TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II RYE— 1S96-1909. SfMtistio: 57 Conipilcil from Kcporls of Crop Service Division of lown Sl.-ite Dcpiirt- ment of Agriculture. Year «2 > A CO *-'/S < 1896 1897 1898 ... 1899 1900 1<>01 1902 1003 1904 1905 190C -. 1907 1908 1909 Average 14 years.. 15 15 le 16.3 15.6 15.8 17 15.6 15 18 17.5 17 17.1 16.3 1,891,716 3,490,344 3,370,550 2,061,160 1,621,130 8.')9,630 882,830 1,923,000 1,517,090 1,28:?,. 500 1,093,100 900,060 869,072 805,780 $.25 .34 .38 .40 .43 .48 .40 .44 .54 .52 .48 .61 .63 16.3 1,612,073 $.464 $ 486,689 1,186,710 1,280,800 824,460 697,300 859,630 a53,133 846,146 819,228 667,420 .520,719 549,036 547,515 483,464 $ 723,017 121,670 226,198 210,309 126,236 103,680 54,390 ;")'>, 150 123,273 99,590 71,305 62,530 52,975 50,893 49,591 100,556 HAY— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Year ■a !>> (D-S £e < Total yield tons 2 te-o if < Total yield tons 2 O tB*-" Average value per ton tame hay Average value per ton ■wild hay Total value all hay M ee o u o < *1880 1 n8S5 1890 1.5 4,991,335 $6.84 $34,140,731 3,327,557 *No authentic data obtainable. 58 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HAY— 1896-1909. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Tame Hay Wild Hay Total yield all hay tons < .^ G CO < 4) 3 >■ cs CS-H ^ Year S3 .2 >>■ < O >.*' t.. 4) < 0) a 0) U o < 1896 1897 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.7 3,376,440 3,363,287 3,852,561 3,852,941 3,609,010 3,711,680 4,439,040 5,216,404 4,499,090 6,477,300 4,892,950 5,117,878 5,838,640 5,828,580 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.4 2,325,000 1,939,117 1,645,419 1,458,195 1,530,050 1,268,700 1,202,860 1,191,315 1,091,590 1,313,310 1,110,690 1,172,590 1,445,980 1,219,630 5,701,440 5,301,320 5,498,080 5,311,130 5,139,060 4,980,380 5,641,900 6,407,749 5,590,680 7,790,610 6,003,640 6,290,468 7,284,620 7,048,210 $4.50 4.50 4.30 5.75 6.50 8.25 6.80 5.75 5.62 5.50 7.50 8.50 6.16 7.42 $3.30 3.70 3.50 4.90 5.00 6.30 5.50 4.95 4.50 4.50 5.50 6.75 5.09 5.90 $22,7^,000 22,304,000 22,281,000 29,3.50,000 31,120,000 38,712,000 36,787,322 35,891,480 30,197,040 41,535,045 42,805,920 51,316,94.3 43,326,060 50,443,781 3,800,960 3,315,972 1898 . 4,104,967 1899 3,742,655 1900 4,078,960 1901 3,608,450 190e 3,391,408 1903 1904 3,651,894 3,707,298 1905 . 4,692,925 1906 4,418,600 1907 4,2i«,730 1906 4,146.870 1909 4,299,740 Av. 14 years 1.6 4,576,771 1.3 1,422,462 5,999,235 6.22 4.89 35,632,328 3,944,960 FLAX— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. *No other data. Year 22 SS . 0) 2 o V. farm value per bushel Dec. Ist «> > o CK) « u o < H < H < 1880 10 1,034,200 $1.00 $1,034,200 103,420 .94 1.10 2,503,293 3,276,989 1S90 10.5 2,929,081 283,722 TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 59 FLAX— 1896-1909. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year . « B A^ m 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 - 1902 1903 - 1904 — - 1905 1906 1907 1908 - 1909 Average 14 years 9.5 10 10.5 11.2 11.7 18.8 8 8.7 11 9.8 10.7 10.8 11.3 10 10.8 1,946,720 2,498,600 2,376,600 1,597,790 1,222,980 916,890 755,350 355,160 .591,140 173,770 205,280 461,960 461,580 255,205 $ .95 .87 .80 1.04 1.50 1.29 1.00 .78 1.15 .90 .97 .98 1.0] 1.29 987,073 $1.04 $1,135,000 2,173,782 1,901,280 1,661,898 1,834,470 916,890 725,350 277,024 679,811 156,393 200,091 408, &10 466,195 329,214 $ 919,000 199,128 249,882 225,014 142,175 108,850 104,140 94,767 40,823 51,370 17,732 19,160 42,790 40,833 25,525 97,300 POTATOES— 1880, 1S85. 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. •rt h « Year 2£ 1 yiel tarm lue pe shel c. Ist 3 > .rt3 « >o, o >>oP o u < H < H < 1880 - 95 10,165,000 $.35 .40 $3,557,750 5,149,600 6,749,205 107,000 157,000 170,048 1885 82 12,874,000 8,332,352 1890 — - 49 .81 60 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE POTATOES— 1896-1909, Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year 22 >ft 2 c ">> "3 o Av. farm value per bushel Dec. 1st > o O < 1896 — 87 60 76 98 78 37.4 91 53.8 125 84 101 84 89.9 88 14,814,795 10,051,910 12,538,410 15,252,934 10,850,900 5,098,460 12,051,670 6,082,694 14,255,680 9,352,190 11,697,500 9,847,430 10,058,290 11,209,950 $.21 .45 .31 .24 .40 .90 .34 .75 .28 .50 .48 .62 .59 .53 $8,962,950 4,523,360 3,826,900 3,660,714 4,340,360 4,588,610 4,095,650 4,562,020 3,991,590 4,676,045 5,614,800 6,105,406 6,288,391 5,941,273 170.285 1897 163,248 1898 1899 -— 164,456 154,243 1900 149,680 «1901 — 136,300 1902 - 138,484 tl903 — - 113,433 1904 113,250 1905 -- 111,335 1906 — - 115,310 1907 117,350 1908 -- 118,517 1909 .. 127,841 Average 14 years 82.4 10,983,058 $.47 $4,655,576 135,267 *Very dry. tVcry wet. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 61 Live Stock Pavilion Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds 62 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OP THE PRINCI Figures taken from the December, 1909, Supplement of the Crop Acreage, production and value of corn in the United States in 1909, by states. Corn State or Territory Acreage Production D IB C O 3 0- Total farm value Dec. 1 Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts .. Rhode Island — Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania — Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia -- North Carolina - South Carolina - (Jeorgia Florida Ohio Indiana - Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota *I&wa Missouri North Dakota .. South Dakota — Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming - Colorado New Mexico — Arizona Utah Nevada - Idaho : Washington Oregon California United States 17,000 30,000 65,000 47,000 11,000 60,000 670,000 290,000 1,5-25,000 200,000 700,000 2,0W,000 880,000 2,898,000 2,218,000 4,400,000 665,000 3,875,000 4,913,000 10,300,000 1,970,000 1,533,000 1,690.000 9,200,000 8,100,000 195,000 2,059,000 7,825,000 7,7.50,000 3,568,000 3,-575,000 3,233,000 2,810,000 2,220,000 8,150,000 5,950,000 2,800,000 5,000 5,000 135,000 68,000 13,000 13,000 38.0 35.1 37.0 38.0 33.2 41.0 36.0 32.7 .32.0 31.0 31.4 23.2 31.1 16.8 16.7 13.9 12.6 39.5 40.0 35.9 35.4 33.0 34.8 31.5 26.4 =il.0 Bl.7 24.8 19.9 29.0 22.0 13.5 14.5 23.0 15.0 17.0 18.0 35.0 28.0 24.2 31.3 32.1 ,31.4 6,000 15,000 17,000 50,000 30.6 27.8 30.7 34.8 108,771,000 25.5 616,000 1,053,000 2,405,000 1,786,000 365,000 2,460,000 24,120,000 9,483,000 48,800,0001 6,203,000 21,980,000; 47,328,000i 27,632,000 48, 686,000! 37,041,000 01,160,000 8,379,000 1.53,062,000 196,520,000 369.770,000 69,9.50,000 50,589,000 58,812,000 281,800,000 213,810.000 6.045,000 65.270,000 104.060,000 1.54,225,000 103,472,000 78,650,000 43.646,000 40,745,000 51,198,000 122,2.50,000 101,150,000 50,400,000 175,000 140,030 3,267,000 2,128,000 417,000 408,000 184,000 417,000 .522,000 1,740,000 2,772,376,000 .76 .55 .72 .86 .78 .70 .90 1.00 .87 .517,000 800,000 1,756,000 1,447,000 354,000 1,845,000 17,849,000 6,733,000 34,160,003 3,596,000 14,287,000 35,023,000 20,448,000 41,383,000 33,3.37,000 52,598,000 6,955,000 &5, 715, 000 98,260,000 192,280,000 42,670,000 30,353,000 28,818,000 142,002.000 126,166,000 3,325.000 32,635,000 97.030,000 83,282.000 64.1.53,000 55,0.55,000 37,099,000 33,003,000 35,327.000 92,910,000 55.632,000 36.288,000 1.50,000 109,000 2,287,000 1,915,000 417.000 355,00-0 138.000 359,000 418,000 1,583,000 $1,652,822,000 *Statistics by counties, showing acreage, average yield and total yield of Iowa farm crops, compiled by tlie Iowa Department of Agriculture, from reports re- ceived, as required by Chapter 86, section 1, Acts of the Thirty-third General As- sembly will be found in part 3, page 87 of this year Ijook. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART 11 63 PAL FARM CROPS OF THE UNITBID STATES IN 1909. Koportfi- issued by the United States Department of Agriculture. Acreage, production and value of wheat in the United States in 1009, by states. Winter Wbeat 1 Spring Wheat Acreage P. Produc- tion a> m CJ 3 s u t'p Acreage Produc- tion 1 u 0) m U p (D Oh s Li f5 cs « f'Q H 9.000 25.5 230,000 $1.10 $ 253,000 1,000 25.0 25,000 1.20 30,000 420,000 21.0 17.9 17.0 14.0 14.5 11.2 13.0 9.5 10.0 10.0 8,820,665 ■51.11 9,790,000 2,146,030 28,029,000 1,718,000 12,282,000 10,175,000 5. 435, aw 6,877.0:10 5,-563,000 3,552,000 110,000 1.909,000 1.09 26,2C;'j,000 1.09 1,652,000 1.04 11,165,000 1.10 8,848,000 1.15 4,810,000 1.13 5,415,000 1.27 3,810,000 1.46 2,450,000 1.45 1,545,000 118,000 770,000 790,000 370,000 970,000 381,000 245,000 1,480,000 2,165,000 1,810,000 775,000 59,000 15.9 15.3 17.4 18.8 20.4 23,532,000 1.12 33,124,000 1.10 31,494,000 1.04 14,570,000 1.12 1,204,000 .96 26,0:16,000 36,436,000 32,7.54.000 16,318,000 1,156,000 1 120,000 ! 5,600,000 295,000 19.0 16.8 14.7 2,280,000 94,060,000 4,336,000 .96 .96 .93 2,189,000 90,317,000 144,000 1,943,000 21.6 14.7 3,110,000; .93 28,562,000! 1.05 2,892,000 29,990,000 4,032,000 6,625,000 3,375,000 290,000 I 150,000 13.7 14.1 14.0 11.5 90,762,000 47,588,000 4,060,000 1,725,000 .92 .90 .89 .96 83,501,000 42,829,000 3,613,000 1,656,000 1 2,350,000 5,895,000 19.4 14.5 11.8 10.4 10.5 11.0 45,590,000 85,478,000 7,906,000 .89 .96 1.11 40, .575, 000 82,0.59,000 8,776,000 9,568,000 1,338,000 13,000 800,000 98,000 1,000 8,320,000 1.15 1,029,000 1.30 11,000 1.21 — . — --------- 555,000 1,225,000 9.1 12.8 11.4 32.5 32.5 29.7 5,656,660' 1.18 15,680,000 i.m 5,959,000 15,837,000 1,893,000 5,230,030 804,000 2,486,000 1 151,000 185,000 25,000 90,000 1,721,000 6,012,000 812,000 2,673,000 1.10 .87 .99 .93 165,000 55,000 275,000 41,000 16,000 100,000 36,000 205,000 760,000 1 275,000 27.0 29.4 24.5 25.0 28.5 28.7 26.0 20.6 18.7 "ijsi'ooo 1,485,000 8,085,000 1,004,000 400,000 2,850,000 1,033,000 5,330,000 15,656,000 5,142,000 .99 .93 1.17 1.39 .90 1.04 .87 , .93 1 -^ i'iii'ooo 1,470,000 7,519,000 1,175,000 [ 5.56,000 135,000 24.0 3,240,000 .90 2,916,000 2,565,000 1,074,000 315,000 780,000 535,000 825,000 29.0 25. S 21.0 14.0 9,135,060' .87 20,124,000i .93 ll,235,00O| .93 11,550,000 1.11 7,947,000 18,715,000 10,449,000 12,820,000 4,637,000 14,560,000 4,782,000 j 2S, 330,000 i 15.8 446,366,000 |?1,02S |$459,154,000 18,393,000 15.8 ?90,823,000 I|93.1 1^70,892,000 64 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF THE PRINCI State or Territory Oats Acreage Maine — New Hampshire . Vermont Massiicbusetts Uhode Island Connoeticut New York New .Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia .- North Carolina - South Carolina .. Georgia Florida Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota *Iowa - -.. Missouri North Daljota .. . South Dalcota -.. Nel)raska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California United States 124,000 14,000 81,000 7,000 2, mo 11,000 1,32.'), 000 60,000 us;s,ooo 4,000 28,0(X) 200,000 S8,000 190,000 211,000 3r)0,ooo 31,000 1,730,000 1,820,000 4,346,000 1,420,000 2,280,000 2,736,000 4,300,000 090,000 1,550,000 1,4.50,000 2,473,000 964,000 173,000 300,000 270,000 150,000 32,000 615,000 550,000 164,000 300,000 100,000 196,000 24,000 4,000 55,000 7,000 175,000 202,000 288,000 200,000 a 33,204,000 37.0 31.5 32.2 31.0 25.0 27.5 28.2 25.5 26.0 25.5 25.4 19.0 22.0 1C.5 21.0 19.0 17.0 32.5 30.5 36.6 30.5 35.0 33.0 27.0 27.0 32.0 30.0 25.0 28.2 22.3 20.0 16.5 16.0 20.0 18.7 29.0 22.8 51.3 35.0 38.0 40.0 37.0 46.1 40.0 44.5 49.0 37.8 31.4 Production 30.3 4,588,000 441,000 3,608,000 217,000 50,000 302,000 37,365,000 1,530,000 25,948,000 102,000 711,000 3,800,000 2,150,000 3,234,000 4,431,000 6,650,000 527,000 56,225,000 55,510,000 159,064,000 43,310,000 79,800,000 90,288,000 116,100,000 18,630,000 49,600,000 43,500,000 61,825,000 27,185,000 3,858,000 4,000,000 4,4.)5,0OO 2,400,000 040,000 11, .500, 000 15,950,000 3,739,000 15,390,000 3,500,000 7,448,000 960,000 148,000 2,536,000 280,000 7,788,000 9,898,000 10,886,000 6,280,000 1,007,353,000 $.40i Total farm value Dec. 1 ■Epfi i. $.58 $ 2,661,000 .64 282,000 .50 1,304,000 .58 126,000 .53 26,000 .53 160,000 .49 18,309,000 .50 765,000 .50 12,974,000 .48 49,000 .49 .S48,00O 2,052,000 1,104,000 2,134,000 3,190,000 4,722,000 395,000 23,052,000 21,649,000 60,444,000 17,757,000 31,122,000 31,601,000 40,635,000 8,011,000 10,368,000 14,790,000 21,639,000 11,6;W,000 1,968,000 2,120,000 3,118,000 1,032,000 397,000 7,130,000 7,337,000 2,206,000 6,464,000 1,750,000 3,947,000 634,000 117,000 1,319,000 165,000 S,8f)4,00O 4,751,000 5,661,000 4,145,000 $408,174,000 •Statistics by counties, showing acreage, average yield and total yield of Iowa farm crops, compiled by the Iowa Department of Agriculture, from reports re- ceived, as required by Chapter 86, section 1, Acts of the Thirty-third General As-, scuibly will be fouml in part 3, page 87 of this year book. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART n 65 PAL FARM CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1909.— Con. Barley Acreage ■Soei II (/J o ^ S i> a. s.ooo 28.5 228,000 if .77 .f 176,000 2,000i 25.0 50,000 .80 40,000 15,000 30.0 450,000 .77 346,000 77^000 li'i' ''Y.m'.m '"es" '"1^318^000 9,000 21.8 196,000 .67 131,000 i^ooollzT 32,000 -.oV 2olo56 3,000 28.5 86,000 .71 61,000 32,000 25.9 829,000 .61 loe'ooo 9,000 23.5 212,000 .63 134,000 31,000 28.0 868,000 .52 451,000 67,000 24.7 1,655,000 .61 1,010,000 866,030 28.0 24,248,000 .,56 13,579,000 1,339,000 23.6 31,600,000 .47 14,852,000 495,000 22.0 10,890,000 .46 5,009,000 2,000 25.0 .50,000 .68 34,000 987,000 21.0 20,727,000 .43 8,913,000 1.021,000 19.5 19,910,000 .45 8,960,000 120,000 22.0 2,&10,0!)0 .43 1,135,000 270,000 18.0 4,860,000 .53 2,576,000 1,000 24.0 24,000 .76 18,000 1,000 24.0 24,000 .79 19,000 4,000 19.4 78,000 1.00 78,000 30,000 53.0 690,000 .65 . 448,000 50,000 38.0 1,900,000 .63 1,197,000 4,000 31.0 124,000 .74 92,000 26,000 36.0 936,000 .66 618,000 1,000: 40.0 40,000 1.00 40,000 32,000 40.0 1,280,000 .88 1,126,000 13,000 40.0 530,000 .66 343,000 8,000 38.0 304,000 .75 228,000 62,000 40.0 2,480,000 .59 1,463,000 182,000 39.5 7,189,000 .61 4,601,000 63,000 31.5 1,984,000 .66 1,309,000 1,180,000 26.5 31,270,000 .74 23,140,000 7,011,000 24.3 170,284,000 ? .552 $ 93,9n,000 Rye Acreage on SI- V X c U 9 01 2,000 4,000 15.5 16.2 31,000 $1.00 65,000 1.05 10,000 18.7 160,0O0J 17.0 79,000 16.3 300,000i 15.3 1,000 14.0 20,000 15,000 11,000 13,000 4,000 14,000 14.1 12.3 13.5 9.4 9.8 9.0 187 2,720 1,288 5,508 14 282 184 148 122 39 126 ,000 ,000 000 000 000 000] 000 000 000 000 000 57,000; 57,000 71,000 350,000 290,000 120,000, 53,000 15,0O0j 26,000| 33, 000 1 80,000 40,0001 13,000 8,000; 2,000 17.2 16.5 17.8 15.5 16.3 19.0 17.8 15.0 18.4 17.5 16.5 14.2 12.7 10.7 11.3 4,00O| 11.2 4,000 13.5 2,000! 10.5 2,000 29.0 1,000 26.0 4,000 22.0 3,000 4,000 4,000 9,000 61,000 2,006,000 22.0 21.5 21.0 17.0 13.8 940 1,264 5,42.3 4,727 2,280 943 225 478 578 1,320 568 165 86 23, .90 .80 .79 .80 .75 .78 .84 .90 1.03 1.41 1.50 000 000 ,000 000 000 000 ooo, 000 000 000 000 000^ 000 000 000 45,000 54,000 21,000 58,000 26,000 88,000 66,000 86,000 84,000 153,000 842,000 16.1 32,239,000 1.36 1.23 .93 1.05 .75 .90 .73 .70 .70 .94 1.00 1.04 $ .739 e8 fl)*^ 31,000 68,000 168,000 2,176,000 1,018,000 4,406,000 10,000 220,000 155,000 133,000 126,000 55,000 189,000 745,000 696,000 935,000 3,743,000 3,214,000 1,368,000 594,000 184,000 272,000 341,000 805,000 426,000 145,000 83,000 31,000 55,000 50,000 22,000 44,000 23,000 64,000 46,000 60,000 79,000 153,000 876,000 $ 23,809,000 6G IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALrUE OF THE PRINCI Slate or Tci litory Maine New Hampshire Vermont -— Massachusetts .. Uho:le Island — Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania .— Delaware Marylanl Virjfinia West \nrginia -- North Carolina . South Carolina . (ieorjria Florida Ohio Indiana Illinois .Miiliis,'an Wisconsin Minnesota •Iowa Missouri Nortli Dakota - Sonlli Dakota .. Nel.raska Kansas ... Kentucky ... Tennessee Alal)ania Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming' Colorado New Alexico ... Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California Potatoes I Irish J 130 .';i, 9 10 5 181 95 104 348 ■2li-i IGO 145 .ss 40 :.o 105 !U 40 United States 3,525,000 $1,068 325 130 155 125 125 120 120 90 78 96 80 92 98 74 85 81 95 93 95 91 106 102 115 89 85 110 80 78 79 93 75 50 70 70 ISO 160 IGO 85 180 ISO 200 170 -60 130 29,250,000 2,730,000 4,650,000 4,250,000 750,000; 4,320,000 52,560,000 7.200.000 23,790,000| 864,000' 2,800,0001 5,520, OOOj 3,822,000 1,850,000' 765,000i 810,000, 475,000 16,926,000 9,025,000 14,924,000 30,540,000 26.724.000 18,403,000 12,905,000 7,480,030 4,400.003 4,003.000 8,190,000 7,180,000 3,680,000 2,250,000 1,360,000 783,000 1,200,000 3,030,000 1,890,000 2.310,000 4.500,000 1,600,000 10,400,000 85,000 ) X c. 2,700.000 540,030 5,000,030 6.970,000 7,300,000 7,803,000 376,537,000 f.47 .64 .44 .79 .80 .83 .50 .82 .65 .72 .66 .70 .68 .81 1.15 1.00 1.20 .56 .52 .61 .35 .38 .35 .55 .67 .45 .63 .60 .79 .64 .71 .98 .95 .91 1.06 .95 .92 .51 .63 .57 1.01 5 ce « 13,748,000 1,747,030 2.046,000 3,358,000 030.030 3,r^,ooo 26,280,000 5,904,000 15,464,000 622,000 1,848,000 3,834,000 2,593,000 1,498,000 880,030 810,000 570,000 9,479,000 4,693,000 9,104,000 12,789,003 10,1.55,000 6,440,000 7,038,000 5,012,000 1,980,030 2,520,000 4,914,000 5,679,030 2,355,000 1,598,000 1,333,000 744,030 1,092,000 3,180,000 1,796,000 2,125,000 2,295,030 1,008,000 5,928,000 86,000 1,161,000 4.59,000 2,400,000 3,276,000 4,416,000 6,006,000 $.54&|$ 206,545,000 ♦Statistics by counties, showing acreage, average yield and total yield of Iowa farm crops, compiled by the Iowa Department of Agriculture, from reports re- ceived, as required by Chapter 86, section 1, Acts of the Thirty-third General As- sembly will be found in part 3, page 87 of this year book. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 67 PAL FARM CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1909.— Con, Buckwheat Flaxseed Acreage u V p. 28.0 22.0 22.0 19.3 '1975' 24.0 21.8 19.5 19.8 16.6 18.0 22.7 19.8 1.2 4) IB 030; rt (jj 'H Acreage P. i 4) a u 034) Total farm value Dec. 1 23,000 2,000 8,000 3,000 3^000 644,000 44,000 176,000 58,000 58'oo6 7,. 512, 000 283,000 5,6.i5,000 40.000 149.000 378,000 499,000 99,000 $ .70 .76 .76 .75 Too" .69 .74 .68 .60 .74 .76 .76 .80 $ 451,000 33,000 134,000 44,000 58^000 5.183,000 209,000 3,845,000 24,000 110,000 287.000 ■ 379,000 79,000 1. :: 313,000 13,000 290,000 2,000 9,000 21,000 22,000 5,000 - — - --- ::: .......~l" 1 1 15,000 6.000 4,000 58,000 18,000 5,000 9,000 2,000 21.2 17.3 18.2 14.3 12.3 15.2 15.0 21.0 318,000 101,000 73,000 829,000 221,000 76,000 135,000 42,000 .78 .77 .80 .66 .78 .71 .85 .90 248,000 82,000 58,000 547,000 172,000 54,000 115,000 37,000 ao'ooo 4ri0.oio 30,000 25,000 1..5t«),000 600,000 16.000 55,000 1475" 10.0 9.8 8.1 9.3 9.4 8.5 7.0 290^000 4,500,000 294,000 202,000 14,229 000 ifsi" 1.50 1.30 1.15 1 i;7 $ '392^600 6,750,000 382,000 232,000 22,340,000 8, .516, 000 166,000 424,000 ""::":::::::-::' 5 640 000 1 ^1 1,000 1,000 16.0 14.0 16,000 14,000 .90 1.00 14.000 14,030 136,000 385,000 1.22 1.10 1,000 15.0 15,000 .79 11,000 6^000 "io?o" 60,000 '1.20 72,000 10,000 12.0 120,000 1 60 192,000 __ 1 — «-- i.:..:: i 834,000 20.9 17,438,000 $.699j$ 12,188,000 2,742,0001 9.4 25,856,000 $1,526 % 39.466,000 68 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF THE PRINCI State or Territory Hay •a o S 4) o >^ Maine New Hampshire -. Vermont Massacliusetts — Rliode Island Connecticut New i'ork New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia -— North Carolina .. South Carolina .. Georgia - Florida Ohio - -— Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota *Iowa Missouri North DalJOta .- South Dakota — Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Ixtuisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana -. Wyoming Colorado -.. New Mexico Arizona -— Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California United States 1,400,000 640,000 879,000 585,000 62,000 490,000 4,764,000 437,000 3,118,000 78,000 297,000j 466,000 675,000 175,000' 60,000, 87,000 19,000 2,820,000, 2,200,000 2,852,000 2,618,000 2,369,000 927,000 3.61S.O0O 2,755,000 194,000 536,000 1,550,000: 1,829,000 480,000 450,000 111,000 8:3,000 23,000 618,000 900,000 198,000 556,000 277,000 704,000 185.000 109,000 375,000 210,000 477,000 380,000 422,000 650,000 45,744,000 1.42 0.95 .97 1.25 1.15 1.10 1.15 1.05 1.25 1.20 1.40 1.20 1.30 1.25 1.38 1.23 1.35 1.38 1.43 1.40 1.45 1.30 1.53 1.75 1.64 1.35 1.37 1.50 1.50 1.45 1.36 1.50 1.50 1.47 1.50 .95 .90 1.25 1.79 2.40 2.50 2.60 3.30 2.90 2.35 2.85 2.10 2.05 1.70 1,330,000 $14.70 17.90 14.70 18.90 18.60 19.30 14.20 16.50 621,000 1,099,000 673,000 68,000 564,000 5,002,000 546,000 3,742,000, 14.60 109,000 15.00 35G,0O0i 14.40 606,000 13.30 844, OOO: 13.30 242,000 14.40 81,000' 15.50 117,000 15 2O,0OO| 15.00 4,033,000, 10.90 3,080, OOO! 10.50 4,135,000, 9.90 3,403.000 3,625,000 1,622,000 5,983,000 3,719,000 266,000 804,000 2,325,000 2,652,000 6.53,000 675.000 166,000 122,000 34,000 587,000 810,000 248,000 995,000 665,000 1,760,000 181,000 360,000 1,088,000 494,000 1,359,000 798,000 865,000 ■0 1,105,000 11.50 64,938,000 11.40 9 6.00 7.10 8.30 5.0O 5.10 6.0O 6.00 11.90 12.80 13.50 11.50 10.70 11.90 7.30 10.80 10.00 8.90 10.00 11.10 12.80 9.00 10.50 9.10 14.00 11.7 $10.62 689,345,000 *Statistics by counties, showing acreage, average yield and total yield of Iowa farm crops, compiled by the Iowa Department of Agriculture, from reports re- ceived, as required by Chapter 86, section 1, Acts of the Thirty-third General As- sembly will be found in part 3, page 87 of this year book. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK PA irr II 69 PAL FARM CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1909.— Cou. Tobacco j Rice [rough] Acreage u v Pi ■at roduc- tlon Otal farm value Dec. 1 Acreage a _ 4) roduc- tion 4) CD U 3 a) Otal farm value Dec. 1 >^ cu cu ^ 1 > a, U, E- ioo J„. i,T06 1 170,000 $.15 $ 251500 200 1,675 1 335,000| .15 50,250 4,400,1,600 j 7,040,000; .14 985,600 ----- 13,400,1,650 22,110,000 .165 3,648,150 5&J 000 31^256 "985" '30I732I060 2^765"886 25^000 "no' 17,750,000 .063 1,473,250 1 155,000 775 120,125,000 .085 10,210,625 14,400 875 12,600,000 .132 1,663,200 1 240,000 600 1144,000,000 .095 13,080,000 425 30.2 13,000$ .85 $ 11,666 40,000! 80O 32,000,000 .073 2,336,000 18,000 25.6 476,000 .91 433,000 2,100 700 1,470,0001 .34 499,800 4,200' 23.9 100,000 .87 87,000 • 4,500 710 3,195,000 .34 1,086,300 1,000^ 25.0 25,000 .80 20,000 ■ 90,000 925 83,250,000 .105 8,741,250 20,000 '.)M 19.000,000 .11 2,0!)l).000 1,500 750 1,125,000 .11 123,750 31^500 uiso' '37^176^660 .092 3,419,640 . 5,000 885 4,425,000 .13 575,250 ::: — — 420,000 835 350,700,000 .106 37,174,200 . 73,000' 730 ' 53,290,000 .078 4,156,620 600 600 360,000 .29 104,400 1,000 35.0 35,000 .80 28,000 100: 500 50,0001 .26 13,000 1,000 30.0 30,000 .80 24,000 81,400 375,000 33.8 12,675,000 .79 10,013,000 l.OOOl 650 1 650,000 .262 170,300 291,000 34.0 9,894,000 .78 7,717,000 900 "eoo" ""546^606 .15 81,000 28,000 40.0 1,120,000 .90 '"i^668l666 - 1,180,300 804.3 l949,357,00o'$.101 $ 95,719,365 720,225 33.8 24,368,000^579.4 $ 19,341,000 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS. (Figures furnished by the Bureau of Statistics, Department of Agriculture, except where otherwise credited. All prices on gold basis.) CORN. Corn crop of countries named, 1904-1908. Country 1904 Bushels 1905 Bushels 190fi Bushels 1907 Bushels 1908 Bushels NORTH AMERICA. United States Ontario Canada: Quebec Mexico Total - SOUTH AMERICA. Argentina Chile Uruguay . Total ,467,481,000 20,242,000 88,131,000 EUROPE. A u st r I a -H u n ga ry : Austria Hungary proper ..- Croatia-Slavonia -.- Bosnia-Herzegovina Total Austria-Hungary Bulgaria . France Italy Portugal Rouniania Russia: Russia proper Poland Northern Caucasia Total Russia (Euro- pean) Scrvia Spain Total AFRICA. Algeria Cape of Good Hope Egypt — Natal Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian). Total AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland New South Wales. - ,575,854.000 175,189,000 1,477,000 3,035,000 ,707,994,000 '2,927,416,000 20,923,000 I 23,989,000 83,363,000 2,812-, 280, 000 140,708,000 1,244,000 4,417,000 179,701,000 I 146,369,000 12,529,000 59,400,000 11, .364, 000 6,464,000 17,293,000 94,045,000 18,385,000 9,584,000 89,737,000 12,7.')8,000 19,482,000 90,546,000 15,000,000 19,598,000 18,956,000 13,000 6,951,000 25,920,000 9,498,000 21,255,000 139,307,000 18,141,000 24,030,000 97,266,000 15,000,000 59,275,000 22,533,000 10,798'oo6 33,331,000 21,431,000 31,880,000 70,000,000 3,021,405,000 194,912,000 848,000 3,226,000 198,984,000 18,177,000 162,925,000 20,470,000 8,900,000 2,i592, 320,000 21,899,000 1,377,000 70,000,000 2,685,596,000 71,768,000 1,500,000 5,359,000 78,627,000 16,599,000 155,619,000 17,934,000 6,408,000 2,668,6.'>I,0OO 21,742,000 1,126,000 70,000,000 2,761,519,000 136,057,000 1,344,000 6,000,000 210,472,000 196,620,000 27,780,000 14,581,000 93,007,000 15,000,000 130,546,000 59,320,000 iiliii^ooo" 303,814,000 ' 439,661,000 70,501,000 27,786,000 18,714,000 391,000 3,502,000 30,000,000 5,282,000 189,000 39,364,000 1,984,000 7,052,000 490,000 2,500,000 30,000,000 4,822,000 320,000 38,132,000 2,623,000 5,107,000 608,387,000 544,000 . 3,200,000 30,000,000 3,845,000 300,000 14,080,000 24,027,000 83,513,000 15,000,000 57,576,000 41.903,000 1,000 8,860,000 143,401,000 15,170,000 146,124,000 20,. 036,000 8,821,000 190,651,000 20,717,000 24,000,000 95,953,000 15,000,000 78,892,000 49,663.000 il'449,600 50,764,000 17,691,000 25,372,000 61,112,000 21,010,000 20,115,000 489,643,000 ! 527,450,000 37,889,000 2,233,000 5,714,000 402,000 3,550,000 35,000,000 2,984,000 300,000 42,236,000 3,820,000 5,945.000 400,000 1,758,000 30,000,000 4,593,000 300,000 37,051,000 3,191,000 4,671,000 TENTH ANNUAL YEARIBOOK— PART II corn-Continued Country 1904 Bushels 1905 Bushels 1906 Bushels 1907 Bushels 19:8 Bushtls 1 933,000 643,000 3,000 1,000 661,000 1,000 727,000 1,000 525,000 Western Australia 1,000 Total Australia 9,972,000 8,374,000 8,609,000 10,493,000 8,388,000 New Zealand .. &17,000 506,000 653,000 419,000 519,000 Total Australasia 10,519,000 8,880,000 9,262,000 10,912,000 8,907,000 Grand total 3,109,252,000 3.445,322,000 3,875,927,000 3,307,014,000 3,478,328,000 WHEAT. Wheat crop of countries named, 1905-1909. County 1905 Bushels 1906 Bushels 1907 Bushels 1906 Bushels 1909 Bushels NORTH AMERICA. United States 692,979,000 735,261,000 Canada: New Brunswick Ontario Manitoba Saslvatchewan ... Alberta Other 405,000 21,517,000 55,701,000 26,107,000 2,307,000 3,000,000 407,000 22,109,000 61,250,000 37,0tO,0O0 3,966,000 3,000,000 Total Canada 109,097,000 127,772,000 Mexico Total SOUTH AMERICA. Argentina .^ _ Chile Uruguay Total EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: Austria Hunsrary proper . CroatiaSlavonia Bosnia-Herzegovina 9,710,000 8,000,000 811,786,003 871,033,000 150,745,000 12,089,000 7,565,000 170,399,000 151,694,000 54,531,000 157,514.000 13,077,000 3,016,000 58,255,000 197,409,000 10,;551,000 2,693,000 Total Austria-Hungaryi 228,138,000 i 268,708,000 Belgium : 12,401,000 Bulgaria 34,949,000 Denmark I 4,067,000 Finland i 129,000 France .- 335,453,030 Germany 135,947,000 Greece 8,000,000 Italy 160,504,000 Montenegro 200,000 Netherlands : 5,078,000 Norway 329,0'DO Portugal ..I 5,000,000 Roumania 103,328,000 Russia: Russia Poland •Northern Caucasia- proper 451,327,000 20, 239 ,'000 96,708,000 Total Russia (Euro- pean) 568,274,000 450,963,000 12,964,000 39,109,000 4,161,000 150,000 324,919,000 144,754,000 8,000,000 176,464,000 200,030 4,942,000 303,000 9,000,000 113,867,000 344,765,000 21,152,000 85,046,000 634,087,000 411,000 18,019,000 39,688,000 27,692,000 4,194,000 2,687,000 664,602,000 737,189,000 349,000 18,057,000 50,269,000 34,742,000 6,842,000 2,175,003 395,000 16,262,000 52,700,000 85,197,000 9,579,000 2,005,000 166,744,000 8,000,000 735,778,000 785,036,000 911,933,000 92,691,000 112,434,000 9,090,000 8,000,000 155,993,000 15,776,000 6,867,000 178,636,000 52,369,000 120,509,000 10,170,000 2,169,000 185,217,000 15,835. 23,545. 4,343, 135, 376,999, 127,843. 8,000. 177,r)43. 200, 5.325. 290. 6,000, 42,257, 1^2,489,030 18,915,000 7,430,000 161,672,000 20,000,000 8,000,000 218,834,000 62,129,000 1.52,205,000 13,220,000 3,023,000 189,672,000 58,468,003 113,352,000 11,662,003 2,594,000 230,-577,000 186,076,000 340,416,000 18,173,000 79,184,000 437,773,000 13,963,000 36,496,000 4,318,000 135,000 317,765,000 133,442,000 8,000,000 152,236,000 200,000 5,121,000 333,000 5,000,000 54,813,000 15,506,000 37,000,000 4,000,000 135,000 3.v;, 57 1,000 138,000,000 8,000,003 164,587,000 200,000 5,000.000 316,000 5,000,000 56,751,000 383,016,000 21,182,000 34,964,000 489,162,000 ' 711,479,000 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WHEAT— Continued. Country 1905 Bushels Servia - Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey (European) United Kingdom: Great Britain— Kngland Scotland Wales Ireland Total United Kingdom Total ASIA. British India, including such native states as re- port - Cyprus Japanese Empire: Japan Formosa Total Japanese Empire Persia Russia: Central Asia Siberia Transcaucasia 11,262,000 92,504,000 5,529,000 4,000,000 20,000,000 57,424,000 2,131,000 1,204,000 1,475,000 62,234,000 1,797,326,000 283,063,000 2,441,000 18,437,000 200,000 18,637,000 16,000,000 25,491,000 42,411,000 109,000 1906 Bushels 1807 Bushels 13,211,000 140,656,000 6,650,000 4,000,000 25,000,000 57,583,000 2,063,000 1,308,000 1,575,000 62,529,000 1,810,5:0,000 319,952,000 2,410,000 20,282,000 178,000 20,460,000 16,000,000 11,486,000 45,833,000 108,000 Total Russia (Asiatic) Turkey (Asiatic) Total Asia AFRICA. Algeria 1 Cape of Good Hope I Egypt — ' Natal .-. , Sudan (Anglo-Bgyptian).. Tunis Total Africi AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland Xew South Wales.. Victoria South Australia Western Australia Tasmania 68,011,000 I 57,427,000 35,000,000 35,000,000 423,152,000 491,249,000 25,579,000 2,000,000 25,000,000 4,000 483,000 5,729,000 .5S. 79.5, 000- 2,217,000 16,983,000 21,666,000 12,454,000 2,077,000 818,000 34,323,000 2,000,000 25,000,000 8,000 542,000 4,906,000 66,779,000 1,173,000 21,391,000 24,1.56,000 20,778,000 2,381,000 801,000 8,375,000 100,331,000 6,279,000 4,000,000 18,000,000 53,855,000 1,953,000 1,138,000 1,367,000 58,313,000 1,606,003,000 317,023,000 2,636,000 22,795,000 200,000 22,995,000 16,000,000 27,065,000 45,771,000 63,000 Bushels 11,495,000 119,970,000 6,756,000 3,527,000 25,000,000 51,371,000 1,854,000 966,000 1,438,000 55,629,000 1,678,938,000 227,983,000 2,601,000 22,587,000 200,000 1909 Bushels 13,000,000 144,105,000 6,978,000 3,56S,000 30,000,000 60,241,000 2,111,000 1,147,000 1,809,000 65,308,000 1,951,583,000 283,360,000 2,600,000 22,035,000 200,000 22,587,000 16,000,000 21,416,000 55,755,000 66,000 72,919,000 35,000,000 466,573,000 31,261,000 2,000,000 25,000,000 3,000 500,000 6,314,000 77,237,000 35,000,000 Total Australia .- New Zealand Total Australasia Grand Total 56,215,000 70,680,000 9,411,000 7,013,000 65,626,000 I 77,693,000 65,078,000 1,144,000 22,.506,O0O 23,331,000 18,017,000 2,845,000 672,000 381,608,000 30,000,000 1,916,000 25,000,000 3,000 500,000 2,838,000 60,257,000 715,000 9,444,000 12,482,000 19,739,000 3,018,000 665,000 68,515,000 ! 46,063,000 5,782,000 74,297,000 5,743,000 51,806,000 22,235,000 16,000,000 71,792,000 35,000,000 430,987,000 31,769,000 2,257,000 25,000,000 5,000 500,000 4,000,000 66,531,000 1,241,000 15,971,000 24,082,000 20,009,000 2,535,000 825,000 64,663,000 9,049,000 73,712,000 3,327,084,000 3,428,998,000 ,3,126,965,000 13,176,479,000 3,624,418,000 TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK PART II OATS. Oat crop of countries named, 19051909. Country 1905 Bushels 1906 Bushels 1907 Busbels 1908 Bushels 1909 Bushels NORTH AMERICA. United States — — . Canada: New Brunswick Ontario jMaiiitoba Sasl;atchewan Alberta - Other Total Canada Mexico Total EUROPE. Anst fla-Hnnjrary: .Austria Tluntrary proper Croatia-Slavonia Bosnia-Hcrzcffovina Total Au^trin-Hun.:;ary Kclirium Bulsaria Denmark Finland Prance Oorniany Italy -. Xetlicrlands Norway Ron mania Russia : Russia Proper Poland • Xorthern Caucasia Total Russia fEuro- pean) Scrvia Spain Sweden United Kinardom: Great Britain— Enffland Sf-otland Wales Ireland Total United Kingdom Total ASIA. Cyprus Russia: Central Asia Siberia Transcaucasia Total Russia (Asiatic) Total 953,216,000 5,829,000 112,161,000 48,327,000 20,414,000 10,109,000 45,688,000 242,528,000 17,000 1,195,761,000 123.880,000 78,009.000 6,075,000 2,9.35,000 964,905,000 7.>4, 443,000 807,156,000 1,007, 3.5:'., 000 6,052,000 115,113,000 53,861,000 25,403,000 13,958,000 45,687,000 260,134,000 17,000 1,225,056,000 1.54.. 5.J1. 000 87.733,000 5, .541, 000 3, .543, 000 210,899,000 251,368,000 33,786,000 9,.381.000 31,763.000 18.0'K),000 26f)..5S1.000 4.51.017.000 1(1,030.000 16.Ot5.000 9.868.000 18,974,000 767.. 5.50,000 61,9.33,000 22,184,000 45,228.000 11,884.000 38.726,000 19.614.000 2.56.943.000 .580.875.000 13.000,000 19. .588,000 9,297.000 26,165,000 544.9.33.000 66.425.000 21,933,000 851,667,000 3.549.000 22,2.50.000 58,488,000 76,4.53.000 36,300.000 7.264,000 51,420.000 633,291,000 4.642,000 28.077,000 64.. 5,50, 000 84,102,000 35.108.000 8.063.000 53,111,000 in, .527,000 I 180,384,000 2,192,855,000 2,188,632,000 402,000 14,279,000 70,673.000 44,000 84,996,000 85,396,000 359,000 9,805.000 69,873,000 35,000 79,713,000 80,072,000 6,107,000 83,745,000 44,775,000 24.783,000 9,826,000 54,981,000 5,373,000 110,310,000 47,-506,000 31,030.000 24,227,000 47,.580,000 6,136,000 116,017,000 .58,721,000 97,533,000 40,775,000 .56,376,000 229,217,000 266,026,000 17,000 17,000 983,677,000 1,073,199,000 170,005,000 144,069,(X)O 79,484,000 70,163,000 4,174,000 4,2.53,000 2,575,000 ! 3, .572,000 375,558,000 17,000 2.56, &38, 000 45,937,000 7,416,000 42, .529, 000 18,000.000 303.889,000 6.30,324,000 20,000,000 20,933,000 6,946,000 17,842,000 729,813.000 72,574,000 19,697,000 1,382,928,000 171,940,000 92,270,000 5,607.000 4,575,000 222,062,000 274,392,000 42,2.32,000 11,2.52.000 40.4.37,000 19,000,000 285.837.000 530,1.31.000 17,000.000 19,683.003 13,449,000 17,212,000 40,000,000 12,010.000 .39,000,000 18.000,000 339.743,000 628,718,000 16.000.000 19,000,000 10.. 3.30, 000 25,945,000 743,523,000 66.1.35,000 24,860,000 822,084,000 2,984,000 16,998,000 64,597,000 94,606,000 36,193,000 7,829,000 50,850,000 834,518,000 ! 1,067,668,000 3,057,000 28,114,000 72,773,000 82,470,000 37,020,000 7,133,000 54,032,000 3,000,000 34.3.57,000 69,292,000 80,711,000 39.006,000 7,254,000 57,407,000 189,478,000 , 181,555,000 184,528,000 !, 466,795,000 2,338,312,000 ■ 2,781,932,000 331,000 410,000 400,000 18,049,000 17,3n,000 67,114,000 ! 89,500,000 13,000 I 27,000 85,176,000 ; 106,898,000 ' 77,705,000 85,507,000 1 107,308,000 78.105,000 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Country OATS— COTINUED. 1905 Bushels 1906 Bushels 1907 Bushels 1908 Bushels 1909 Bushels AFRICA. Algeria — 7,03C,000 Cape of Good Hope | 3,000,000 Natal I 9,000 Tunis 2,032,000 Total ' 12,077,000 AUSTRALASIA . Australia: Queenslainl New South Wales- Victoria South Australia — Western Australia Tasmania Total Australia -. New Zealand Total Australasia 10,000 073,000 6,353,000 5r3,000 233,000 1,216,000 9,064,000 15,012,000 24,076,000 Grand total 3.510,167,000 9,379,000 3,000,000 7,000 2,411,000 10,651,000 3,000,000 5,000 3,149,000 14,797,000 6,000 911,000 7,460,030 897,000 293,000 1,238,000 10,805,000 13,108,000 23,913,00} 3,532,470,000 16,805,000 30,000 1,449,000 9,124,000 924,000 472,000 2,042,000 8,500,000 2,596,000 6,000 1,736,000 14,041,000 11,555,000 25,596,000 3,578,380,000 12,838,000 10,000 879,000 5,365,000 902,000 745,000 1,574,000 9,475,000 15,495,000 24,970,000 3,556,627,000 10,673,000 4,063,000 7,000 2,000,000 16,743,000 40,000 1,154,000 11,475,0U0 1,320,000 765, oao 1,900,000 16,654,000 19,503,000 36,157,000 4,295,865,000 BARLEY. Barley crop of countries named, 1905-1909. NORTH AMERICA. United States 136,651,000 178,916,000 Canada: I New Brunswick i 97,000 99,000 Ontario — ! 24,265,003 25,253,000 M;iipt(.l>a 14,004,000 17,533,000 Sasliatchewan — 894,000 i,3i6.ooo Alherta 1,774,000 2,158,000 Other 3,000,000 3,000,000 Total Canada Mexico Total EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: Austria Hungary proper _- Croatia-SIavonia .. Bosnia-Herzegovina 44,094,000 6,621,000 49,359,000 7,000,000 187,366,000 235,275,000 70,469.000 62,453,000 2,864,000 3,236,000 76,024,000 69,747,000 2,758,000 3,276,000 Total Austria-Hungary 139,022,000 151,805,000 Belgium -.- Bulgaria --. Denmarli .- Finland ... France Germany .. Italy Netherlands Norway Roumania . 4,518,000 11,431,000 19,596,000 5,318,000 40,841,000 134,204,000 8,000,000 4,013,000 3,464,000 26,383,000 4,349,000 12,008,000 19,975,000 5,424,000 36,538,000 142,901,000 8.000,000 3,260,000 3,262,000 33,539,000 153,597,000 97,000 21,718,000 16,753,000 1,350,000 1,083,000 3,341.000 44,342,000 7,000,000 204,939,000 78,5.55,000 63,078,000 2,064,000 2,388,000 166,756,000 170,284,030 79,000 21,124,000 f)',093,000 1,952,000 3,881,000 2,633,000 46,762,000 7.000,000 220,518,000 69,497,000 56,324,000 2,552,000 2,889,000 146,085,000 5,129,000 6,772,000 21,616,000 5,000,000 43,043,000 160,650,000 8,000,000 4,091,000 2,597,000 20,062,000 94,000 20,952,000 20,866,000 4,493,000 5,999,000 2,994,000 55,398,000 7,000,000 232,682,000 79,654,000 71,868,000 2,394,030 3,755,000 130,762,000 I 157,6n,000 4,423, 11,311, 20,166. 6,000, 40,673, 140,539, 9,000, 3,953, 3,540, 12,873, I 000 I 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 OOO ! 000 I 5,000,000 12,000,000 21,000,000 5,000,000 47,782,000 160,552,000 10,000,000 4,000,000 2,885,000 19,955,000 TENTH AXXr.VL YEAR BOOK— PART II BARLEY-Continued. Country Russia: Russia proper Poland Nortliern Caucasia Total Russia (Euro- pean) Servia Spain Sweden United Kingdom: Great Britain— Kiigland Scotland ^-.. Wales Ireland Total United Kingdom Total ASIA. Cyprus Japanese Empire: Japan Formosa Total Japanese Empire Russia: Central Asia -.. Siberia Transcaucasia Total Russia (Asiatic) Total AFRICA. Algeria Cape of Good Hope Natal — Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian).. Tunis Total AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland New South Wales. V'ictoria South Australia .. Western Australia Tasmania Total Australia .. New Zealand Total Australasia Grand total 1904 Bushels 1905 Bushels 272,6£W,000 243,019,000 22,732,000 23,351,000 43,410,000 I 37,306.000 338,836,000 304,276,000 3,670,000 , 4,848,000 45,917,000 I 90,264,000 12,858,000 14,338,000 48,778,000 51,543,000 8,2.57,000 7,803,000 2,906,000 3,116,000 7,111,000 7,144,000 1906 Bushels 277,500,000 25,395,000 41,206,000 67,052,000 69,606,000 865,123,000 904,383,000 2,980,000 77,473,000 50,000 2,778,000 83,967,000 49,000 77,523,000 84,016,000 3,145.000 4,965,000 20,000 2,613,000 5,136,000 13,000 344,101,000 3,137,000 53,598,000 12,811,000 51,920,000 7,466,000 2,881,000 6,934,000 69,207,000 ro7 Bushels 297,449,000 23,790,000 46,219,000 1908 Bushels 367,458,000 3,351,000 69,596,000 15,53O,(W0 46,353,000 7,410,000 2,682,000 7,064,000 63,509,000 '464,733,000 4,000,000 81,579,000 13,900,000 52,348,000 7.732,030 2,810,000 8,2;3S,00O 71,148,000 935,899,000 902,674,000 .1,081,205,000 2,963,000 2,420,000 ' 2,500,000 90,480,000 87,138,000 88,142,000 50,000 50,000 , 50,000 90,530,000 ' 87,188,000 4,385.000 4,266,000 4,957,000 6,103,000 4,000 13,000 88,192,000 8,130,000 7,762,000 9,340,000 ' 10.382,000 ^.633,000 94,556,000 102,839,000 99,990,000 27,330.000 900,000 7,000 327,000 7,119.000 47,600,000 900,000 5,000 334,000 7,863,000 35.6S3.000 56,702,000 342,000 275,000 902.000 358.000 39.000 168.000 64,000 115,000 1.095,000 522,000 51,000 97,000 2,084.000 1,944,000 1,164,000 1,056,000 3,248,000 3,000,000 1,180,053,000 1,293,916,000 41,543,000 900,000 5,000 300,000 9,506.000 35,000,000 760,000 7,000 300,000 5,057,000 52,254.000 41,114,000 163,000 158.000 1.295,000 507,000 .50,000 146,000 67,000 77,000 1,093,000 585,000 79,000 154.000 8,881.000 99,576,000 50,008,000 873,000 6,000 300,000 8,000,000 59,187,000 142,000 172,000 1,706,000 852,000 77,000 190,000 2,319,000 2,055,000 3,139,000 1.068,000 1,200.000 2,000,000 3,387,000 3,255.000 5,139,000 1,269,318,000 1,267,551,000 1,477,789,000 K)\VA IJEPAHTMEXT OF AGRICULTURE RYE. Ryo crop of r-ountries named, 19051909. Country 1905 Bushefs 1906 Bushels 1907 Bushels 1908 Bushels 1909 Bushels NORTH AMERICA. United States 28,480,000 33,375,000 Canada: Ontario -. Manitoba Other — Total Canada ifexico — Total 1,715,000 173,000 500,000 2,388,000 70,000 EUROPE. Austria-Hunsrary: Austria .. Hungary proper Croatia-Slavonia Bosnia-Herzegovina 30,944,000 98,186.000 50,544,000 2,.''>.'?7,000 374,000 1,327,000 101,000 500,000 1,928,000 70,000 35,373,000 '•99,246,000 151,062.000 ; 1,918.000 388,000 31,566,000 31,851,000 1,0.39,000 84,000 371,000 1,494,000 70,000 Total Austria-Hungary; 151,641,000 153,.';i4,0OO Belcriuin 21,349.000 20,569,000 Bnl?aria 7,113,000 7,538.000 Denmark 19,249,000 i 18,828,000 Finland I 11,5.52,000 11,927,000 Fr.nnce 58,116.000 ' 50,429,000 Germany 378,204,000 378,948,000 Italv _.. 4,000,000 | 4,000,000 Netherlands 13,742.000 13,938,000 Norway 982,000 963,000 ROumania ..' 7,344,000 8,900,000 Russia: I Russia proper 629.671.000 | 555,698,000 Poland I 69,088,000 74,100,000 Northern Caucasia ' 9,933,000 8,877,000 Total Russia (Euro- pean) 708,692,000 Servia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Total — ASIA. Russia: Central Asia Siberia Transcaucasia 1,103,000 26,502,000 ■,:4,393,000 1,956,000 1,435,938,000 690,000 28,043,000 17,000 Total Russia (Asiatic"> 28.~')0,000 AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland 2,000 New South Wales 35,000 Victoria 32,000 Western Australia 5,000 Tasmania 12,000 Total Auslralia 86,000 638,675,000 1,560,000 30,918,000 25,915,000 2,073,000 1,368,695,000 404,000 27,752.000 13,000 28,169,000 1,000 50,000 30,000 4,000 8,000 93,000 33,130,000 86.4.52.000 39,44.';.00O 2.1.36.000 271,000 1,030,000 101,000 580,000 1,711,000 70,000 33,632,000 113,309,000 4r,.18.5.O0O 2,520.000 298,000 128,301,000 i 161,312,000 23,4.84,000 3,883.000 15.893.000 11,000.000 .55,896.000 384,1.50.000 4,000.000 14,4X3.000 823,000 2,. 554,000 693,2.57.000 74,127,000 6,807,000 774,191,000 21,849,000 5,604,000 19,170.000 12,000.000 51.703.000 4?2. 602,000 3.000.000 15,866,000 848.000 2,640,000 673,736,000 77,9.54,000 6,993,000 758,683,000 911.000 974.000 27.027.000 26.412.000 22,001,000 I 26.0.52,000 1,895,000 1,776,000 1,470,495,000 1,-530,581,000 993,000 32.931.000 12,000 33,936,000 3,000 98,000 21,000 5,000 15,000 142,000 56t,000 22.775,090 9,000 23,348,000 1,000 56,000 22,000 5,000 15,000 32,239,0OC 1,097,000 75,000 543,000 1,715,000 70,000 ,34,024,000 114,4.33.000 44.8.58,000 2,393,000 368,000 162,052,000 20.000.000 5.000,000 18.000,000 IT. 000. 000 56.643.000 446,767.000 3,000.000 15,000.000 98S,000 3,090.000 877,168,000 1,500,000 .34,901.000 25,728,000 1,954,000 1,682,791,000 99,000 19,667,000 1,000 51,000 33,000 4,000 18,000 107,000 TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II RYE— Continued County 1905 1906 Bushels 1 Bushels 1907 Bushels 1908 Bushels 1909 Bushels New Zealand . 33,000 65,000 43,000 j 73,000 94,000 Total Australasia 119,000 158,000 185,000 172,000 201,000 Grand total 1,495,751,000 1,432,395,000 1,537,746,000 1,587,733,000 1,736,688,000 POTATOES. Potato crop of countries named, 1904-1908. (No statistics for Switzerland, Portugal, Argentina, Transvaal, Egypt, and some other less important potato-growing countries.) Country 1904 Bushels 1905 Bushels 1906 Bushels 1907 Bushels 1908 Bushels NORTU AMERICA. United States Canada: Ontario Manitoba -- Now IJiunswick Saskatchewan & Alberta Other Total Canada .- Mexico Newfoundland a Total — SOUTH AMERICA. Chile EUROPE. Austria -Hungary: Austria Hungary proper Croat ia-Sla von ia Bosnia-Herzegovina Total Austria-PIungary Helgiuni Denmark Finland France Germany Italy e Malta Netherlands Norway Roumania Russia: Russia proper — . Poland Northern Caucasia Total Russia (Euro- pean) Servia Spain e Sweden 332,830,000 15,967.000 3,919,000 5,550,000 al, 000, 000 a29,000,000 260,741,000 14,819,000 2,901,000 5,093,000 2,814,000 029,000,000 55,436,000 I 55,257,000 527,000 1,350,000 469,000 1,350,000 390,143,000 317,817,000 6,131,000 6,532,000 398,298,000 581,822,000 110,402,000 168,225,000 9,311,000 12,589,000 2,450,000 2,485,000 520,461,000 765,121,000 91,632,000 24,214.000 15,465,000 451,039,000 1,333,326,000 29,000,000 733,000 94,421,000 17,253,000 3,001,000 705,170,000 179,997,000 8,741,000 893,908,000 718,000 84,000,000 51,314,000 57,159,000 29,9.')4,000 20,704.003 523,876,000 1,775,579,000 29,000,000 387,000 87,043,000 25,832,000 3,733,000 686,502,000 331,529,000 14,857,000 1,032,888,000 1,232,000 84,000,000 74,819,000 308,038,000 15,494,000 4,281,000 5,. 522. 000 5,-507,000 029,000,000 59,804,000 6469,000 1,350,000 298,262,000 20,908,000 4,150.000 5,183,000 5,338,000 36,657,000 369,661,000 66,532,000 514,2S9,000 179.083,000 12.8.t4,0O0 2,328,000 72,236,000 6469,000 1,350,000 372,317.000 66.532,000 538,789,000 178,168,000 25,625,000 2,949,000 278,985,000 23,096,000 3,807,000 11,203,000 3,793,000 32,847,000 74,746,000 6469,000 1,350,000 355,550,000 475,860,000 133,469,000 21,129,000 C2, 919, 000 708,554,000 745,531,000 88,652,000 28,454,000 20,4.32,000 373,076,000 1,577,653,000 29,000,000 378,000 95,503,000 20,995,000 4,636,000 630,211,000 296,662,000 12,844,000 939,717,000 1,799,000 84,000,000 63,829,000 24 (120 404 1,673 29 94 16 3 ,192,000 ,oa5,ooo ,432,000 ,181,000 ,246,000 000,000 793,000 401,000 956,000 860,000 694,487,000 327,689,000 11,932,000 1,034,108,000 876,000 84,000,000 57,823,000 639,407,000 82,846,000 29,752,000 d20,432,000 375,000,000 1,702,803,000 29,000,000 692,000 96,695,000 28,030,000 4,310,000 682,454,000 366,433,000 11,248,000 1,060,135,000 645,000 84,000,000 78,020,000 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE potatoes-Continued County 1904 1905 1906 Bushels Bushels Bushels 1907 Bushels 1908 Bushels United Kingdom: Great Britain ...... 1 133,961,000 140,474,000 98,635,000 127,793,000 128,005,000 111,159,000 99,328,000 , 83,869,000 146,258,000 119,455,000 Total Great Britain 232,596,000 268,267,000 3,843,081,000 4,779,594,000 11,274,000 16,255,000 18,800,000 1 18,865,000 227,333,000 | 195,028,000 1,263,011,000 14.472.432.000 265,713,000 Total 4,497,480,003 ASIA. 18,691,000 16,481,000 21,023,000 17,076,000 C21,023,000 22,588,000 Total 30,074,000 35,120,000 1,655,000 1,605,00.) 1,942,000 / 1,500,000 451,000 463,000 35,172,000 1,684,000 38,099,000 1.803.0 Total value January 1, 1910 21 Michigan .. 22 Wisconsin 23 Minnesota 24 'Iowa 25 Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebi'aska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee . Alabama .-. Mississippi Louisiana .. Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana - Wyoming Colorado - New Mexico Arizona Utah — Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California - United States 102 100 101 lui IOC 101 101 101 100 103 101 103 101 100 102 101 102 102 102 103 101 101 102 102 101 105 103 101 103 102 100 102 100 100 102 103 99 105 110 102 102 104 104 102 103 103 103 102 101.9 119,000 $125.00 59,000 91,000 S4,000 14,000 106.00 106.00 128.00 129.00 $107.00 $86.47 9S.O0| S^.04 103. 00| 82.98 116.00 98.62 126.00 102.31 62,000! 126.00 123.00 17,000 125.00) 114. OOj 103,000 134.00 124.00 132. 00| 116.00 106.00 lOO.OO 619,000 38,000 100,000 323,000 197,000 192.000 87,000 108.00 107.00 112.00 121.00 127.00 100. 00 100.00 102.00 110.00 121.00 141,000 125.00, 116.00 55,000 109.00 104.00 977.000 129.00 113.00 847.0001 122.00 107.00 1,655,000 124.00 109.00 746,000 669,000 767,000 1,447,000 1,005,000 712,000 612,000 1,045,000 1,187,000 407,000 324,000 171,000 265,000 2.33,000 1,369,000 804,000 290,000 319,000 148,000 280,000 133,000 115,000 130,000 98,000 163,000 126.00 121.00 lU.OO 120.00 lOS.OO 114.00 105.00 108.00 107.00 105. OC 112.00 95.00 85.00 79.00 73.00 81.00 82.00 80.00 83.00 85.00 47.00 62.00 85.00 78.00 102.00 330,000 108.00 306,0O0| 103.00 420,000 105.00 21,04O,0OO,$108.19 110. 00', 107. OOj 100. oo! 103.00 90.00 101.00 93.00 91.00 89.00 95.00 103.00 88.00 78.00 65.00 71.00 73.00 72.00 65.00 65.00 72.00 41.00 53.00 72.00 70.00 82.00 101.00 92.00 90.00 $95.64 96.85 93.74 101.02 91.91 82.55 78.51 75.21 75.18 85.50 92.67 91.70 77.94 88.45 84.14] 84.461 87.90: 87.52 79.11 77.96: 68.12 75.91 63.40 66.17 66.21 72.17^ 74.56 69.99 62.02 53.73 42.72 50.55 55.24 41.85 37.99 48.68 28.19 32.46 43.5.^ 47.88 47.62 68.47 59.38 69.07 $71.99 6 9 10 1 7, 89 13 81 4 17 34 22 23 11 17 5 126 103 205 93 80 85 173 103 81 61 112 127 42 36 16 22 18 99 65 23 25 12 875,000 254,000 964,000 752.000 806,000 812,000 625,000 802,000 708,000 028,000 280,000 561,000 064,000 232,000 049,000 625,000 995,000 033,000 334,000 220,000 996,000 949,000 137,000 610,000 515.000 168,000- 260.000 860,000 009,000 735,000 288,000 245,000 525,000 407,000 937,000 124,000 780,000 520,000 284,000 800,000 2.51,000 130.000 050,000 644,000 626,000 640,000 724,000 100,000 ,876,363,000 TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 81 ANIMALS IN THE UNITED STATES JANUARY 1, 1910, WITH COMPARISONS. bcr United States Croi) Reporter.) Milch Cows Other Cattle Number Jan- Average price Number Jan- Average price uary 1, 1910 per head Jan. 1 Total uary 1, 1910 per bead J an. Total 8 u^ value 8 L« -* value 4-» January a Is January u a Total 1910 1909 , 4) 1, 1910 0) Total 1910 1909 >.2 1. 1910 u at u aS S i*29.00 01 ^% 3 2: 98 175,000 i?.«.00 .».. $ 5,775,000 96 139,000 1 1 $16.9O:$15.0O^17.37 $2,349,000 1 98 122,000 3G.20 32.00 32.14 4,416,000 96 93,030 20.30 18.00 17.83 1,88:^,000 2 99 283,000 34.20 30.00 28.17 9.747,000 98 210,000 14.40 13.50 14.88 3,024,000 3 99 192,000 42.03 40.00 38.63 8,034,000 98 88,000 16.70 16.03 17.7^ 1,470,000 4 99 26,000 43.80 43.00 40.41 1,139,000 100 10,000 17.50 18.00 19.57 175,000 5 100 137,000 41.00 38.03 36.. 53 5,617,000 98 81,000 19.10 17.50 20.15 1,547,000 6 W ,77!,01X) 39.. 50 34.25 33.82 69,9.54,000 99 889,000 18.20 16.50 17.81 16,180,000 7 130 190.000 47.. 50 45.50 40.92 9,025.000 lor 82,000 21.40 20. .50 21.30 1,7.55,000 8 C9 1,140,090 39.00 37.00 33.75 44,460.000 95 917,000 19.20 18.. 50 18.87 17,006,003 9 100 :{8,O0O 38.00 .36.00 32.44 1,444,000 101 22,003 21.00 19.50 19.67 462,000 10 101 160,000 37.30 33.00 30.30 5,938,000 98 1.38,000 21.10 20.00 19.33 2,912,000 11 101 297,030 29.70 28.75 25.66 8,821,000 ICO 578,000 19.40 18. .50 18.54 11,213.000 12 100 247,000 35.00 32.50 29.. 53 8,645.030 95 511,000 22. .50 21.50 21.18 11,493,000 12 101 207.000 25.50 25.00 21.90 7,. 574. 000 99 449,030 12.50 11.50 10.91 5.612.000 14 101 140,000 28.00 27.00 24.33 4,046,000 101 227,000 12.00 11.50 1 10.76 2,724,000 15 101 311.000 25.00 23.50 24.01 7,8.50,000 99 673,000 10.3.3! 9. .50 10.09 6,932,000 16 102 05,000 32.. 50 26.50 23.39 3,088,030 103 712,000 10.30 10.00 9.37 7,. 334 ,000 17 100 947, (KX) 42.80 37.75 33.46 40.532,000 98 978,000 24.10 22.00 22.16 23,. 570, 000 18 101 667,000 41.00 35.50 32.06 28,167,000 97 1,020,000 24.50 21.50 22.47 24,990.003 19 101 1,232,000 42.80 37.00 34.52 52,730,000 96 1,974,000 26.40 23.00 24.15 52,114,000 20 105 936,000 39.. 50 35.25 33.13 36,972.00^ 97 963,000 18.50 16.00 17.. 56 17,816.000 21 10'' 1,. 503. 030 36.00 34.00 .30.98 ,55,120,000 97 1.081,030; 16.40; 15.03 15.79 17.728,000 22 IDf. 1,125,000 33.00 30.25 2S.28 37,125.030 98 1,228,000 14.30 12.. 50 13.74 17,560,000 23 or 1,-570,000 36.00 34.00 30.97 5.5.520.000 94 3.611,000 22:20 23.53 23.43 83.164.00^ 24 9^ 925,000 34.80 31.00 27.37 32,190,000 97 2,165,000 22.60 21.00 20.68 48, 929, COO 25 lOo 247,000 33.90 30.. 50 23.44 8,373,000 96 616.000 20.50J 17. .50 19.65 12,628.000 26 102 656,000 ,^3.00 30.00 28.17 21,618.000 93 1.341.090 21..50i 18. .50 20.29 28.832 OTT 27 98 879,000 35. or 31.00 29.51 30,765.000 95 3.040.000 21.93, 20.00 20.81 66,.576.0O''- •?8 99 737,000 36.9r 33.00 28.43 27,195,000 93 3,260.000 23. 70; 21.50 21.64 77,26-2,000 29 98 394,000 . 32.70 20.75 26.72 12,884,000 95 665,000 19.90! 18.. 50 18.39 13,234,ODr 30 96 321,000 27.. 50 24.00 22.82 8.8:28,000 95 565.030 13.80 12.00 12.53 7,797.00^ 31 lOO 289,000 23.00 22.00 19.87 6.647,000 97 528.000 9.O0 8.00 8.33 4,7.52,00^ 32 IOC a?o,ooo 23.. 50 20.00 21.28 7,755,000 97 .577.000 8.40 8.00 9.09 4,847.00" 33 102 200,000 24.30 23.50 23.70 4,860.000 103 480,033 10.30 10.00 10.62 4. 944. OOO 34 lo: 1,137,000 29. .50 27.00 23.58 33,542,000 93 7,131,000 15.39 13.00 13.07 109,101,000 35 105 355,000 31.. 50 26.25 25.69 11,182.000: or 1,637.000 19.30 16.50 17.30 31,430,000 36 93 ,'561 ,con 22.00 19.25 18.65 7.942,003 89 600.000 9.00 8.00 8.77 5.403.00^ 37 106 80,000 46.. 50 44.00 37.43 3.720,000 9? 842.000 27.40 22.00 22.53 23,071.000 38 lor 27.000 43.70 40.00 37.48 1,180,000 110 959,000 26.40 23.00 23.. 54 25.318.00'' 39 105 161,000 41.00 35.50 34.04 6,601,000 98 1,425,000 23.00 19.50 20.60 32,775,000 40 102 20,000 .38.80 36.50 33.83 1.125.O30 96 901,000 17.40 16.00 16.67 15.677.000 41 104 25,000 43.00 45.00 37.07 1.075,000: 98 626. OOO 19.33 19.00 16.87 12,082.000 42 103 88,000 34.00 31.. 50 .31.51 2,992.000' IOC: 327.000 18.. 30 17.00 18.50 5,984.000 43 105 19,000 44.00 40.25 37.89 836,000 m' 404,000 20.70 19.00 20.16 8,363,000 44 106 81,000 41.40 35.50 32.90 3,353,000 9S 340,000 21.40 18.50 19.26 7,276,000 45 las 205,000 41.80 40.00 35. 9S 8.. 569, 000 94 .3.58,000 19.90 18.00 19.43 7,124,000 46 108 174,000 39.60 36.00 32.53 6,890,000 94 098,000 18.50 17.00 18.16 12,913,000 47 105 453,000 38.40 36.00 36.81 17,357,003 97 1,120,000 20.10 17.50 20.81 22,512,000 48 100.4 21,801,000 $35.79 $32.36 ?30.12 §780,. 308, 000 95.7 47,279,000 $19.41 $17.49 $18.09 $917,453,000 82 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ESTIMATED NUMBER, AVERAGE PRICE, AND TOTAL VALUE OF FARM CONTINUED State. Territory or Division Number Jan- uary 1, 1910 Total Average price per head January 1 1910 1909 Total value January 1, 1910 Division: North Atlantic South xVtlantic N. C. E. Miss. R N. C. W. Miss. R S. Central Far Western 100.7 1,871,000 101.5 1,193,000 101.7 4,894,000 102.3 6,775,000 101.5 3,863,000 103.3 ?,444,000 126.46 lU.19 113.861 105.58 124. 55i 109.33 110.35 95.30 84.14! 77.60 90.74 78.28 92.48 81.02 86.25 71.18 42.49 52.43 233,598,000 135,834,000 659,532,000 747,589,000 325,011,000 221,769,000 o Compared with January 1, 1909. •Statistics by counties sho\vingr the number of farm animals, compiled by the Iowa Department of Asriculture, from reports received as required by Chapter SC. section 1, Acts of the Thirty-third General Assembly, will be found in Part 3, page , of this year book. lOSTIMATBD NUMBER, AVERAGE PRICE, AND TOTAL, VALUE OF FARM (Figures taken from February Num State, Territory or Division Mules Number Jan- uary 1. 1910 Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts -- Rhode Island -.. Connecticut - New York .— New Jersey - Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia — North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Ohio — Indiana Illinois . 101 100 100 103 101 101 101 102 103 104 103 102 102 Total 4,000 5,000 43,000 6,000 20,000 54,000 12,000 181,000 144,000 Average price per head January 1 1910 I 1909 V as Total value January 1, 1910 $132.00 $127.00 155. OO' 137.00 145. 00| 128.00 125.001 129.00 .130.00 126.00 130.00 116.00 120.00' 107.00 137.00 127.00 158.001 140.00 $98.95 113.80 101.31 102.57 101.75 94.64 81.28 101.12 111.73 248,000 157.00' [34.00 112.09 21,000! 155.00 142. OOi 114.17 22,000; 125.00, 111.00 86.99 94,000| 126.00l 112.00 87.56 152,000' 131.00^ 113.00* 88.71 $588,000 775,000 6,235,000 750,000 2,600,000 7,020,000 1,440,000 24,797,000 22,752,000 38,936,000 3,255,000 2,750,000 11,844,000 19,912,000 TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II H3 ANIMALS IN THE UNITED STATES JANUARY 1, 1910, WITH COMPARISONS CONTINUED Milch Cows Other Cattle Number Jan- Average price Number Jan- Average price uary 1, 1910 per head Jan 1 uary 1, 1910 per head Jan 1 Tctal u V value 8 u * value f S January January u a 4> Total 1910 1909 ^5j 1, 1910 Total 1910 1909 1, 1810 ,Q O a> u ct ki a; n V s* 3 Oi H Oh ^ 2 99.0 4,038,000 39.18 35.41 33.86 158,197,000 97.1 2,509,000 18.33 17.12 18.08 45,994,000 100.9 1,588,000 29.87 27.91 25.58 47,436,000 99.4 3,310,000 14.71 14.02 13.48 48,687,000 102.1 i 5,308,000 40.23 35.80 32.80 213,521,000 9C.8 6,016,000 22.64 20.03 20.93 136,218,000 99.3 6,139,000 34.83 31.76 29.04 213,816,000 95.0 15,261,000 21.75 20.25 20.96 331,951,000 99.5 3,387,000 27.65 24.89 23.07 93,640,000 93.6112,183,000 14.90 12.92 13.28 181,506,000 104.5 1,341,000 40.04 37.00 35.29. 53,698,000 98.0 8.000,000 21.64 18.96 20.03 173,035,000 ANIMALS IN THE UNITED STATES JANUARY 1, 1910, WITH COMPARISONS, ber United States Crop Reporter.) Sheep Swine Number Jan- Average price Number Jan- Average price uary 1. 1910 per head Jan. 1 Total uary 1, 1910 per head Jan. 1 Total e t, (1) value 8 U V value d cs 00 January a s« January t4 Total 1910 1909 ^^ 1, 1910 0) Total 1910 1909 ^a3 1. 1910 o u a^ u at d S> V as V £« s Oi H a. H z 101 103 101 101 101 100 100 101 100 97 97 103 101 103 254,000 $3.70 $3.10 $3.31 74,000 3.70 3.30 3.28 229,000 4.00 3.60 3.56 46,000 4.20 4.00 4.30 9,000 4.20 4.00 3.99 34,000 4.70 4.40 4.40 1,177,000 5.00 4.30 4.28 44,000 5.20 5,.00 4.54 1,112,000 4.80 4.59 4.00 12,000 4.60 4.40 3.97 163,000 4.70 4.60 3.95 522,000 3.90 3.80 3.32 709,000 4.30 4.00 3.46 215,000 2.60 2.40 2.10 56,000 2.40 2.20 2.06 245,000 2.20 1.90 1.89 98,000 2.00 1.90 1.98 3,203,000 4.80 4.10 3.78 1,227,000 5.20 4.50 4.15 817,000 5.30 4.80 4.33 $940,000 273,000 196,000 193,000 38,000 160,000 5,835,000 229,000 5,338,000 55,000 766,000 2,036,000 3,049,000 559,000 134,000 539,000 196,000 15,374,000 6,380,000 4,330,000 96 94 99 95 96 90 97 102 102 102 86 85 62,000 51,000 95,000 68,000 13,000 47,000 656,000 152,000 931,000 46,000 273,000 774,000 338,000 1,356,000 699,000 1,647,000 456,000 2,047,000 2,578,000 85' 3,772,000 $11.50 $8.50 $9.22 11.50 9.50 9.65 10.00 8.25 8.64 11.50 9.25 10.22 12.50 10.00 10.51 12.50 11.00 11.11 11.50 8.50 8.86 12.00 9.25 10.30 9.50 8.50 8.51 8.70 8.00 7.99 8.90 6.60 7.21 6.50 5.50 4.99 7.70 6.0O 5.75 7.20 6.30 4.82 7.20 6.25 5.14 7.00 5.50 5.02 4.80 4.00 3.08 10.70 6.75 7.11 lO.OO 6.10 6.75 10.90 7.00 7.44 $713,000 586,000 950,000 782,0001 162,000 588,000! 7, .^4, 000 1,824,000 8,844,000 400,000 2,430,000 5,031,000 2,603,000 9,763,000 5,033,000 11,529,000 2,189,000 21,903,000 25,780,000 41,115,000 84 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ESTIMATED NUMBER, AVERAGE PRICE, AND TOTAL VALUE OF FARM Continued. State, Territory or Division Mules Number Jan- uary 1, 1909 Total Average price per bead January 1 1910 1909 Total Michigan Wisconsin -- - Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska - Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas .— Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah - - Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California United States Division: North Atlantic South Atlantic N. C. E. Miss. R-. N. C. W. Miss. R. S. Central Far Western 110 100 102 102 102 103 108 101 105 100 101 102 101 101 102 103 99 103 175 103 101 110 105 105 108 108 . 105 100 101.7 100.0 102.1 102.2 102 101.4 101.5 4,000 122.001 111.00 5,000 115.00 103.00 9,000' 114.00 104.00 47,000' 123.00 .344,000| 119.00 112.00 103.00 8,000| 130.00 112.00 10,000 121.00 103.00 72,000 119.00, 104.00 154,000 116.00, 105.00 207,000 118.00 106.00 290,000 253,000 290,000 178.000 702,000 123.00 122.00 113.00 116.00 99.00 191,000 105.00 215,000 109.00 .'i,000| 102.00 2,0(K) 106.00 12,000 105.00 8,000 6,000 3,000 4,000 2,000 5,000 8,000 83,000 4,123,000 52,000 686,000 277,000 &44,000 2,326,000 138,000 79.00 108.00 80.00 79.00 116.00 111.00 108.00 107.00 102.00 93.00 96.00 99.00 83.00 89.00 95.00 71.00 93.00 75.00 90.00 101.00 81.36 79.26 79.60 83.10 7S.75 88.51 70.82 78.50 76.62 82.71 85.42 91.22 87.56 94.86 64.79 71.03 76.32 56.70 64.99 67.91 47.93 58.46 45.70 58.24 62.76 121.00 108.00 75.. 57 108.00 103. OOj 05.76 122.00; 107.00 81.66 488,000 575,000 1,026,000 5,781,000 40,936,000 1,040,000 1,210,000 8,568,000 17,864,000 24,426,000 35,670,000 30,866,000 32,770,000 20,(>48,000 09,498,000 20,055,000 23,435,000 510,000 212,000 1,260,000 632,000 648,000 240,000 316,000 232,000 605,000 864,000 10,126,000 $119.84 $107.84 $ 84.98 144.96 148.03 128.41 118.67 110.65 113.37 128.79 102.38 131.45 112.29 104.37 101.29 100.80 106.80 85.42 78.68 79.11 73.98 $ 494,095,000 7, .538, 000 101,550,000 35,569,000 70,425,000 257,368,000 15,645,000 a Compared with January 1, 1909. •Statistics by counties showing the number of farm animals, compiled by the Iowa Department of Agriculture, from reports received as required by Chapter 86, section l, Acts of the Thirty-third General Assembly, will be found in Part 3, page 00, of this year book. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 85 ANIMALS IN THE UNITED STATES JANUARY 1, 1910, WITH COMPARISONS Continued. Sheep 1 Swine Number Jan- Average price Number Jan- Average price uary 1. 1910 per head Jan. 1 Total uary 1, 1910 per head Jan. Total 8 b« value 8 b d) value 4-1 a ** January d S3 So January h Total 1910 1909 ^^ 1, 1910 Total 1910 1909 1, 1910 o u a^ (4 a > S « (u « ert . o u SOI 3 'C fl a •r, ^ c 3 ct ^ a , Si W) o cd cS a rrt o 4^ -a -a OS c<3 60 0) 03 di9q UIJBJ maom 92BJaAV sjapeajds ajnaBin jaqcanK }0 98BaJ0B IBJOX sojis jaqairiN epoj J3quin>j nijB; JO 32(9 99eJ9AV sinjB} JO jaquinK OQOO^lOCi«?O^OOiOQ»-tOfYlCJ-«*it-HCCCOOOOOCOCQrH?DiHC4»-l050i>T-*OifHiH«?OSOO i-t C* CO O f-t CO iH e* iH lO rH W t- )CPi-lOC/)'*'*OC5CO OOrHCOCO^OrH O CD i-H O O O CO c:Cir-cccooi.':i'^-r-l c (>Jf-i--«CO'-t^C^CMOM'OtOr-(ir;OI^(MOO i-HU^r-iC5rHt*i??l-^Ot^OCOO'(N'''^co coco lO CC'n''*COq5cif-lO"^rHQC*rHCiMi-l.-HCir^C40rHOOWC*»-ICpO COOiCOCM«C0COCO©*COc500COCOCOeCCOCOC^WCO^CO-c25c*u':L:jcOQOOi(^>r20i'^iooo»ou5'^»5 >OOt*p5C7l^CO"^l>^»«NCOOOt^t-Ci'CCOCOCO-**OCD?DCOC:COOO I— l-CS»OOCOCO^l>'WiOb-'*COiHO»I>0» Wr-Twr-'.-'^CJr-'cirHC'irH.-ti-HWWr-ti-lrHrHr-lrHWWWOJOliHr-* CO rt o a o o rt 3 C CS C ?> 13 MK - c; d < t U U n S OS 03 •" P ri i/ ai TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 91 t*©C0r^^l0 «OC^O«OOi0©«CaOOr--i0i00l--00iCt-<;i;ffiOOoS«M 00 rH -^ rH 00 CO i-H ■ 00 O 00 GO Q t- '»J•■^a)O^»N«-*I>f--•rtt-HCiO■^00l-H;Q^--QCOe00S^-HC0CC0Sli5(X)0SWO»^ g«05GOCOCOCOOlC»eO-^C^iftCOOOCOCCOOQ>rt«Oi7*iSh*ODCCKrHepCOMO oo«C)OOiftoocst-i-H'*ccC» )COrHOvO««eOt-b- "OOrHTjtCQr-li-H-^t^O > r^ CO i-( CO b- CO CpOl-'Or-COCOCD».':gQCO?DQO^-l-(^-clQO'^'**^^'^<3>< St-iCCCOOOib-OOOQr-fUi ) ccco i-Ht-rHinoOoO > rH ri CO rH r-l 55 §COCOOi«OQpC*W"l'OOCOCpb-CQCi^t"»ni:^WTrCOTfCSCO'^COCSCOCOi-'?p-*eOWt-OCl*n'cpco'v25®oiin^ojSir'^^A6ic5coTriot-t-wweo-^eowoowoo»ch-tr(Oc5« lOOt*05^-OT'^^^'ve5Mcol«OOlnco^-rHT-lrHCo^r:^*c^(Oc^occc4«0(DocoOrH•^co'^co■^^-l-^o r-f-*o*coi-'CDOi Oib-Ci C'OrffOimo^i-ii-'ift -^icoOo «''?>•* ^ino'^cccocrco<»--*"T»rirrecr^oct-^e*»o «(X)C0CiQt^0linCJ0ir>'^O'-rHM'M'Or^QOCOt-OC«IOO^'^C9^00COrH MiHmouj>a®05eoiHO>»«c9e«i~oooi-H«oa;ocsosc»S5meo.-'Oi-<5oBP-eoou(n?^r^ QOO>o*Q005i-e>3a)C^C*r-li-lrHC^0«e>Wi-lrHi-HC4C»WC}iHiHWl-tf-li-liH o o , - ^ s c u t- c ^ = CS CS c! 53 0) C 5 tCKKKCB S^^^Zct 4J 4) •r, 5 a) c ^ S 'ico&rt 92 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE dian niJBj piBd oSe^ ^i Tiauoaia8BJ9AV sjapBSJds 8jnnBmJ3qainK ■ Q O I 2 i-i IM o >0 ■« ■ t- o» r- to -f Oi«p»HQU2«-^OlOCOOCC^lft-^b-CS»rt-?SoCe003OCOO»-CT'jtOi-ite'.'2t~occe««coiftM' ) to U3 00 02 to ' 'ir^t-IOtO^rHCO-^tOtOt^-^OOt-OO o 'A UIJB} )0 3ZIS 38BJ9AV gC50s tr'^t-csiCirHtotociifloiiooOOiOir'Oi*^ ecoa t^l'ro CStOOOOOMf-lC»00'^OSl*r-rHOOo5wt-W CJt- SUIJVJ fo jaqiansi fH N e» ri 1-1 rH I lrHrHrHCJ(MrHe»rHCJ(M rHr a) c -"^ 1^ ^ '^ i) c t 5 i i S .= 5 [-1 >oc o^-ti 8 =.25 = > = ' (i< r- Ph - K M; K K K K c'l^ : c: K a, — .- c c TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART 111 93 g§ c« 0« s io« r-^ »-l CO «r "«?"§ s'-'s s «>■« S|S i-l O 00 o> tH «o lO in r-l i-l r-t rH i-t i-t e»(NC5005^0rH(OtOO> CCOOCCCCajin-JCSOlCOMb-CSr-ICO C4CiCir^co»ScoC'ji-H-^00 Ti'Mooeo-9'C5rHOi-<55'^c» 05 eoMoo5rH03e<«oofeot-'*oo_ooooou-; ^ . ,, CO 1-4 O CQ OS CO i-T CC ■* 00 »0 © IN ©i f-^ N Oi W5 CO 8 J OB J3(I siaqeng S3J0V IH 1-1 « 1-C i-i M N 1-1 e» iH rH i-H iH i-l i-l 05 l-H rH e» 55 OJ iH iH iH i-l r-COO«i-'OCCi-llfC*X r^dXCOCCOr^WCCCQOCQQsCJb--* O&CO-^i-tWCSWCCGO^iO irt oc c-r h-" — " cT c i- o -c ■::' •;" ■ ; ■ -:' co c; o o' c> g; o 8J3B I -^co— ^»000Ol-le<3l-l-Hr-^-mlr:l~xSl!C00^-^-r-<^JO5t-e<;r-l CO S © >-■: oc t- K CO CO Ci « o Tt ',; « -^ oc w c; C! ej^ ffl to ■»_ «».«.. 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CO « : a ci oi ■ >>> S.2i c c c a ^^>- r "= n o PART IV. PROCEEDINGS OF THE Joint Session of the Annual State Farmers' Institute and Corn Belt Meat Pro- ducers Association. HELD AT Savery Convention Room at the Savery Hotel, Des Moines, Iowa, on December 7, 1909. A joint meeting of the State Farmers' Institute and the Corn Belt ]\Ieat Producers' Association was held in the convention room at the Savery Hotel, Tuesday afternoon, December 7, 1909, The meeting was called to order at 1:30 o'clock p. m. by Mr. Sykes, president of the Com Belt Meat Producers' Association, and the following program given : Invocation Rev. Arthur Metcalf Address Hon. Henry Wallace "The Evolution of Live Stock Transportation" James Downing, of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Husbandry "Hog Feeding" R. M. Gunn, Black Hawk County A complete report of the foregoing addresses and discussions follow : Invocation by Rev. Metcalf, of Des ^loines. President Sykes : Our first speaker on the program is a gentle- man whom we have heard for years. He is one of our old land- marks, a man whom we delight to honor, a man who probably has (103) 104 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE done more for the farmej-s of Iowa (I think I can say that truth- fully) than any other man engaged in his line of work. We will hear from Uncle Henry Wallace : CONDITIONS OF COUNTRY LIFE. IlKNKY Wai.laci:, Des Moines, Iow.\. Ml". President, and Gentlemen of the Convention: Mr. Simpson has suggested that I tell you something about the work of the Country- Life Commission. I can only hit the high places, but will give you first a very brief outline of our methods and our objects. The object of President Roosevelt in appointing that commission was to ascertain the facts about country life — the life of the people living in the open country — at first hands from themselves, to know what they had to say about it and how well vhey were satisfied. There- fore he appointed five men: Prof. L. H. Bailey, dean of the Agricultural College of Cornell University; Kenyon Butterfield, president of the Massa- chusetts Agricultural College; Gifford Pinchot, of whom you have all heard; Walter H. Page, editor of the World's Work; myself; and sub- sequently added C. S. Barrett, president of the Farmers' Union of the South ( a body with 1,780,000 persons in active membership and paying their dues, which in itself is a most surprising thing), and W. A. Beard, who had been in agricultural work upon the Pacific coast. We sent out 500,000 circulars asking questions on- several points — sanitation, edu- cation, co-operation, transportation, communication, banking, the tenure of lands, the conditions of labor — and we received 125,000 answers, some frivolous, some covering only one or two points, but most of thexB ex- ceedingly serious. It was a good deal to have 125,000 men sit down and answer those questions in detail, and in itself was an education. I sent out myself some 28,000 circulars asking questions specifically on tenancy, land ownership, and labor, and received about 8,000 answers. Then in addition we received a vast amount of matter — essays, arguments, data — from men who were particularly interested in some one thing. We have not been able to read more than simply samples of all this vast mass of information, which Sir Horace Plunkett, who knows something about it, says is the most valuable contribution to agriculture that has ever been made anywhere, and congress refused to furnish $25,000 for tne purpose of tabulating the data and placing this matter where it could be within reach of men who were students — and that on the motion of Tawney of Minnesota, the only standpatter in the whole state! In addition we made visits to twenty-five states and received delegates from thirty-five or forty. We simply called together at some convenient point by invitation on our own letter-heads, men who were reported to us to be competent to give testimony. We had from fifty to five hundred at these meetings, of which we have brief stenographic notes. Now, there are two or three points of our Investigation that may interest you. First, on the question of sanitation. We found the coun- try all over unsanitary — most unsanitary in the South, where they have TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 105 a disease called the hook worm, a parasite very similar to our ground worm, only much smaller, and which the profane newspaper (I wish those people had reverence) call the "lazy bug," claiming that it makes the people of the South lazy. The fact is that it gets into their feet when they are barefooted — and most of those poor southern w-hite farmers go barefooted. They have no privies, or at least very few, and those in bad condition. The effect of the hook worm is not merely to draw the blood, but to poison the system and decrease the red corpuscles; so that one-fifth of the children born down there on those farms die, and the rest are comparatively feeble. I am not going to discourse to you on the hook worm, but simply say that it was the developments in connec- tion with the Country Life Commission that led Mr. Rockefeller to give a million dollars for the purpose of cleaning up that southern country. The man to vhcm the honor is duo is Dr. Stiles who was our attache. He had discovered thi.s worm while spending some time in North Caro- lina, and being an expert in parasitic diseases, having been employed by the Department of Agriculture for three years for the purpose of advising our ambassador to Germany, he knew perfectly well what physcians to call and what testimony to get. We came across pellagra — the first time I ever hoard of it — which is due, according to the best modical testimony, to the eating of grits, which is a dried product of the distilleries. That disease has been taken up now and discussed all over the United States, and it is a most serious thing, but not serious to farmers who don't eat any moldy corn meal. In this same question of sanitation we came up against the smallpox problem in Texas, where we mot with the Mexican who has had smallpox for so many generations that he has become immune to it and simply has a rash, but gives it to the white sheep shearer when he starts from the south to go up north to shear the sheep. We found a very bad condition of things in the Middle States in the shape of the country slaughter house — which is always found at a slough, and no two of them together — to which the farmer sends his cows that he is afraid have tuberculosis, and they are killed and the offal fed to hogs, which, of course, get tuberculosis. If there is any trichina, you are very apt to find it in the hogs from that country, and you find rats which carry the disease, and there is no telling where that ends. It is fortunate for us that we cook our meats; if we ate our ham raw, as the Germans do, we would have trichina without anj' doubt. So much for sanitation. The thing that surprised me was that in the thirty states that we visted there were more complaints about our common school system than anything else, and the only reason we didn't have complaints from the one state not complaining of the present sys- tem was that this state didn't have any common schools. We found in the southern states that there is a great movement toward having agriculture taught in the public schools. We found in Georgia they had a number of agricultural high schools, and also in Nebraska; but we didn't find any great efficiency in the teaching of agriculture there, anil I might say here that the only places I have ever found it effective are Wisconsin and Canada. Subsequently I met a couple of gentlemen who 106 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE were working up the Canada plan, which is to send an agricultural col- lege graduate to a high school in a city, have him open an ofRce in town, where he spends his afternoons and acts as the adviser of the farmer, and teach certain classes in the high school in the forenoons. If a man wants to know anything ahout running his farm he goes in and consults that graduate, and the graduate goes out to see the farmers. That experiment is working fine. We had some very interesting inquiries on the subject of co-operation which may interest you. We didn't find any co-operation in the south except the co-operation of the Farmers' Union, which I was clearly satis- fied was on wrong lines, and which is being changed now. I think one benefit of the commission was the conversion of the president of the Farmers' Union. They were starting out on the idea that their union was to fix the price of cotton — and the first two years it stayed fixed, because cotton was advancing; but they fixed it at 12 cents a pound the year we were out, and they could get but 9 cents. Now they can get 14 or 15. We gave them the idea that they should arrange to hold their cotton and loan money to men who w-ere forced to sell (you have no idea of the poverty of the southern farmer; I will tell you about that by and by), and then persuade the farmers to raise their own vegetables and pork and keep cows, and live off their farms and sell the cotton as a cash crop, in which rase they couldn't be forced to sell it and would have a relatively higher price the year around. Do you know that half the cotton in the south- ern states is raised by men whose total income is $160 a year average, on which they have to keep an average family of four persons and pay about twice as much for products as you pay? The southern farmer mortgages his crop to his landlord before it is grown; the landlord trans- fers it to the merchant and the merchant to the bank. Do you wonder that the farmers are poor? Mr. Rockefeller, bad and corrupt man as he is, is getting some most excellent fire insurance by spending about $200,000 a year in hiring men under the guise of the Department of Agriculture to go out and teach these people the first elements of farming, and they are doing it most successfully, and starting in the way of revolutionizing and regenerating the south. In fact, when he gets the hook worms out of those people and gets them taught how to raise their own stuff instead of buyng from the north, you will see a new condition of things in the southern states. Now, when we came to California we came across a wonderful sys- tem of co-operation in selling — what is called the Citrus Fruit Growers' Association. I think there are two of them; w-e investigated one. They don't aim to fix the prices of citrus fruits at all, but they aim to know the size of the crop, to understand how to handle it and to feed it to the market as it takes it. They have a competent man at the head of it whom they pay a salary of $8,000 or $10,000 a year, and he is not a fruit grower, either. They got the best business man they could find without reference to what his occupation was, and said to him: "Now you handle this stuff." Then they put men in the large cities to whom they pay about $5,000 each, and they market almost the entire citrus fruit crop and a large percentage of the raisins, and they are doing it TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART iV 1U7 .most successfully. It is a splendid system of co-operation in selling. Those citrus fruit fellows send a car load of oranges to New York, and when it gets to Kansas City or St. Louis if they find out by a telegram from their New York man that New York is full, and they can market the car in Des Moines, they will switch it (so with any other place), and thus feed it to the market. Then accidentally at Denver we ran across another sample. Some old farmer out there some years ago, when wheat was only worth 28 cents a bushel, conceived the idea of grinding their wheat. So he built a mill, got his neighbors into it by agreeing to market the wheat grown in that irrigated country, and without attempting to fix the price, sell it at such a price as would keep Kansas flour out, and it has become a tremendous business, with two or three mills. . I think one of them has a capital of about a million dollars. There is a splendid system of co- operaton — not fixing prices, but having uniform quality and then con- trolling the market. Now I want to say to you that we found many cases of attempts ai co-operation. Many of them were failures through lack of business management, and also through the lack of confidence in co-operation among themselves. There was a fear that some other fellow was getting the better of them. They didn't have the capacity of holding together; in other words, they didn't have enough intelligence, because co-operation is only possible among people of high intelligence and men who have confidence in each other; and then it is possible only when carried out on business lines. Sir Horace Plunkett, as you know, was here and spent a week witn us. He has organized through his association a thousand co-operative organizations in Ireland covering different things, from what we call grain stores, such as we have in some parts of this state, buying farm- ers' supplies at wholesale, to banks, among the poorest of the poor, where the individual has not a cent's worth of credit on the face of the earth. And yet they are taking the best of those poorest of the poor and getting them together, the government is lending them money to be- gin with, — $50 or $100 — and that is given out only for productive' purposes, and then it must be recommended by a committee who believe that that productive purpose is a wise one; and they have built up 140 banks. I mention this to show you the extent to which co-operation is possible. We don't need it here, because we are not the poorest of the poor, and we are not as poor as those fellows over there are, but I want to show you the way in which co-operation can be carried out. Now, when we come down to conditions, we found them better in these central western states — Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minne- sota, Wisconsin and Illinois — better than in any other part of the Union, New England not excepted; and yet we found that there was bad sani- tation in those country places; there was typhoid fever when there ought not to have been, because of wells; there was consumption where there ought not to have been, because people didn't understand how to ventilate their houses; and, splendid as the condition is compared with other parts of the country, it is very far below what it should be. 108 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Now I want, to make a suggestion, and then I am through. We are having good times in Iowa now. You fellows have made more money while you slept in the last Ave years than you ever made in your lives before, or your fathers ever made before you. Unfortunately, the prices of the things you sell off the land are high, and so you are getting rich ■ — or think you are, which is about the same thing. You are making money, or think you are. But I advise you not to put your hands in your pockets and say that you are Napoleons of finance and wonder why your sons or nephews who work farms don't make money the way you do. You didn't make any money; you simply took in the unearned increment. By and by some Lloyd George will come in and cabbage on to that unearned increment, if you don't look out. In the future we have got to hang to- gether or hang separate, whichever you like. The suggestion that I want to make is that you begin to get together and understand each other. You have made a beginning right here; in fact, I am surprised to see how many of you do hang together. And then I am surprised at the number of people who won't hang with you when it comes to selling your stock. 'J'he great trouble with us is that we are all too strong in- dividually and don't feel the need of pulling together. The farmers all over the United States don't know each other. They have been dumped' in here from every country in the world, or the best countries in the world— England, Ireland, Scotland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany and Prussia — and they haven't lived long enough together to really see eye to eye. We must learn to get together. I am not a granger, as you know, but when we were down in New England and met delegates from Massachusetts and New York we found that wherever there were granges all over the country they had a better social life than where there were not. We found that they were able to work together, particularly in life insurance and some of the smaller forms of co-operation. I invited the National Grange to come out here, because I wanted them to see you and you to see them, in the hope that their example would lead to a bet- ter development of the social life in the country in this state and adjoin- ing states. The trouble with us is that we are all looking to town. The farmer longs for the day when he can go to town and when he won't even need to read an agricultural paper. That is the reason so many of them die early; they miss the stimulus that a good agricultural paper gives them. They need it just as much in town as they do on the farm, or they will get dyspeptic. That is the reason there are so many towns full of dried up farmers. You want to get your ideas turned away from that; you want to develop a social life of your own. The mer- chant doesn't want you in his store; he doesn't ask you to his house; you are not interested in the things that he is. Why should you cultivate his society and come to town to learn to play bridge, and mortgage your farms to buy automobiles? What we want is to understand each other and farm and develop social life in the country. There must be some nucleus to gather around. In some places it is a grange, and I found in Kansas when I was out there for institute work that wherever I would' strike a neighborhood with a grange I would find better social life, bet- ter farms and better people, due to the education that the grange gave. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART TV 109 But you don't need the grange to do that. I found here and there a place where there was a corn club started. I struck one the other day — some people in the town told me about it — where about thirty or forty boj'S had formed a corn club and reorganized the whole society of the neighborhood; and one woman wrote that there was not a boy in that club that had a bad habit. That gets them together. I wish you had an old-time spelling school in every school house to get you together. Think it over and arrange to form a club in your own neighborhood like one that has existed in the southern part of this state for sixty years and been a center. Occasionally it will be a central high school that will furnish such an educaton, so that the farmer doesn't need to go to town to educate his children, but finds better society in the country. I am not advocating central high schools; I am simply showing you that that is one of the points around which farmers organize and learn to trust each other and got together. The one thing that we want now is a social organization, and I don't care around what you organize it. There are some places in this state where you have women's clubs. My wife in her lifetime had a scheme of organizing the women of Iowa and adjoining states into a club — it might be literary, domestic, or what they liked. She hadn't the health to take hold and organize it, but it would have been a great blessing if she had, as would be anything that gets the farmers to- gether, so that when the time comes for co-operation they can co-operate. In Wisconsin the farmers have got together and determined to raise just one breed of cows. What is the result? Why, the people from all over the United States go up there for those cows; they are worth $10 a head more than ordinary cows. If the farmers in any part of Iowa will get together and decide whether they will raise Percherons or Clydes, or whether they will grow Short-horns or some other kind of horns, we will see a difference. Let's all work together and do the same thing, so that if a man wants a car load of horses or stock, he can come here and pick them up. Men come to me and ask where they can get a car load of draft horses; they want to buy a whole car load of a certain kind at a time. I can't tell them where to go, because I don't know a town where there are enough to supply that want. I am simply giving you illustra- tions. When you get society in the State of Iowa organized in some way so that the people understand and know each other there will be no diffi- culty in organizing for anything that you want, even if it is to clean out some congressman who has gone back on you. You can drive out saloons or do any other "bloomin' " thing you want to. You are a power in this country if you only knew it. You don't know it, because you don't know each other and don't understand each other and can't work together. As I said in the beginning, you must either hang together or hang separately; take your choice. no IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DISCUSSION. Q. I would like to ask Uncle Henry what figure the telephone industry cuts in the way of influence. Mr. Wallace: It works both ways. It excuses people from seeing each other when they would be better off to do so ; and then it develops in some neighborhoods in some people a very nasty, gos- siping, eavesdropping habit ; so that people are often afraid to ask the price of stock down town over the telephone for fear their neigh- bor will hear it. But the telephone is a good thing, and it is quite conunon — not so common elsewhere as in Iowa. There is another thing that I didn't mention, and that is the demand all over the country for the parcels post. Q. Is it not quite generally believed that one of the greatest needs of the farmers at the present time to develop sociability is some improvement of the country roads? Mr. "Wallace: Yes. I am in doubt about that, though. With the farmer's mind now turned to town, if you had every road macadamized he would go to town instead of going to see his neigh- bors. A flying machine wouldn't keep him from town. I might say that the commission found everywhere a demand for better roads, and in the South we didn't even smell where a state's right had been. You know the people doA\Ti there don't want the govern- ment to meddle with their affairs, but they all wanted us to build turnpike roads. Q. Is it true that the rural mail delivery has broken off the habit of going to to^^^l to a great jextent ? ]\Ir. Wallace : Yes, to some extent ; it has worked both Avays, too. It has given the farmer an opportunity to get the daily paper, and if he always got the best daily paper it would be all right; but sometimes he doesn 't get the best, but one with advertisements that his children should not read. But the more rural routes we have the better; we mu.st have them. We couldn't do without the tele- phone. And in a few j'ears more you people won't do without automobiles, and then you will get together and have good roads. Q. Isn't rural agricultural education one of the great needs of our country at the present time? Mr. Wallace: It is felt to be so all over the United States, and yet here is the difficulty. As I told you, in Texas they have a law requiring agriculture to be taught in every public school, and yet we didn't hear of a teacher who could teach it; they were not even examined on it. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 111 Q. Well, aren't they like the boy who invited George Washing- ton and his whole army to dinner — haven't they attempted too much? Mr. Wallace: Yes, I think so, but I think we are getting on the right track in two or three counties in this State. In Page county, where Miss Jessie Field is superintendent, the reputation is such that they had seventeen state superintendents from the South come up to look over h^r schools and work. ]Mr. Benson has done fine work in Wright county, Capt. ]\Iiller in Keokuk county, and there is some splendid work being done by ]\Ir. Brainerd in Harrison county. With our present laws, if you get the right kind of a superintendent, a great deal can be done toward teaching agricul- ture in the schools; but I wouldn't want it taught from the text- book, because then the ordinary teacher would pound it into the ])upils just as you would pound sand into a rathole, and disgust them, just as we used to be disgusted with the Shorter Catchism. It was useful afterwards, but after all it didn 't give a very great taste for matters theological. My idea is that we want teachers who can teach agriculture in the spirit of the farm. Miss Field out there lias the children bring in some milk, and she tests it and finds out the percentage of butter fat. She has them compare the amount of milk given by one cow with that given by another; and she can make out any amount of questions. The same with testing seed corn and encouraging the children to profit by that. She shows them how to get things into their heads, not from the outside, but to see things themselves ; and all good education is simply enabling a man to see the thing as it is and then to tell it as he sees it. Somebody said that a man who can shoot and tell the truth is a pretty well educated man. The main thing in education is to see things, and a teacher with the right spirit can do a great deal in that line. I heard a funny story the other day. A friend of mine had his little granddaughter come to visit him, and he tried to find out how much she knew about potatoes. So he started in to ask her questions — add so many to so many and subtract so many — you all know how the ciuestions read in the arithmetic. She couldn't do it, and she broke down and he scolded her. "Well, grandpa," she said, "if you had put that in oranges instead of potatoes, I could have done it. " The trouble with our schools is our arithmetic. You haven't teachers, as a rule, that really know things on the farm and are willing to teach in the spirit of the farm. I don't blame 112 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE teachers much, though. I have known a farmer to go past a school house two days in a week to see how a tennant Avas feeding a car- load of hogs, but he never stopped to see how the teacher was feed- ing hi^ children. President Sykes : If there is nothing further on the subject, we will now listen to an address on "The Evolution of Live Stock Transportation," by James E. Downing, of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. Mr. Downing is in the employ of our Uncle Jim AVilson, you know, and he must be pretty nearly right if he is working for Uncle Jim. THE EVOLUTION OF LIVE STOCK TRANSPORTATION. James PI Downing, Washington, D. C. Mr. Downing: Mr. President and Gentlemen: Tt has always been my ambition to at some time in my life be able to stand up before a body of men such as are here today and talk offhand, as Uncle Henry has; but every time that I have been called on to contribute to a program something has come up that has taken my time, so that I have been unable to commit my speech to memory, and this afternoon I will have to ask your indulgence while I confine my attention to the manuscript. Getting the steer to market is a task which has occupied the hands of stock raisers for many years. At a time within the memory no doubt of some hero today cattle and shoep could be sold in distant markets only after they had been driven on hoof a long journey that sometimes stretched into a thousand or even fifteen hundred miles. Between the then and the now of live stock transportation there have been many changes and developments. They came slowly at first, but how they came constitutes one of the interesting stories of the country's growth. And while today's methods appear crowded with important problems and contentions, it is patent to all that great strides have been made in this very important industry. At this time permit me to direct your attention to two periods of live stock transportation history in the United States since the establishment of railroads. A marked characteristic of the first period was the injury caused through lack of accommodations and the faulty methods of man- aging the traffic. The suffering and death of animals on the way, and the unhealthy condition of many delivered at their destination, called forth much comment and many efforts for relief during the years following the civil war. The second period, the present time, is characterized by special built cars for comfort and speed with a view of delivering the animals in the best possible physical condition. The advent of railroads marked TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PAKT IV II:', the turning point in the growth of the live stocl^ industry. Scarcely more than a half century ago the carrying trade of the United States was prac- tically limited to passenger traffic and what is known in railroad circles as "dead freight." ^ Before the civil war it was the custom to drive on foot through the open country to market. One route from the bluegrass region of Ken- tucky to New York City covered about SOO rniles, and according to a man who drove the route several times, it consumed a few days over ten weeks. The particular route followed on one occasion led from the neighborhood of Lexington, Ky., to the Ohio river, just above Maysville. Thence north- westerly through Chillicothe; thence across the Ohio river below Wheel- ing, West Virginia. The course then passed through Connellsville and Bedford, Pennsylvania, to Carlisle; thence to Harrisburg. Here the road turned southeasterly, passing within sight of Lancaster, through West Chester to Philadelphia. From this point the cattle were driven north- easterly through Trenton, Princeton and Newark to the Hudson river, and were ferried across to New York City. The drove referred to contained 119 cattle and three men were required to care for them. Another route from the neighborhood of Lexington, Kentucky, ex- tended to Charleston, South Carolina, a distance of 550 to 600 miles. The way led southeasterly through Cumberland Gap to the French Broad river. Then the river was followed as far as Ashville. The route then turned again southeasterly, crossing the South Carolina line at Saluda Moun- tain, and thexice lassed on to Charleston. In those days driving r.o eastern seaboard cities from points as far w-i?: as Iowa, was by ;io means uncommon and cattle from Texas were among those on the road. A news item of 1855 mentions a drove oi several hundred head from Texas passing through Indiana county, Pennsylvania, on the way to New York City. They had left Texas four months previous. During this same period large numbers of sheep w-ere driven from Ver- mont to Virginia. A resident of Maryland, writing in 1854, tells of driv- ing Spanish Merinos, mostly from Vermont, to Virginia, and that during the following five years he sold upward of 13,000 head. Large numbers of hogs were driven to market before the advent of railroads. As long ago as 1827 the keeper of a turnpike gate near the Cumberland river certified that r)5.517 hog:-; had been dnvtn through the gate on the way to the South Atlantic states. Among the most important trails of the Mississippi river were those which led from Texas. One trail extended to pasture lands in the Kansas River valley on the line of one of the Pacific railroads. Near Abilene, Kansas, a station on this railroad, thousands of cattle were wintered an- nually in the late sixties and early seventies. One of the routes from the southwest to northern pastures which cattle were driven from 1865 to 1884 led from the Gulf coast of Texas northward passing west of San Antonio; thence to the Red river at Doan's Store, in Wilbarger, Texas. Here the trail branched, one part going northward to a point now in- cluded in Beaver county, Oklahoma, and thence west to the Colorado ranges. The other fork of the trail led northeasterly through Fort Sill 114 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE reservation, now in Oklahoma; thence across Washita river at Anadarko, Oklahoma; thence northeasterly to the Canadian river, which was crossed, and the route extended through Fort Reno and Kingfisher and thence northward, following here the sam^ general route as the present railroad through Caldwell and Wichita, to the Kansas river at Abilene. This route has been made famous of late through many interesting stories pub- lished of cattle trailed amid encounters with Indians and the extortion made by the roving bands, who demanded of the owner to pay liberally in order to secure permission to ford a river or pass through their territory. Failure to pay their price resulted in the stampeding and slaughter of the animals and death to the herders. Thrilling tales of hair- raising escapades in attempting to defeat the Indians in their vigils over the land, are laid along the course of this route and its two branches. The largest number of cattle trailed in one season from the southwest to northern pastures has been estimated at 416,000 head. This was in 1884, about the time of the opening of a through railroad line over that route, and from that year the number moving over the long trails rapidly dimin- ished. The valley of a river was often a favorite and convenient course, although not always a direct one, over which to drive sheep from the native ranges to pasture along the railroads which reached eastern mar- kets. One route from Oregon led up the valley of the Columbia and the Snake rivers, across the mountains of Idaho and down the valley of the Platte to shipping points in Nebraska. And may I direct your attention at this time to one of the very first shipments of cattle by rail, which was from Kentucky to an eastern market in 1852, as told by the shipper. One week was consumed in driv- ing the cattle, 100 in number, from the neighborhood of Lexington, Ken- tucky, to Cincinnati. Here they were loaded in merchandise box cars without any conveniences for feed, water or ventilation and shipped by rail to Cleveland and from there taken by steamboat to Buffalo. After a stay of several days at Buffalo, the animals were driven to Canandiagua, New York. From there they wore hauled in immigrant cars to Albany, where they were unloaded and housed in the freight house of the rail- road company. After spending two days in a feed yard near Albany the stock was taken by boat to New York City. The freight charges on these cattle from Cincinnati to Buffalo was at the rate of $120 per car, and the total expense from Kentucky to New York City was $14 per head. Among the routes over which cattle were moved from Texas to eastern markets about 1870, three will serve as illustrations. One way led by coastwise steamer to New Orleans, where the animals were taken by river boats northward. At Cairo, Illinois, the railroad journey was begun, northward to Chicago, thence to the east. A second route from Texas was over a trail to a shipping point on Red river, where the cattle were for- warded by steamboats to Cairo and there shipped by rail northward. A third route followed the trails from Texas to feeding grounds along the railroads in Kansas and in regions north. From stations along these roads the animals were forwarded to eastern markets. The advent of rail shipments of cattle began an era of terrible suffering for animals intended for market. Just when stock cars for transporting them came into use is not known. The date is lost in the dark days of TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 11,1 the civil war or the period immediately following. There are no records extant of what railroad first adopted them. No man's name is written in history as having invented the stock car as a means of transporting animals to market. Necessity is regarded as the mother of invention, but no one stands sponsor for the stock car. The earliest reports on the equipment of railroads are now the property of a museum in Chicago and are in the handwriting of the early auditors. In 1866 the Dubuque & Sioux City road, now a part of the Illinois Central system, reported twenty stock cars in its equipment. The Sandusky, Mansfield & Newark the following year reported twenty cars also, also the Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexing- ton seventy stock cars. It is indisputable that in those pioneer days of live stock transportation shippers encountered great difficulties. The science of railroading was yet comparatively undeveloped and much of the country was in the same condition. The railroads were poor, very poor. Their building was hazard- ous and costly, their equipment meagre, limited, primitive and the service incompetent. Accommodations for both live stock and people were crude and uncomfortable. Freight rates were high, often more than double those of the present time and charged by carload rate instead of cents per pound. Cattle were wild and so were many of the men who handled them. Stock cars were equipped with hand brakes and old rubber springs that soon became hard. Trains were coupled with link and pins, the great amount of slack in freight trains causing a tremendous impact at every movement of the journey. Old wood-burning engines on the western roads, also equipped with link and pin couplings and hand brakes, slowly dragged along their trains, usually starting them with a jerk and stopping them with reverse steam that caused everything not nailed down to go up into a heap at one end of the car. The average schedule for trains, including stops, on the five leading western railroads in 1873 was ten miles an hour, with the highest time allowed twelve to fifteen. These trains on short, light iron rails, joined by old iron "rail chairs" spiked into wooden ties, forming a single-track road, with side switches at each station to permit the passing of trains. The roadbeds were rough and poorly bala- asted, with excessive grades, wooden bridges and trestle work and every- thing in a poor state of repairs, while being in the hands of a receiver was a very common situation. The high arbitrary carload rates then charged for the transportation of stock induced overloading as a measure of enonomy, which constantly resulted in many dead and crippled animals, while the remainder were generally more or less bruised from the overcrowding and continual jerk- ing, jolting and swaying of heavy trains having link and pin couplings, hand brakes, rough track, heavy, uneven grades, numerous stops and startings, frequent switching with engines too light to do the work with- out bumping and jerking the daylight out of the poor animals when inside the cars. The result was that the weaker animals when knocked down were piled on by the others and trampled until either helpless or dead, or if they were able to rise were frequently so injured that they afterward died. In hot weather their suffering was intense. This added to the death toll and the loss to the shipper. It was therefore the inva- 116 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE liable custom of the day for the shipper or attendant in charge to carry a lantern and an instrument called a "prod pole." It consisted of a long, heavy handle, nearly six feet long, with a sharp iron or steel spike extending from one end half an inch or more, which was sharpened to a point. These instruments of torture could be purchased at various places, where they were kept in stock. It was used to prod the other animals in the car aside while a steer that was down could be encouraged by the sharp point to take his place in the ranks. This prod was also equipped with a flat-headed screw driven into it near the business end and extend- ing out a short space at right angles from the pole. When the "down" steer refused to respond to numerous jabs and such language as is gen- erally employed on like occasions, the end of the pole with the attached screw was then engaged with the matted end of his tail, and by sundry twists and turns or pulls on the pole, a severe strain could be supplied to this sensitive organ. If the prostrate steer had life or strength enough in him to rise, this treatment would bring about the desired results, but he still continued in an indifferent attitude, he was generally considered in bad condition and a dead steer when the market was reached. Strong animals, evenly matched, might stand the journey without any of them being trampled or injured, beyond bruises received during loading and bumping against the sides of the car enroute, providing they were not kept too long under the strain of overloading, for the journey was always a crucial test of keeping on their feet. Under these conditions shippers went out with their prod poles and lanterns at almost every stop to keep the animals on their feet; then also hundreds of lanterns and poles were brought into the offices of commission men at the end of the journey. As late as 1873 unloading gangs at markets invariably carried ropes for the purpose of dragging the dead and crippled cattle from the cars. The principal buyers had men stationed regularly at the scales to watch for broken-ribbed cattle, which were frequently found, and $5.00 per head was deducted from the purchase price of every such steer, buyers sometimes refusing to take them at that price. Overloading was intensified by the high prices paid for dead animals, ie., those killed enroute to market, and sometimes they brought almost as much as the live ones. In 1869 hogs taken from the cars dead sold regularly at $4.50 to $5.00 per 100 pounds. The railroad pens at places where stock was unloaded or loaded were, as a rule, not sheltered and much of the time knee deep in mud and filth, making it impossible for the animals to lie down and rest and the condi- tions were frequently such that to force stock into them was positively inhuman. Such in brief is the resume of the transportation of live stock previous to the introduction of the federal law requiring that live stock to market should be unloaded and given five hours of rest, with feed and water, after they have been on the cars continuously for twenty-eight hours. And with your indulgence I should like to give just a little of the history con- nected with securing the passage of that law, taken from an address from Dr. A. D. Melvin, chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, before a stockmen's meeting at Casper, Wyoming. TENTH ANNUAL. YEAR BOOK-PART IV 117 The statute originally known as the twenty-eight-hour law was enacted at the third session of the Forty-second Congress and became a law by the approval of President Grant on March 3d, 1873. It was later re- pealed and supplemented by the present law, effective June 29, 1906. The original statute has an interesting history. No less than four bills were introduced and five sessions of congress wrestled with the problem before it was passed. The measure seems to have originated with the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. While the sentiment of congress appeared to be unanimous in favor of the humane treatment of animals in transit, there was some objection to the measure on prac- tical grounds, and there was strong opposition on the legal and political question of constitutionality. In the debate on the latter phase of the subject, some of the most eminent men in congress at that period took part. The first bill in the series was introduced by Representative John T. Wilson of Ohio, May 16, 1870, during the second session of the Forty-first Congress. Mr. Wilson was also the father of the bill which finally became a law. Other bills were introduced by Senator Conklin of New York and Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts. The necessity of such a law and the conditions leading up to the agitation of the subject,- I have just described. Mr. Wilson went on to say that it had been shown to the satis- faction of the committee on agriculture that cattle shipped from the pro- ducing regions of the west to the eastern markets were confined in the cars from four to five days without food and water. In the senate it was stated by Senator Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania that the records kept by Brigham Young showed that an ox weighing 1,500 pounds, shipped from Utah, would lose on an average of 230 pounds by the time it reached Chicago. Such were the arguments used by the members who introduced and advocated the bills. Aside from the question of constitutionality, several objections of a practical nature were brought forward in the course of the various de- bates. Senator Thurman of Ohio expressed the belief that as it was to the interest of the trade to ship cattle in improved cars, such cars should be provided in time without legislation, and that for the present it would be- a hardship to throw out of use the old cars in which millions of dollars were invested. Others asserted that the law would cause great expense to the railroads and the shippers and that the matter was one which should be left to their control, as the shippers were mostly interested in reducing shrinkage and preventing loss on their animals. This sounds very much like the fallacious argument that is still used sometimes against the government work for the control of contagious diseases — that the stock owners are financially concerned in getting rid of disease and the matter should therefore be left to them. Another and sounder agrument, which is applicable in some respects today, was stated by Representative Archer of Maryland, in these words: "Any member of this house who has ever seen any of the cattle yards of this country can imagine what kind of rest cattle would thus obtain and what humanity there would be in placing them in any of these miserable, muddy places. These cattle, after having been detained in 118 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE these miserable corals, and after obtaining no rest whatever, will have to go through a loading again, which is always one of the most painful operations for them in their whole passage." A few members thought they detected a "nigger in the wood-pile," in the shape of a patent stock-car which was to be promoted by the law. But the great question on which the bill was contested was that of constitu- tionality. Every Secretary of Agriculture, beginning with Secretary Rusk, has taken steps to secure the enforcment of this law. Circulars calling at- tention to the law have been issued and distributed among the railroad companies, placards have been posted, evidence of violations have been collected and prosecutions have been instituted. The humane societies have also collected evidence and reported violations. Let me call your attention for just a moment to the progress made in the enforcement of this law. These figures were taken from the report of the solicitor of the department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1909. The efficacy of a law designed to correct public evils depends almost en- tirely upon the vigor of its enforcement. By this token the twenty-eight hour law is a conspicuous success, as will be demontrated by a simple comparison of the number of cases reported for prosecution to the attor- ney general during the preceding fiscal year and the one just closed, for it is by the decrease in the number of violations of the law that its suc- cess in the accomplishment of the purposes for which it was designed must be tested. During the former year 685 cases were reported for prose- cution, while during the latter, with an equal degree of activity and vigilance in the ascertainment of violations, only 208 cases were reported, a decrease of 477 cases, or 70 per cent. In the brief period of three years from the inception of active and determined preparation by the depart- ment to compel compliance with this act by proceedings in the courts, violations reported for prosecution reached the startling figure of 685 in a single year and decreased to 208 in the succeeding year. Interesting points have arisen in some of the cases which have come before the courts. In one case, where an attempt was made to collect a penalty of $100 for each animal in the shipment, the court held that this could not be done, as the confinement of the entire number of animals constituted a single offense. Today the transportation of live stock has become such a scientific study that the loss is reduced to a minimum. Special cars, the result of years of experience and large expenditures of money, are now used by all roads. Some of the roads own the cars they operate, others lease them from companies that provide cars for that purpose. Probably the high- est standard of perfection in present day stock cars has been reached by the Street Western Stable-Car Line, a concern which maintains annually, at its plant in Chicago, an equipment of over 8,000 cars. This particular type of car was patented and put on the market in 1885. It has been improved from time to time, as experience dictated changes, and at present is equipped with a style truck which gives the car while enroute a swing motion that permits stock to ride with the least friction and dis- comfort. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 119 In former days live stock was given no consideration over other kinds of freight, whereas, today, stock trains on some roads are given preference over everything hut passenger trains at meeting points. There is prac- tically no limit to the speed of the stock train of today, while the regular schedules range from eighteen miles an hour on the branch lines to twen- ty-five miles on the main lines. In fact the main lines of the western roads now bring stock from points west of the Missouri river into the Chicago market in side of twenty-eight hours. It would not be doing the subject justice if some mention was not made at this time of the transportation of live poultry, which has grown to such enormous proportions. This business is practically in the hands of one company, which provides the cars for the United States. The Live Poultry Transportation Company of Chicago operates 500 cars built es- pecially for this purpose. There is a water tank in the top of each car, which holds 327 gallons, with hose attached that will reach, all compart- ments, and a granary eight feet square and twenty-one inches deep for carrying feed. Each car contains 128 coops. The large stateroom in the center is used for the shipper to put in a trunk and a cot, for he "goes to bed with the chickens and gets up with them." Allowing three dozen fowls for each coop, the car will carry with small shrinkage 4,608 fowls. The volume of live poultry being shipped to Chicago and New York is increasing. This is primarily due to the segregating of the Jews in these two cities and the demand of these people for fowls to be "koshered." At the present time these two cities are the largest live poultry markets in the world. By way of comparison with present conditions, let me cite one instance of the manner in which turkeys were marketed in early days. In October of 1856, Captain Stedman, now an employe of the Bureau of Animal Indus- try, recalls having met on a road south and east of Indianapolis, Indiana, a man and two boys driving a flock of 3.000 turkeys to the Cincinnati mar- ket. This method was known to have been employed in the New England states in pioneer days, when buyers collected turkeys in neighborhoods 100 miles from market and drove them in overland. It is reported that they caused no more trouble to drive, after the second day enroute, than sheep or hogs did. However, an attempt to repeat such an undertaking in this day of scorching automobiles would be attended with disastrous results. To attempt to give a review of the growth of the live stock markets of the United States in conjunction with the history of transportation would involve too much time; however, Chicago has reached the point where it is now the largest in the world. Nearly two-thirds, ie., 64 per cent of the population of the United States is east of Chicago, while 70 per cent of the farm animals are west of Chicago. All of the great east and west trans- portation lines have terminals there, as have also the southern and lake lines. It is moreover in the center of the most fertile, populous and wealthy agricultural region on earth and is the most accessible of any large city to the great manufacturing sections of the United States, which includes the areas north of the Potomac and Ohio and east of the Missis- sippi rivers. The city of Chicago alone consumes over four million pounds 120 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of meat per year, equal to 800,000 head of cattle annually. The stock yards now have a daily capacity of 75,000 cattle, 300,000 hogs, 125,000 sheep and 6.000 horses. DISCUSSION. Mr. Wallace: I want to say that his speakiug of the early .1 riv- ing of cattle reminded me of old times, because I happened to live on a road over which a great many of these cattle went. I can re- member the long-horned steers and the big lumps on their jaws, which I now recognize as actinomycosis. Another thing which was amusing was that about half an hour before sundown the hogs all commenced to squeal. Mr. ITood: As a boy I lived between Westchester and Phila- delphia, and a few of those droves must have come through after war times. We were Avithin eight or ten miles of the Philadelphia stockyards, and they used to pasture the stock in our neighborhood ; and I still remember some of those big roan steers that came from Kentucky. I also saw one or two droves of turkeys come through. Mr. Smith : There is another question that is a live one to stockshippers. There has been a great improvement in the treat- ment of caretakers of stock in my day, and I am still a young man ; but there is a chance for great improvement. I have had some experience this summer, and I believe that every shipper has "the same, and it is one of the things that ought to be corrected. AVhen a caretaker comes to a division station, unless he has been over the road a good many times, he naturally inquires of the ti'ainmen where he shall go to get the next way-car. The brakeman on the train on the division he is riding on doesn't know a thing about it, nor does the conductor. They tell him where to go to inquire. He goes to the yardmaster's office, and is told that his Avay-car is. "right over there, yonder — just over the other side; go over and get in." I am just telling my experiences occasionally for the last thirty years. My last experience was one of leading about ten men to find that car, and I'll bet we traveled three miles. We got to it twice, but it was when it was in motion; it was just being pulled back and forth. A neighbor of mine who was tr^ving to keep up with me (he wasn't any older than I, but he Avasn't as good a runner) stubbed his toe, fell down and cut a great gash in his^face. Other things that this association has taken hold of have been remedied, and I believe if you people on the other roads have the same experience that we have on the Burlington, if it were talked TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 121 up it could be remedied. The railroad companies should fix a place where the caretaker of stock could get aboard the car and not have to run all over the yards in the night. President Sykes: I think Mr. Smith's suggestion is all right. While the boys on the Northwestern don't have much difficulty in that respect, I know from what some of them on the other lines tell me that they are bothered in getting to their way-cars. There is no system at all about the roads. ^Ir. Cold : Give us a law compelling the stock trains to stop in front of the depot to let the stock men on. Mr. Smith's story is exactly the experience that we went through — I think it was three years ago — on the Great AVestern. Since then we have had no trouble at all. If there is any bunch of us, we sit in the depot or the yardmaster's office until the train comes along, but prior to that we had an awful time. President Sykes: We will now listen to an address by ]\Ir. R. ^I. Gunn, one of our own members. He is a big hog raiser and feeder from Black Hawk county, and I am sure can give us some information along the line of hog production and feeding. Mr. Gunn : I am old in this association, because I joined it in its beginning; but my experience as a hog raiser does not extend back over fourteen years — that is, my recent work. Of course, I had worked with hogs ever since I was big enough to chase one, and that is about thirty-five years ; but my only work with any num- ber of them has been only about twelve or fourteen years. GROWING AND FEEDING HOGS. R. M. GuxN, Black Hawk Couxty. With the eight-cent hog staring us in the face most of the summer and fall, and likely to stay with us for some time to come, we naturally begin to talk about him, and it makes the subject of hog feeding quite an important one. Hogs are raised under many conditions in many parts of the world, from the famous parlor hog of our ancestors to the piney woods hog of the south. But we will content ourselves today with simply the Iowa hog, I mean the four-footed one, and how we shall raise him. As meat producers, our aim should be to strive to produce meat as cheaply as possible, not only for the good of our own pocketbook, but for the good of the ultimate consumer we hear so much about these days. Every farmer has his preference for a certain type of hog which he has reasons to believe will the best fulfill his conditions. So the type of hog will not concern us further than to say that we all want the hog that will l-a-2 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE carry the most pounds of valuable meat, putting it on in the most economi cal manner, and be able to keep this up from one generation to another. While this combination is not impossible In the niiarket hog, yet it will require constant attention in selection and mating. Breeding hogs can be kept in a more suitable condition if they are kept in a lot by themselves. I do not mind, however, having them with the stock cattle, providing they can have a part of the shed fenced off for sleeping quarters, where they should have a good bed, with plenty of fresh air. Have the hogs' sleeping quarters on the ground; a well bedded cement floor is very good; a plank floor laid on the ground is the best floor I know. While range exercise and pure air are essentials, the kind of feed is quite as important. We are developing the future herd, and we must not expect to make bricks without straw, which we will force them to do if we -feed on corn alone. While corn is quite an es- entlal and should form the greater part of the sows' winter ration, it must be supplemented with some kind of protein and bone forming ma- terial. I know of no better feed for this purpose than good oat meal. There is something in oats for the development of the unborn farm ani- mals that we do not find in any other feed. For several years, until this year, oats have been out of the question, having been either too high priced or so low in quality that we have been compelled to look around for other feeds. Second cut clover hay will be eaten readily by brood sows, or have their sleeping quarters in connection with a good clover meadow,, and some winters they will be able to range out on it the most of the time. One open winter my hogs had no other source of protein feed than this kind of pasture and I never had sows do any better nor have any stronger pigs. The use of tankage has been quite prominent in our feeding problem. I usually feed it in a self-feeder, mixed with ashes or charcoal and enough salt put in to keep them from eating too much of it. Sometimes oil meal is used in the same way — the coarser kind. As to cotton seed meal, I can say nothing about it from my own experience. I do not think, however, that it is a good feed for brood sows; at least, we know that a drug causing abortion is made from the cotton plant. My hogs never have to depend on myself or a man for water; they can go to their tank in winter or the creek in summer any time they want to. A week or so before farrowing time our sows are placed in single pens in our hog house and given a slop ration not much different in quality or analysis from that which they received outside. We use oil meal in place of the tankage to keep their systems in better condition, and it is much pleasanter to handle, and as we do not care to change her feed again, her pigs will more readily take to eating the slop if the tankage is left out. Mix ground oats and middlings, equal parts, with a fourth as much oil meal and water, to make slop. Feed her gradually until she gets used to it. However, after she farrows, she should have nothing but water for twenty-four hours, then give her a light slop, gradually in- creasing it for about a week or ten days, when she will be on feed again. If she is put on feed too soon she is likely to produce more milk than the pigs will take at this time, and have a fevered udder, which will produce scours in the pigs, and later a caked udder, which is so painful that she will not allow the pigs to suckle. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV 123 After the pigs are about ten days old, we put about four or five sows together with their pigs. This is done to malve room for more sows in the single pens, and also to get the pigs where they will be obliged to take more exercise in order to avoid the thumps. From here they -are al- lowed to get acquainted with the larger worW and range out with their mothers on pasture in fine weather. Here is where quite a feed bill can be saved; if you have a good clover or alfalfa pasture sows will readily cut down on the amount of slop required. After the pigs are three weeks old they must be gotten onto feed as soon as possible. Nothing is better for this than a little skimmed milk placed in a low trough behind a creep in part of the pen; a little shelled corn should be placed there, too. Don't let any feed stay in this small trough until it gets sour; shove the trough out under the creep and let the mother clean it up. It will not be long until the pigs will clean up considerable slop, mixed in with their milk, and they will also be eating with their mothers. From this on it will only be a matter of proper feeding. Don't overfeed. At about six weeks, four or five of these pens are put together and placed in a larger pasture of clover or alfalfa, with a part fenced off exclusively for the pigs. Here we keep up the slop ration for the pigs, but diminish it for the sows, to begin the drying olT process, which will take a couple of weeks, when the sows may be turned into the feed lot by themselves or with cattle. We try to keep the sows in as fleshy condition as possible during all the time they are suckling their pigs, and they are pretty, well on the road to Chicago by the time they are dry. The pigs are kept in the pasture until they weigh all the way from seventy to one hundred pounds. Not fat pigs, either. If we wanted fat pigs, we would not have gone to all this trouble. They are pigs with a good frame, ready to fol- low cattle and grow and fatten, a good many of them going to Chicago in Cctober weighing two hundred to two hundred and a quarter. In the pasture where the pigs are turned they usually have things their way. They have young blue grass, white clover and rape, a creek of pure water, which they can drink from or lie in at any time; later on they have a chance to husk a field of corn, and, hogs as they are, I never knew them to kick on the price yet. I know a generation or two of pigs can be raised more cheaply and easily than my way of doing it, and many follow the plan of letting the lows and pigs follow the cattle as soon as the pigs are able, but we got no growth, as the pigs got too fat, and this danger has to be looked out for when turning them into the corn field. Do not allow them to have too much at a time and keep the old sows out of the field, as they know how to break the corn down. DISCUSSION. Q. I would like to ask Mr. Gunn at what price he can afford to put hogs raised that way on the market? ]Mr. Gunn. I believe I can put them on at 3I/2 cents, figuring oil meal at about $30 a ton and oats at 35 or forty cents a bushel ; that is, giving them lots of grass. 124 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTUKE Q. At what weights do you expect to put them on the market ? Mr. Gunn : Those that come in the fall I figure will Aveigh about 225 to 250 ; the latter is the limit. I do not think it profitable to keep a hog after it weighs 250. Q. Do you recommend raising two litters a year or only one, and do you recommend keeping the old sows over or marketing them ? Mr. Gunn : ]\ry experience with the old sows has not been very good. If you grow a young sow that way and give her a good frame, she is more lively than an old one. I have kept good old sows that had raised two litters the first year, and they were regu- lar old sluggards; they would lie doAATi on a pig and let it squeal under them until it was dead. I have better luck with young sows. President Sykes : About how many pigs do you figure on raising each year? Mr. Gunn : We raise all we can. We usually aim to have about 100 to 125 sows, and we raise all the way from 600 to 900. I have raised 1,000, but we don't figure on that many all the time. Q. What is your objection to having them lay on the cement floor 1 ]Mr. Gunn: I don't object to that if it is well bedded; but what I object to is the hog-house with the plank floor about a foot from the ground; the winter winds blow right under it and the hogs pile up. Q. Did you ever try a dirt floor with woven wire? Don't you consider that the ideal floor? Mr. Gunn : That is an ideal floor. Q. How do you keep the strong pigs from robbing the weaker ones? Mr. Gunn: You have that problem to contend with all the time. The only way to break that up is to feed the sow enough so that she has ^11 the milk they want, and then they won't bother the others. I keep the pigs with their own mother for about ten days. You should not keep them much longer than that, because the pigs will be too fat if the sow is heavily on feed. If I were doing it myself on a smaller scale, I would probably do many things different, but in order to use hired help you have to have a machine system. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV 125 Q. How large a corn field do you turn them into — how long do they run in the corn? Mr. Gunn : Well, this fall I had a 12-acre corn field that was intended for the hogs. It was early corn, and I turned them in about the first of September and let them clean it up thoroughly, and they made a good job. The field is plowed and ready for corn next year. Maybe I would give them another twelve or fourteen acres to five or six hundred pigs. Q. "Which hundred can you make the cheapest, the first, second or third hundred? ^Ir. Gunn : You can make the hog grow 100 pounds cheaper than 200. Q. About how many pigs do you calculate to average? ^h\ Gunn: I don't figure at the end of tli£ year averaging more than six pigs; that is a pretty good average for every sow. Mr. Downing: How do you prepare your fat hogs for the mar- ket to keep down the shrinkage while they are in transit? ^Ir. (lunn : I don't prepare them. ]My liogs go out of the feed lot to market. I can't make much preparation because I am seven miles from market. I haul or drive them to market, and getting them there is quite a problem if you have two or three loads. I can hardly prepare either my cattle or hogs for shipment. ]Mr. DoAvning: How much corn do you put in the car? ]\Ir. Gunn : I put seven or eight bushels of corn in the car. ]Mr. Downing: How far are you from market? >\Ir. Gunn: I am thirty miles north of Belle Plaine. and that is 280 miles from Chicago. Mr. Downing: How much shrinkage do you generally have per car? iNIr. Gunn : Well, that depends some on who handles them at the other end. .uid it depends on where you figure from. If I figure from the time I load them at home until I get to Chicago, I may have a thousand pounds ; but I have weighed them in Buckingham and in Chicago and had no shrinkage. I weighed them empty. AVe feed them probably a bushel to the car after they get to Chicago. Q. Do you think it would be better if you would put more corn in the car? •126 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mr. Giinn : No, I think not ; it is just what they clean up ; sometimes it won't be all cleaned up. Q. Why do you make the statement that it won't pay to put the third hundred pounds on hogs? Why should the cost of the third hundred be so much more expensive? Mr. Gunn : You have that added hog to feed. You have to keep living what you have already, and then have to make him gain some more. You might just as well feed another 200-pound hog while you are putting on that hundred. A Member : I see that ^Ir. Gunn has had quite a time explain- ing why it would not be profitable to feed the 200-pound hog to 200. Experiment stations in all the states have demonstrated to the satisfaction of every man who makes a study of it, that it costs more to put the hundred pounds on a hog after it weighs 200 than it does to put the hundred pounds on before he is in marketable condition. They are in a position to know those things, because they have weighed everything that a hog drinks and eats, and it is all charged up; and w^hen they tell us that it is not profitable to feed a hog to 300 pounds when he is in marketable condition at 200, I think we ought to be satisfied. Mr. Gunn : How does it come that our experiment station has proven that they can feed a hog more profitably on corn alone up to 200 pounds than in any other way? T can't understand it and I would like to have it explained. Mr. Smith: I think you are mistaken in the report. I was reading the bulletin yesterday. It stated that corn with pasture — and when pasture was gone, supplemented with tankage — made cheaper pork than ground corn or other things that are used You will notice in that bulletin it states that they have protein to bal- ance the ration. H. C. Wallace : I think almost "sdthout exception th > experi- ments which have been carefully conducted show that corn alone costs more to produce pork than corn -with tankage or bran or almost any other protein food in reasonable quantities. But of course niany of these experiments are misleading in this respect: that the price of this feed is constantly changing, and I think the only safe way for a man to get on the right basis there is to figure the number of pounds of protein that he should, feed, and then it is simply a question of where he can buy that cheapest. The best work done TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV lit with hogs by any station in the United States has been done by Illinois. Professor Dietrich there issued a bulletin about three months ago, in which he summarized the reports of all the experi- ments conducted there over a period of a number of years, and he put his results in the form of a table, in which he has worked out the number of pounds of carbohydrates and the number of pounds of protein for hogs starting with five months, then seven, and so on up. I regard it as a most valuable contribution to the hog-feed- ing question, and it would pay every man to secure a copy of that bulletin and study it. lie also went into the question of the part water played in making economical gains, and has thrown entirely new light on that question. Mr. Sherman : I would like to have a call of hands shown here on hogs marketed at 225 pounds or over, or under 225 pounds. Mr. Muray: That is a broad question, for the simple reason that when grains are high you find by the receipts at Chicago that they have twice the number of hogs, but they are light. "VYhen grain is cheap, you will find that the farmers all over get their hogs heavier. As a result the hogs from our country for the last eighteen months have gone in around 200 pounds or less. Mr. Uoran : I think Mr. Sherman's idea is to get men's .judg- ment, not what they do this year or ever did before. Hogs are high and scarce, and you have to keep them longer in order to have more hogs to sell ; but if you ask for their judgment of what age to sell would be the most profitable, I think you would get more intelligent judgment. jMr. Sherman: I didn't mean the judgment; I meant the policy that you follow out in your marketing. Make the question like this : When feeding hogs direct, do you market them at 225 or under ? (A show of hands indicated eighteen marketing at 225 pounds or under and twenty-eight at over 225.) Mr. Smith: I couldn't vote on that. The size of a hog has nothing to do with the time of selling. When the hog is ready for market and the price is right and the corn is hard to get, as it has been the last two years, they go to market regardless of size. President Sykes : I think that a great many act on the line that Mr. Smith has suggested. 128 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Q. I would like to ask what preparation Mr. Giinn uses for the purpose of getting rid of worms in his hogs ? Mr. Gunn: I have run the whole gauntlet. 1 use nothing now. I tried all kinds of stock foods. The last one I tried the agent sold me $15 worth. I fed it as directed; I had six or seven hundred hogs, and I watched pretty closely to sec if they were wormy, and I found two worms. So the next time the agent came around I told him that $7.50 apiece for worms was too high-priced, and I wouldn't buy any more. I am situated a little bit differently from a good many. I have a creek running through my field that is spndy. There are places in it where the hogs can root into the bank and get mud to wallow in. Once in a while it rises and washes down some fresh sand. I have been out after a freshet when the hogs would be out eating that sand just as a boy does sugar. I have also seen them eat stones as big as the point of my finger. Worms aren't going to live in their intestines. So I feel as though I am not competent to answer that question. Q. Have you any special breed of hogs that you favor? Mr. Gunn : 1 will plead ignorance of that. I never have had but one breed on the place since I have been in the business. They happen to be Duroc Jerseys. I suppose if they had been Poland China I would have stayed by them. I did a foolish little thing once, yet it made me some money. I crossed it with Yorkshire. The result was that I was able to sell sixteen carloads of hogs from them. But on some of them I made two crosses, and I shouldn't have done that. ]\Iy herd now is practically Duroc Jersey, and I expect to keep them. President Sykes: Mr. Hood touched on a question that might be of interest to some : that of making a floor out of dirt and woven wire fencing. It might be well for him to explain here how that is done. Mr.> Hood: I know nothing about this more than everybody else knows who has read the papers, and of course that means eveiybody here. The idea is simply to take some fine woven wire and put it in your hog floor. I have always insisted that the proper floor Avas the earth floor, and I Avas bothered with the hogs rooting holes in it, and finally we hit on the idea of using Avoven wire. Get a reasonable fine mesh, tAVO inches square, perhaps, with TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 129 enough dirt so that tlie wire is not in the way of bedding and cleaning. Occasionally a self-willed sow will root into that, but as a rule they don't bother much. Q. I would like to ask if any one has ever tried putting a rough cement floor down and then covering it with a little dirt, in the same way that the woven wire is covered? The old sow could never root that up. The dirt would stick to the cement floor and give her warmth. ]Mr. Gunn : I would think that would be a dusty floor pretty soon. I will simply state that in my hog house I have a cement floor, but in the small pens where my pigs are born I lay common boards over half or two-thirds of the space, and when the season is over I take them up and put them overhead, and there they are till I want them the next spring again. I lay strips under them until they are about an inch or so from the cement floor. That makes a warm place to put the bedding and keeps them off the cement floor. Q. How near the same time do you aim to have all your pigs come ? Mr. Gunn: You will find where you have a great many sows that it doesn 't seem to make much difference how you breed them ; about every three weeks a new batch of pigs comes. If you watch and keep them by themselves, you will get pigs of nearly the same age. You can probably get one hundred to one hundred and fifty pigs that won't vary five days in their age. Q. Then you keep those pigs by themselves as you market them "? Mr. Gunn: No; they will all get together finally in the fall. Q. How do you handle the slop in large quantities, in barrels or tank-wagons ? Mr. Gunn : I use barrels. A tank-wagon is apt to get neglected, and I use barrels on a low truck — one, tAvo or three, according to how much slop I have to use. Sometimes it will take ten barrels to do the feeding before I am through, but of course I can't carry but three on my wagon at a time. It is so much easier to rinse out a barrel and keep it sweet than it is a tank-wagon. I never used a tank-wagon, but I can readily see how it would get sour on you. 3 130 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DISCUSSION ON CATTLE FEEDING. The President: Mr. Chas. Escher, Jr., who is a prominent cattle feeder and possibly has as great a reputation in that line as any man in the state, is on the program for an address on ' ' Cattle Feeding, ' ' but he is unable to be here and so informed Mr. Wallace. So we will have a general discussion on that subject for a little while. I will call on 'Sir. Parsons of Rockwell to start this dis- cussion. Mr. Parsons : I have not fed any cattle for about three years, but I spent forty-one years of my life in active farming and fed more or less cattle the greater part of that time. You will readil\ see that my experience in that line belongs to the age that has gone by. I Avas an early settler in the northern part of the state, and we had free pasture and consequently fed largely on the old system; but the last few years I did feed I began to investigate the value of using feed stuffs with my cattle. The cost of freight, from the fact that I had to ship it in local lots, made it seem to be unprofit- able. I then got a grinder and undertook to grind my corn, and tried to save some feed in that wayj but after trying for two years along that line I decided that the cheapest beef that I could produce was by feeding first on fodder (I was a winter feeder as a rule), and then feed snap corn later, and when the pasture entirely failed and the corn became old, feed in the middle of the day all of the clear clover hay that they would eat up in about an liour. I aimed to have them always eat all the clover hay out of the rack. The rest of the time I fed them on wild hay and good stravv*. The last two or three years that I fed I undertook to ship in alfalfa, but I couldn't see that I got any better results from that than from my clover hay. The last year that I fed, when I was on my way to Chicago with some other stock men, they said they were feeding molasses. After I had fed the snap corn and gone to the ear corn, their mouths got tender and I had to feed the shelled corn. The last year I shipped in some molasses, and I befieve if I liad continued to feed I would have started in as I did, fed the clover hay at noon (it seemed to balance up the corn), and then bought cheap molasses and sprinkled on the slielled corn to finish my cattle. Mr. Murray : I generally feed from 100 to 200 head each year, and I am a late feeder. I feed as much snap corn as possible — start them on it and keep them on it just as long as I can. The TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV ISl more snap coru I use the better I like it. I raise from 6,000 to 9,000 bushels myself, and I put it on the ground and leave it out for the 3'oung ones. Of course I have a crib with some in for stormy or bad weather, but my experience is that corn on the ground is much better for the cattle than corn in the crib. INIr. Parsons spoke about his cattle's mouths getting sore. That will never happen if he has his corn out in the open where it is S9ft. Enough moisture fails during the winter so that the snap corn is in good shape always for cattle, but if he has it in the crib, as I have, and once in a Avhile pulls out a load, he will sea the difference. After the}^ have been fed snap corn for sixty or seventy days, com- mence giving one feed of shelled corn and one feed of snap, ^^ith a little oil meal — up to about three pounds per liead per day — with shock coru fed once a day and clover and timothy hay for roughage. The steers that I feed have always made good gains and made some money. I never m-cila 1 vuy cattle in the winter time. I alwaj's commence to feed late. ]Mr. Wallace: You leave considerable husk on it? You don't thin-snap it? ^Ir. ^lurray: Yes; T leave the husk on, but no shanks. ]\rr. Smith : I would like to ask ^Mr. ]\furray, with an advance on cattle of 4i/l> cents a pound, at what price must a 1200-pound steer be sold to bring a reasonable profit? iMr. ^Murray : I never made any figures. I put 120 head into the feed lot last Sunday morning, being forced to on account of the storm. I did not expect to put them in until the first of January. When I was a young man, if corn was 25 cents a bushel, I wanted $1 a hundred ; and when it is worth 50 cents you want $2 a hun- dred. I don't know whether that will answer the question or not. I have always figured with my cattle that the hog feed would pay for the interest on the money in the rough feed. ]\Tr. Downing: I Avould like to ask Mr. i\Iurray hoAV he finishes his cattle just before he sliips them to market — whether he feeds them on corn up to the last hour, or a couple of days before he ships he cuts out the corn entirely and feeds them on hay and oats, or something of that sort ? Mr. iMurray: I have tried all ways. I have fed whole sheaf and threshed oats, and I have fed them on corn, but I don't be- lieve there is anythiog that v/ill beat snap corn. I don't like sh<^lled corn for the last feed. I only have to drive my cattle a mile to the shipping station. 132 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mr. Downing : How many pounds per day can you make on that kind of arrangement? ]Mr. Murray : I am getting into deep water here. Some of you know Fred Reiser, who worked for me by the month one time, I had a two-year-old steer and a three-year-old steer and a cow that weighed the same notch, and we tried to keep track of those three head of cattle during the winter feeding. We happened to weigh them Sunday morning right after breakfast, before we fed, and they all weighed just the same. We ran them in twenty-eight days later and they still weighed tlie same, having gained 100 pounds in four weeks. In four weeks more (it Avas so remarkable that I never forget it) th(y weighs 1 in the same notch again, 100 pounds gain. Four weeks after that we put those three animals on the scales all al)out the same time in the morning. The three-year- old had gained eighty pounds, and the cow and two-year-old steer had fallen down 100 pounds each. That seems remarkable, but a man can do that with a drove. I should say two and a half to three pounds a day was a good gain on a large drove of 200 cattle. but I have put on three and a half pounds a day for 100 days on one load of cattle. Tliose cattle were fed from the first of April through ]May and June and were sold before I fed them an ear of corn. That was the year when corn was so high. Those cattle averaged in ninety odd days 350 pounds more than they did when they were fed in the yard. Mr. Downing: I would like to ask Mr. Murray, on the line of feeding that he has laid out, what his shrinkage is where he ships to the Chicago market? Mr. Murray : The shrinkage depends on the day and how bad they want the cattle. I have gone in there when there were 1-1,000 cattle in the yards, and they gobbled up the cattle so fast that they hardly wanted to let them drink. There are other times, when there are 35,000 or 40,000 cattle there, that they will ride up and down on their horses and act as if they wanted to see how much they would shrink before they bid on them. Uncle Heniy told us we thought we were getting rich, and that that was equivalent in his mind to our being so. Now we are told that we can grow pork at 3^/2 cents a pound, and we can grow fattened beef at 2 cents a pound. We can sell our hogs for S cents, or nearly so, and our beef for 8 or 9 cents. I begin to think Uncle Henry will have to revise his statement a little. We not only think we are getting rich, but we really are. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV ]:^3 Mr. Claus : I want to endorse the statement made by Mr. Mur- ray with reference to snap corn, and also com fodder. I have fed snap corn and corn fodder, and found that it is about the best all-around feed that we can get. I believe that we as feeders are making a mistake by leaving our stock in the tield and feeding them just the bare corn. La.st winter I fed four loads of cattle on practically nothing but corn fodder and snaj) corn, and I have had them make a gain of over 100 pounds per month. I mixed wdth that feed about two pounds of cottonseed meal. They have done better on this than cattle I have fed on shock corn and hay, and I believe that we could save ourselves a little by cutting up our corn and feeding more fodder, as well as snapping the corn for the cattle. >\Ir. Downing: I would like to ask the gentleman if in handling the corn in that way — cutting it n]) — the labor would not make a difference. Mr. Claus: I think we can put the coin in the shock about as cheap if not cheaper than we can husk it ; and as we have to employ help anyhow to do the feeding, it -is but little more work to haul in the fodder and feed it to the cattle than it is to haul in hay or any other kind of feed. And besides, we can shorten up the long siege of corn husking considerably by cutting up the corn. President Sykes : It occurs to me that some might be interested in the silo proposition. You know we had a very able feeder deliver an interesting address on silos and ensilage a year ago, and now we have a man Avith us who has been trying the silo proposition from a feeding standpoint. Tlu're may be others that 1 am not familiar with, but I know ]\Ir. Brockway has had some practical experience with the silo and ensilage, and I am going to ask him to give us a little review of it at this time. Mr. Brockw^ay: I am not ready to talk on this subject yet. because I am just in the process of finding out. A year from now I hope I will be able to tell you a great deal moi-e than at present. Last year I built one, silo, 2-4 feet in diametei- and 30 feet high. 1 got started late in the season, and only got it about two-thirds full. I used that feed in the muddy period along about the last of February. This year I raised^ that silo 12 feet and built another one just like it. They are both practically full. I expect to open those silos some time the first of the year and use them on my stock. There is one thing that I can tell you about, and that is tile expense of operating. Tn these two silos were put about 11 (• 134 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE aeres of corn at 55 to 60 cents a bushel. I can't get my corn husked for less than 5 cents a bushel. I figured the total cost of putting that in the crib and the total expense of putting that corn into the silo. It cost me 80 cents more per acre to put it in the silo than if I had left the stalks in the field and husked the corn and put it into the crip. It seems to me there is no business in the world that would stand the loss of this corn going to waste. In a year like this, when corn is spoiling in the fields, there is nothing that I am so thankful for as that I have that 110 acres of corn in the silo where it is just like canned corn in the shell. It will make about $3.50 to $1 an acre — 5 cents a bushel for husking, 55 bushels to the acre, and 80 cents an acre on top of that. There is a question of how much that corn went to the acre. They tell us that good corn will make ten tons of silage to the acre ; I have my doubts about that. I think about seven or eight will come nearer to it. Mr. Gunn : Mr. Ames and myself filled two silos, and they averaged 65 cents a ton for filling. Mr. Brockway: I am very sure it will cost a man more the first year than ever afterwards. I can see now where I can put it up a good deal cheaper another year than I did this. I would like to say in regard to this snap corn — I used to use it a good deal — that I find running it through an ensilage cutter improves it a great deal. Just at present I am running about 100 bushels of snap corn with about 1,000 pounds of alfalfa hay. Mr. Murray : It is not profitable to feed snap corn in the ears where there are not plenty of hogs to follow, because they will waste it. Mr. Gunn : I Avould like to ask Mr. Murray, if he was buy- ing snap corn, how many more pounds would he take to the bushel than of ear corn? Mr. IMurray : Five pounds more ; there is five pounds difference between the ear corn and the snap corn. President Sykes: Since hearing Humphrey Jones' lecture last winter, I am thoroughly convinced that the time is not far distant when we must adopt the silo, and, as ]Mr. Brockway has said, can up some of this corn, so that we w\\\ not be caught with it out in the snowbanks and sleet and mud, as it is at the present time. The meeting thereupon adjourned. :-ijr;i.rj)i>U)A lo 'i'/.:ii/:T>iy.M;ui /.v/oi ;iki xci bill; liB'i arijjy jswol 9iiJ lo ^oUoq -.'(li a-aad Horl li .vi;)y 111// •/■.>iil Jesi.'jfli '<.6A' JB-iiJ ni btia ,-iist btjofiBlud [law a ^tvijil tuiK {ij o; iioiJlaoQ ai JSiiJ [SziBt 9.i£Js 9jdr io '{M -^ ■jfafTf^f^/^sed aiiT siiivBfC lo noiiijjwqai •i:jYO 1o abuuoig diij rji) aJne>int)/uiinui ja MiBifn-tq -tbsifi 07/ i8yv^ airtT ciriJ lo tuiBaooiiJ b'^ibauil ^nO .sijiiloh bnisauoifi vrtit litiij fwihnriri -juo ailJ ttToa cajs I bus .^!c(paa*!^/7T»ipip^l^tl^YP'(5Jlt5i I'lOiacrs 8iiw jai/ooiii Oil bad 'itisl 9riJ to VijfaaeaboV/ tnu; viii'.iiHi' !" n> 'n>>^ vm ^nov/ odv/ a-itidiuaui sgiBl ydT lol ^9X101X1 aidj saiJBiTxtoaUiitLJji ;(oo7 y^wir nnq ruli lol aJ9i§9i ei9'/ eMWk^.fu3,A^^^-^io diiW a-tBlIob bn«?.uorij Convention wa's'eSfecj jf| oij^(l^£:^'9 •^§I,'^;''i}ir^^'^^ the State Board of AgriQ^lti^rft, ^,ii jj;,hik Am, ^h[o-^'i mii uj-d jon bib Prayer was offered by Re\k Ij'Mfti'^V'l^hf H$ ^l^^s mln-^ey.^'^' '"'"^ The president appointed the follewi'Dg'tjommitteesti >/i'.> > /t'^v Unn Committee on Credentials: John Ledge^j\jVp()4,oJf,Pee^i;^r,co^ip,^^. J. W. Coverdale of Clinton county, and S. L.- 'Watt.pf ^afi-cauutXoi Committee on Resolutions: T. E. Grissel of Guthrie ' ctMiilty,"T: W. Pureoll of Franklin county, and B. F. Felt, Jr., of Cl'^y county. ~'iii)!,ii.' 11:' Vice-President Brown was called to the chair and Pret^jii^t Cameron made the following address: in-^di •I PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. The Iowa State Fair and Exposition is fast coming to the front as \\hat its supporters have always contended it is — one of the greatest educa- tional institutions of the state. Here the practical demonstrations of the. scientific education of agriculture in all its forms are exhibited. It is here the father, mother, son and daughter who are unable to attend the agricultural and domestic science schools can attend this annual gather- ing of all the resources of the state and go home imbued with the desire to become more efficient in their work; they not only see but have oppor- tunity to talk with exhibitors in all departments, thereby receiving in- formation they could not have obtained had they not attended the fan-. The reason I make the assertion that the farmers of the state are anxious for information is the yearly increase in the number of them who used to attend the fair a day or two, but who now bring their families and camp, or procure rooms and remain the entire week. The number of campers has more than doubled the last few years. The number of peo- ple who passed through the gates this year was more than for any year 'in the history of the fair, with Thursday and Friday rainy days. Peo- ple are bound to come to the fair if you have these things there that they aje interested in, and the more interest there is for them the longer \m IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Ihey will stay. It has been the policy of the Iowa State Fair aud Ex- position to try and have a well balanced fair, and in that way interest all the people who attend. It is with pride I speak of it. Iowa has tae reputation of having the best balanced of any of the state fairs; that is where its success has been — catering to all the people. This year we made permanent improvements on the grounds of over one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. One hundred thousand of this amount was appropriated by the general assembly, and I am sure the members who were present on Tuesday and Wednesday of the fair had no regrets for the part they took in appropriating this money for the large and commodious grand stand that was built with the money. We were unable to complete the stand with the appropriation made, as the lowest bid we had for completion of the ten sections was one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. With only one hundred thousand available we had to omit the interior and the back walls, but it certainly was a great im- provement over the old wooden structure that was torn down and one did not hear the people talk about fire or panic. We erected another new brick cattle barn, and also another brick horse barn. When these cattle and horse barns are finally completed they will each be under one roof, and very convenient not only for exhibitors but for all who attend tuc fair. We are striving each year to better our facilities for handling the people to and from the city, and with the new arrangements now I eing made between the city and the street railway company I think another year you will find a great improvement along this line. There has been a growing demand among exhibitors to erect perma- nent buildings of their own on the fair grounds, but up to this time the general arrangement of the grounds was such that we could not assign them space. This year has definitely settled the permanent improve- ments on the grounds and I think next year you will see some very creditable buildings erected by the exhibitors. We allow no permanent buildings that are not constructed of brick, stone or cement. The Iowa State College of Agriculture occupied the entire building formerly known as the Women's Building, and every person who visited the exhibit was not only pleased but received a great amount of informa- tion from the different departments of the school. In the south end of the building a lecture room was set off and at different hours of the day lectures were given by the professors of the different departments. One department in this exhibit was very interesting to me for the reason of the intense interest taken; this was the domestic science instruction given each day by the lady in charge. Practical demonstrations were given in this work and one always found the room full of young ladies — and old ones for that matter — eager for information in this line. The other schools of the state have made application for space and it will not be many years before you will see practical demonstrations of their work. The Board ot Control had an exhibit showing the work done in their institutions. All of these help to interest the people, showing what our institutions are doing along these lines. By concentrating the exhibits at one place like the State Fair and Exposition people who are unable to visit the dif- ferent state institutions can see and judge of the work for which they are taxed to maintain. TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART V 137 In Iowa, with all the natural advantages with which nature has en- dowed her, and the interest the people are taking to make the most of them and continue to exhibit them at our fair, it will not be long known as a fair, but as Iowa's greatest exposition. What I would like to see erected on the grounds is a large machinery building with a track run- ning through the center whereby the machinery could be unloaded in the building. This not only would be a saving to the exhibitors in this de- partment, but would bring other exhibitors that otherwise would not come. Another very interesting thing would be a process or manu- facturers building, showing the process of manufacturing as it is done In the factories. Iowa is fast coming to the front as a manufac- turing state, and in this building people could see the method of manu- factures. Not only would it be interesting but it would be a great ad- vertisement for the products of the state in these lines. The time is not far distant when it will be necessary to cover the walks from the steam and street car stations and to all the permanent buildings on the grounds, and when that time comes rainy weather will cut but little figure with the attendance, for patrons can visit all the exhibits regard- less of the weather. The Board of Directors feel very grateful to the press of the state, the exhibitors and the patrons of the fair for the interest they have shown in making Iowa's annual exposition a success. Mr. President: We will now listtMi to tlie report of Secretary J. C. Simpson for 1909. SECRETARY'S REPORT. In Iowa the year 1909 will be remembered by agriculturists for its va- riety of weather during the crop growing season. The rainy weather at corn planting time continued far into June. Thousands of acres of land prepared for corn was never planted. A great deal of corn was planted which the farmer was never able to cultivate more than once or twice, and in some localities, especially in southern Iowa, fields in large num- bers were planted and never cultivated at all. Xor was the wet weather in the early part of the season alone responsible for the poor condition of many of our fields. The lack of rain, in certain portions of the state, during the month of August, was very harmful to the making of a good corn crop. Mr. Chappel, director of the weather and crop service, will read to y^u today his report and fi'ial summary of crops for the year. While I have not received any intimation of what his report will show, I feel quite certain that the government estimate of this year's corn crop is high. While the production of farm crops has not been so abundant for the year 1909 as in previous years, prices have been better all along the line; so that the net income to the farmer for his year's work will be greater. Prices received for cattle and hogs have steadily increased sincr the first of the year. Cattle have sold as high as $9.25; this being, I h<- lieve the highest price paid since 1886. While 1 do not exactly call to mind the highest price paid for hogs, it was around $8.50. Upon thr 6tBei*'s8nrfcefe{'-'0"' I J.sdW .noijisoqxs iasiBeig e'ijwol 8b 3i/d ,ni£i B an present yeai^ Tile raising by poi^ular subscription or over, six hundred thousand dOTars withirC tne pa§t twelve raoirths^ior various purposes hy I'jEii^j'ifi'fi c; sii^'^^iinji siij a anuiio") j3fii £: ^wol .89i'ioJ0i3i siB, xii eaoD the people'orTD'es Moines is rurtrier proof .of this, statement. These sub.- ;;'UiUy- H- ; onivu ^----iJ ^e-a dU'c. oTqosq ^nibU0d"giriJ n: nne .eJsTs ga^m-' scriptions could only have been secured under ,the most layQrable condi- tio^s, wnicn could only exist'm the city under, luve conditions thraush- out tne rutal communities. , ,,. ^, . . ... » +„„ •ul] ':!c :: 3:!LS'T 6)il.t -jgvoo oJ TiB83959n sd IIiw :>! asdw jflB+aiD tfii Jon •id; fio ogiiibliud jcenBxmeg sdJp{|^f^^B snoiJsJa ibo iseiis bas ifiBeJa i^lJTJf lud iuo f!iw ledJeaw vniBi 89ffio& sraii JBiiJ nadw biiB .Bbnuo-is .r,-In myiin^p^Kt .<>ne-sr,ear?ia/g"QT:J> (^liedBigitteStiojsiiibatileBreBitl iMva sst^ bureau of publicity and advertising, giving briefly mjieriaaBScmsrffti'i'KUehl \\^ljiat .littl^^^ijiy^stigatiQn. J, haY,^^j^^e^^x^di^\t%Jir>;^a,UQTi loli&'^jfoSailigi'ed sijic,e4^en^,^,^^-^-engt,heiifd ,i^i^v-;^U^Ilti;iff ^i^i^ portance to the future welfare gg^.^q^^g ^^^^ill^Sq^i ^r>Q^?^ieiJ;"'t-bS'ta^3SW be met squarely upon its merits and considered only in th^t light, and det/as-ia-ptitnie exiienfee' witli6litbe'rf^t;''^'Wi^'^ a-' fcill td'e^felSfish s'titli a bureau was not presented to the last general asseridtrly^ ft'Va&'^flS^'^lifssed with various members during. the aession, most of whom did not consider it of sufficient importance to take up; others looked upon it as merely a scheme to provide some;- j)D^itip4ait iv'jjthT?E Jote?: This indifference with which it was received by those members before v/hom it was laid was ntrt at alTstrahg^l'-^''^^^ '« -'--^^^J.-^inyi ed Il:v7 ^0(^1 iBev '.gj by/oI al ' .'i Wei halVfe so lt)ng'!5rif tefa^alctog '5W R ' ia^'i^'S^-g^^uS^/ ^^sFrtlgMerp gfb^^'- ing =corn -and raisibg''bog^,'f'whiJef out-^krlS'^ l&iliig'iS'-i^ iffirel^^'A^fA'^vSlile by leaps und bounds, never giving a tEo^iirM WfS tlie 'futuffe results ^fr obi out decrea'Sihg rural •i)bpula,tibh.'"^I^t ^a^'^aW^fia§^b'een^i'a;ifee^V^npi^;iin effort naMe In tM^^iity'y^ars'WW^&oui-a"gy''''^?iSiifatt6'h''ffo'iVi p'Trr^'state'^Sr encolTrfig6'iiew^feetfy^rs"to ct'^<-drffl'^ftiMf'%(?^Mg! tbf ]^st'^k V^ kPtM ac-reagef-i'n'*our-'faYiils i^ ''fioif ' d%bre^d ^S.n^'-''^' i:['ofe i^k'eh&iv^%f'^tehT''bf farming" ppaaiced, • the 'titf^H^fi^^ (^onife 'W-fietl^lMif y^lft^S'^WilT^-de^Yfea^i jiist as'tTiey have ■4n''al}''«t^e5%ktgr]ft''"''Mt€fe. -^"^Ptl^antfl of 'dtif ^W. faatriersar^ leaving Rnva^^4^h^'y%aT^;'^i* rifimheP&'i^il^tf griik'fer'ffian'btyri aJ*e-'comitfg ih M take their "ttlar('€f."''*fyft' \^^ i^Mcifted "fiy tlie'ltate'^cffel^ gffs of 1905,;^7ia ^e predict •thm'ttie'c'enstil ^'l^(ih'' witl'^tioW'a^'lki^eJ pfet<€entage decrease' ih^O'tir-rur&l 'i^opiilatioii; ""^iferfe iW-e ilib^fe wH6 Xvflj ^mnt to ^iiriflfereia^^ -f&¥i^ ^'r6Mcfibti' krfd'^'eatfy ^ikcyea'se'ln''-fiitfd'*-<^jild^^^ to! ^hb-w th€-'Ta?la-, 7; '-rru' ■■^'■r■n:■ ^'^-^ruc^' •!<»' t, :,,m^ ;•-.■•-.■;.- rtiv^^ t, .-rjo!'- -,.i;TlLe.I.QW^ State Fair, ^or. 1909 Is^^nottLerdemonsti^ation of the forw.ar^l. i^o/5^enaent .^ ;ta- . greater and , bettej ._,t:hings In state, lair .enterprises , and, ajchievements. • . .It illv.strated. ,mpre : pQsitively t.hap .at; ,any, former exhil;)!,-,^ tijon ot this,. great. '^.gricultural exposition thaj; agriculture a.hd agricuir, tu^al teii^encies ar-e the bases upon whiph, the business and educatioual., interests of this great commonwealth are founded. It pointed out w'itb. unmistakable evidence, in every feature of exhibition interest, that the spirit of the times demands improvement and that nothing short of TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 14t progress will satisfy the ambition of its people. This is a great fair, and' its greatness is measured by the loyalty and support of its people as exhibitors and patrons." The Kansas Farmer refers to the last Iowa State Fair in a most pleas- ing manner: "When the State Fair of Iowa closed its gates on the evening of Fri- day, September 3, there ended the greatest agricultural and Uve stock exposition that was ever held in America. The Iowa State Fair im- presses people in various ways but it impresses them all. One man of prominence in racing circles in another state was surprised to learn tnat the racing was not the most prominent feature of this fair as it had always been in other fairs which he had attended. Another man from another state and who is interested in the draft horse business said that he considered this fair to be the greatest state fair in the union because of the prominence given to the heavy horses. Both these gentlemen are correct. "To Iowa is given the credit of creating and maintaining a state fair which is a model after which all others could pattern with profit. Here everything is in the right proportion; everything is represented and yet no feature is dominant. It is complete in every detail and is perfectly balanced. Being the first of a great series of fairs, the preliminary bat- tles in the live stock show rings are fought out here each year and the exhibitor tests his methods of breeding and so marks his progress toward success. No matter how carefully he may have studied the problems of feeding and breeding; no matter how earnestly he may have worked in the care of his animals, he cannot know how well he has succeeded until his own animal, which has been the subject of his care for months, is lined up with others. Then he learns of his success or failure, and it is for these reasons that the Iowa fair is so important to the breeder and exhibitor of live stock. "Iowa stands first in rank of all agricultural states and this proud position has been attained, in no small degree, through the influence of her splendidly managed state fair." Kimball's Dairy Farmer says: "For an all round fair that is truly great, Iowa leads. Other fairs may excel in some particular feature, but none is greater in its entirety. The educational feature of the state fair was brought out better than at previous times." Orange Judd Farmer says: "The great State of Iowa could not well turn off a poor fair if it tried. For years the Iowa state fair has stood right at the head in excellence. It goes without saying that this year was no exception. The state's re- sources in grains and grasses, vegetables and fruits, and last but not least an astonishing exhibit of Iowa-grown alfalfa, were demonstrated in the excellent state and county exhibits." 148 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The St. Paul Farmer says: "The great fairs held in previous years have led Iowa farmers to ex- pect great things of the fair, in which expectations they have never been disappointed. Iowa is pre-eminently a stock growing section. Iowa farmers for many years have believed in diversified farming, and diver- sified farming in turn means live stock farming. In meat production Iowa has been well along towards the top of the list for many years, und to this fact she owes her increasing soil and increasing bank ac- counts. To supply the needs of the Iowa farmers in improving their Mocks and herds there are probably more breeders of pure bred stock in lonm today tJtmi in any other one state in the country. The live stock show at the Iowa State Fair has accordingly grown to be one of the most important live stock shows of every season. Nearly all the great breeders of the country take their exhibits to the Iowa State Fair, the first important fair in the fall circuit, and these foreign exhibits, aug- mented by Iowa exhibits, make up a live stock show, which in point of numbers and excellence is excelled by only the International show." A stronger endorsement of the worth of the state fair in general, and of the last state fair in particular, could not be given than the comments just read from the pens of those so closely in touch with agricultural con- ditions and needs. Never has a better balanced exhibit in all departments of the fair been on exhibition. There were 1,488 exhibitors in the thirteen depart- ments, an increase of one hundred over 1908. The number of entries was 14,748, against 13,081 in 1908. The number of exhibitors and entries in the various departments follow: 1909. 1908. No. of No. of No. of No of exhibitors entries exhibitors entries. Horses 96 1,589 88 1.157 Cattle 82 1,210 82 1.085 Swine 187 2,139 224 2,505 Sheep 30 652 L'C 619 Poultry 79 1,539 ti7 776 Agricultural products ... 131 1,077 107 884 Farm implmts and mchy. 340 319 Pantry and apiary.. 112 1,235 91 1,351 Dairy 125 125 115 115 Horticulture 27 1,157 28 1,046 Floriculture 13 217 19 207 Fine arts 218 3,277 225 3,336 Educational 48 531 1,488 14,748 1,391 13,081 It is with great pride that we can refer to the magnificent exhibit of horses. Never in the history of any show has such a great number or quality of horses been entered and shown. The exhibit of horses was one- third larger than that at the great International Live Stock Show held in Chicago last week. While there was a slight falling off in the number TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 149 of cattle of tho beef type, the exhibit of dairy cattle was the best ever made in Iowa. Over two hundred head of dairy cattle were entered; one herd came from Massachusetts, another from Pennsylvania, three ri'om Wisconsin, one from Illinois, two from Nebraska, and one from Missouri, in addition to the Iowa herds shown. There was also an increase in the number of fat cattle. A less number of hogs was shown, principally for the reason that there lias been a shortage of hogs all season; as to (luality, it was better than ever. More interest in sheep is being taken each year as indicated by the show the sheep men are making. We pre- dict that when it is possible to provide a suitable sanitary sheep barn in which to house this department, the sheep exhibit will be doubled in a few years. The number of animals entered in the live stock departments follow^: 1909 1908 1907 Horses 922 765 472 Cattle 888 820 805 Sheep 650 600 475 Swine 1.950 2,275 2,345 While the threshermen did not make an exhibit this year, the number of exhibitors in the implement, machinery and vehicle departments was larger than ever, three hundred and forty exhibitors showing everything which man could want. There is a noticeable increase of interest by the farmers in silos and the various uses of cement for constructive purposes in farm improvements. The educational exhibit of farm corps made by the State Board of Agriculture was one of the most interesting and edu- cational features ever had at the fair. The showing of alfalfa from over one-third of the counties in the state was a revelation to Iowa people. It simply demonstrated the fact that Iowa soil and Iowa people can raise almost any soil crop when they set themselves to do it. I can best describe the magnitude of the exhibit by telling the number of cars and trains necessary to transport it: Live stock 15 trains of 20 cars each 300 Machinery 15 trains of 20 cars each 300 Other exhibits 5 trains of 20 cars each 100 35 700 The actual attendance this year was 216,840. This will show an in- crease over last year only from the fact that an actual account was kept. upon the number of children admitted free on Saturday, which had never been done before. The attendance less the number of children on Saturday was about eight thousand less than last season. The rain on Thursday was accountable for this. Every day up to Thursday showed an increased attendance over 1908. The rain came down in torrents Wednesday night and continued throughout most of the day Thursday. The records show decreased attendance for this day over 1908 of 22,000. Following is the attendance by days: mi) IOWA DEPAKTMEXT OF ACtHIC'l LTUKE Friday 3,178 Saturday 23,831 Sunday 17,154 Monday 27,608 Tuesday 58,105 Wednesday 58,993 Thursday 15,557 Friday 12,416 Total attendance 216,840 The weather conditions during the period of tlie fair were most un- favorable. At the opening it was hot and dry, no rain having fallen upon the grounds for over four weeks prior to the opening of the fair; the dust was something awful. While the management had three sprinkling wagons going day and night, the hot winds and sun would dry up the water very fast and the grass was brown and full of dust. On Sunday night it turned cold an;T by Tuesday morning overcoats were in order; then the rain came Wednesday night and Thursday, with a good shower on Friday morning. With all of this, the aggregate total receipts from the 1909 fair are but slightly under those for 1908. The decrease in the ticket sales was $2,SS9.85. In other receipts there was an increase of $1,432.59, bring- ing the total receipts of the fair but $1,457.26 less than for 1908. IMPROVEMENTS. One hundred and fifty-seven thousand, six hundred and fifty dollars and thirty-two cents was expended for improvements at the State Fair grounas the past season. Of this amount one hundred thousand dollars was re- ceived from the state by appropriation from the last general assembly for the building of the amphitheater, new track, etc., the balance must be paid for out of fair receipts. In the past two years $115,950.00 has been expended for improvements out of fair receipts. The improvements made from the same source in the past eight years is over one quarter of a mil- lion dollars besides an aggregate net increase of premiums paid to the amount of $100,000.00. The past season saw many needed improvements added. Besides the steel and concrete amphitheater, the track and speed barns weve moved, swine show pavilion finished, additional sections to the ■liven in the financial report. Following is a statement showing amounts expended annually for im- provements in the past eight years and the source from which the money was received. From fair From appropriaca- receipts tion bj' the state ** ^* 1902 $ 26,400.00 $ 37,000.00 $ 63,400.00 1903 18,000.00 .• 18,000.00 1904 12,600.00 47.000.00 59,600.00 1905 12,000.00 12,000.00 1906 30,000.00 30,000.00 1907 ;... 41,400.00 75,000.00 116,400.00 1,08 58,300.00 58,300.00 1909 57,650.00 100,000.00 157,650.00 ^^liM'H^A^i^uli^ f Eiife BOOK-PART V 151 I cannot refrain from referring to the seemingly new interest being taken at the'-'pi*^ent fime in many of the states looking toward a more liberal policj^ 'a^tf' inore permanency- ^n'liuhSitig' of itate fair grouds. I received only-"a''i'4w days ago the reporf^'-'fi^iAi '^{^''Vbirk state upon the reconstructioii Sl^'tteir State Fair. Their- general a^eiflblphas approved the plans pre'sefi'ted which when compl^f I' ii^tt-x^a^'ove^'tXyo 'million dol- lars, $478,000'.dG-hkvlng already been appropriated and ex'i)eiiTtt?cl''i^?i thin the past two years/ In this woHc^tliie'Taii-''c6liiliiis'si8h liars' ttie^'16'Y^l fenljport of Governor Hughes. "^'^ enoiJfii-.oaH,, gcibs.-id i-looJ. .vii .i.-oiiBv laoi^ nr i.r.i:.!- Rmuimsiq Islobu^ ■ r ;.;'.. 1-: ^^M.^^r/fb noicss -iioj ,fe-inrrri rao-ri The total t'tfc^fits of the deiiarimeTiV6aftm\4i<19>^V'ilk®-6eaiJi^eZ3.^Za.'50 T£ building for Rest Cottage 371.90 Band and vaudeville stages at ampi- theater 2,541.78 Ice house 177.75 Team 440.00 Grading 1,833.20 Painting 975.31 Awnings , . . 168.20 Additional toilets 369.90 Additional water supply 237.08 Miscellaneous improvements 1,232.10 $ 17,956.79 $150,208.58 Expense other than for fair, improvements and insurance — Fair grounds maintenance $ 2.348.21 Expenses com. on adulteration of foods, seeds, etc 17.80 1908 claims paid in 1909 726.30 Expenses com. on contagious diseases. 64.05 State Farmers' Institute expense and corn premiums 196.25 State board meetings 419.70 Clerical services 325.00 Books $ 12.23 Supplies 25 Labor at grounds, account Military tournament 27t ' 2 282.30 $ 4,379.91 I'A IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Expense 1909 State Fair— ^^^ Postage $ 847.25 T Advertising 8,177.49 Executive committee meetings 1,084.85 Expense special committee work 1,066.88 Expense privilege department 1,074.80 Expense telegrapli and telephone 351.71 Printing 2,4Uo.91 Forage department 4,783.95 Office salaries 3,676.85 Light and power departments 1,587.01 President's department 117.75 Ticket auditing department 439.35 Police regulation department 2,310.80 Treasurer's department 1,240.71 Music and attractions 15,865.62 Admissions department 2,694.64 Speed department 625.60 Horse department 893.20 Cattle department 783.30 Swine department 643.10 Sheep and poultry department 600.00 Lmplement and machinery department 458.25 Agricultural department 414.19 Dairy department 329.50 Horticultural department 156.15 Judging contest 62.75 Floricultural department 64.00 Educational exhibit of farm crops 2,294.93 Fine arts department 581.40 School exhibits department 196.42 One half expense Iowa State College ex- hibit 757.32 Expense auditing committee 93.10 Ice 292.19 Assistants to superintendent of ground 144.29 Rest Cottage 56.45 Labor pay rolls, grounds department.. 3,900.46 Dues Iowa Association Fair Managers. 8.00 Decorations 347.50 Pleadquarters for camp grounds 69.00 Office boys various offices. Administra- tion building 72.50 Janitor services 246.25 Expense for special days 269.55 Cleaning out amphitheater daily dur- ing fair 90.00 Garbage and scavenger work 290.75 Water 300.80 TENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART V 155 Expense 1909 State Fair— Continiied. Supplies, gtatlonery, etc 475.40 April board meeting 298.50 Pay rolls, team worlt 796. S2 Dues American Trotting Association.. 103.09 Rental tents, chairs, etc 356. fO Gasoline 40.59 Grass seed, plants and shrubbery 362.40 Ribbons, badges, medals and cups.... 734.74 Refund admissions 14.25 Pay roll, caring for closets 214.50 Firing boilers at dining halls 36.00 Photographs 204.20 Dues American Association Fairs and Expositions 25.00 Premiums paid by expense warrants.. 70.00 Miscellaneous expense 377.30 $ 66,963.12 Premiums paid — On horses $ 7,273.00 Cn cattle 10,153 00 On swine 3,035.00 On sheep 2,057.00 Cn poultry 988.50 On agricultural products 2,976.50 On pantry products 793.00 On dairy products 596.81 On horticultural products 907.25 On floriiultural products 884.20 On household and art work 1.812.50 Scholarships judging contests 1,000.00 On school exhibits 261.00 On corn at State Farmers' Institute. . 335.00 On speed contests 9,i90.00 $ 42,262.76 $109,225.88 Total amount of warrants issued. $263,814.37 156 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GENERAL SUMMARY. To credit cash balance No. 30, 1909 $ 4,895.25 To debit by unpaid expense warrants — Issue of 1908 and former years $ 35.00 Issue of 1909 25.72 $ 60.72 To debit by unpaid premium warrants — Issue of 1908 and former years $ 14.00 Issue of 1909 212.74 226.74 Total debit by unpaid warrants.. $ 287.46 To debit by unpaid balances due on contracts $ 7,441.74 To debit by unpaid bills 570.88 $ 8,012.62 Total amount debits Nov. 30, 1909 $ 8,300.08 $ 8,300.08 To debit profit and loss account Nov. 30, 1909 $ 3,314.83 SUMMARY RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION, 1909. To total receipts $137,307.40 To total disbursements $109,225.88 To net profit 28,081.52 $137,307.40 158 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT Showing Receipts and Disbursements of Iowa State Fair and Other Sources and Net Profit of Fair for Each Receipts Year lis ^^ ^ Co (B (u 0; 1) fl CS^ > a*" From state fair O qO From other sources Total re- ceipts for year o ■d CS u O s 3 1890 $ 116.79 28,016.55 34,244.93 30;372.25 28,963.11 29,657.23 39.976.34 50,294.87 35,327.90 25,328.73 f 36,6:3.10 50,712.91 63.084.71 ^ 7,000.00 1,000.00 38,000.00 1,000.00 48,030.00 1,003.00 1,000.00 73,00-3.00 i.oo').n' 101,000.00 •? 6,710.22 2,753.82 3,037.06 3,110.79 2,623.03 2,840.92 3,n7.10 5,452.34 3,2fi-3.9.' 5,257.42 1 50,332.32 S .50.449.11 $ 16,404.29 1901 .. 54,466.73 104,121.77 03,979.35 110,722.39 88,627.17 115,647.01 185,809.0i> 143,027.61 243,564.82 83,083.28 138,366.70 94,351.00 145,685.50 118,284.4:1 155,623.35 236,103.96 178,355.51 268,893.55 19,203.83 1902 $ 12,000.00 21, 736. ,31 1903 15,030.00 59,838.56 15,000.00 66.100.36 23,813.13 1