COLOR KEY

TO NORTH

AMERICAN

BIRDS

C HESTER A.REED

FOR THE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

I

AMERICAN SPARROW HAWKS.

COLOR KEY TO

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

-•

FRANK M. CHAPMAN

ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF ORNITHOLOGY AND MAMMALOGY
IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Author of " Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America,
"Bird-Life," Etc.

With Upward of 800 Drawings

BY

CHESTER A. REED, B. S.

NEW YORK
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY

IQC3

COPYRIGHT,
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO.,

*9j) f£f S. fas **¥.

PREFACE.

CO learn to call a bird by its right name is the first step in the
study of ornithology. We may propose to investigate the
structure, food, and habits of the birds of the world, or de-
sire merely a superficial knowledge of the species found in our garden,
but in either case we are at once confronted by this question of identi-
fication.

From the scientific point of view there is but one satisfactory way to
identify a bird. A specimen of it should be in hand in order that its
form, color, and size may be accurately determined, when, with the
aid of analytical keys, with which most text-books are provided, it is
a simple matter to ascertain the bird's name.

Wide experience has shown the writer, however, that where one
dead bird is identified, hundreds of attempts are made to name the
living bird in nature. This is to be expected. It is the natural out-
come of the. recent remarkable interest in the study of birds which,
fostered by Audubon Societies and nature study teachers, has assumed
an ethical and educational importance of the first magnitude.

We cannot place a gun in the hands of these thousands of bird-
lovers whom we are yearly developing; indeed most of them
would refuse to use it. Specimens, therefore, are rarely available to
them and we should make some special effort to meet their peculiar
wants. The present volume has been prepared with this end in view.
Identification of the bird in the bush is its sole end; an end, however,
which we trust will prove but the beginning of a new and potent

interest in nature.

Frank M. Chapman.

American Museum of Natural History ,
New York City, 1903.

iii

ILLUSTRATIONS.

The illustrations in this volume are designed to aid the student in
identifying birds in their haunts by giving, in color, those markings
whick most quickly catch the eye. They do not pretend to be perfect
reproductions of every shade and tint of the plumage of the species
they figure, but aim to present a bird's characteristic colors as they
appear when seen at a distance. It was impracticable to draw all the
birds to the same scale but all those on the same page are so figured.
Reference should always be made, however, to the measurements given
at the beginning of each description. The figures are based on the
male bird.

IV

CONTENTS.

Page
INTRODUCTION 1

How to Learn a Bird's Name 1

How Birds Are Named 4

Synopsis of Orders and families of North American birds 9

Color Key to North American birds 41

Systematic Table of North American Birds 257

INDEX 291

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

d\ The sign of Mars, signifying male.
9. The sign of Venus, signifying female.
Ad Adult, a bird in fully mature plumage.

Yng. Young, a fully grown bird which has not yet acquired the plu-
mage of the adult.
L. Length, the distance from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail.

This measurement is made from dead birds, birds in life appear

somewhat shorter.
W. Wing, the distance from the 'bend' of the wing to the end of the

longest feather
T. Tail, the distance from the insertion of the tail-feathers to the end

of the longest one.
Tar. Tarsus, the distance from the heel to the insertion of the toes,

or of the so-called 'leg.'
B. Bill, the distance from the feathers at the base of the bill above to

its tip.
Note. All measurements are in inches and tenths, and a variation )f
about ten per cent, from the figures given may be expected. The num-
ber before the name of each species is that of the American Ornitholo-
gists' Union's 'Check-List of North American Birds.'

VI

INTRODUCTION.

HOW TO LEARN A BIRD'S NAME.

"How can I learn to know the birds?" is the first question of the
seeker after bird-lore. The scientist's reply, "By shooting them and
studying their structure and markings in detail," may do for the few
who, like himself, desire to know the birds scientifically; but it is em-
phatically not the answer to give the ninety and nine who, while they
desire to secure an intimate, accurate knowledge of birds, will not gain
it at the sacrifice of bird-life.

In the present volume, therefore, an attempt has been made so to
group, figure, and describe our birds that any species may be named
which has been definitely seen. The birds are kept in their systematic
Orders, a natural arrangement, readily comprehend, but, further than
this, accepted classifications have been abandoned and the birds have
been grouped according to color and markings.

A key to the Orders gives the more prominent characters on which
they are based; telling for example, the external differences between a
Duck and a Grebe. In comparatively few instances, however, will the
beginner have much difficuly in deciding to what Order a bird belongs.
Probably eight times out of ten the unknown bird will belong to the
Order Passeres, or Perching Birds, when one has only to select the
color section in which it should be placed, choose from among the
colored figures the bird whose identity is sought, and verify one's
selection by reading the description of the bird's characteristics and
the outline of its range.

1

How to Learn a Bird's Name.

In the case of closely related species, and particularly subspecies, the
subjects of range and season are of the utmost importance. Most sub-
species resemble their nearest allies too closely to be identified in life
by color alone, and in such cases a bird's name is to be learned by its
color in connection with its distribution and the season in which it is
seen.

During the breeding period, unless one chance to be in a region
where two races intergrade, subspecific names may be applied to the
bird in nature with some certainty, for it is a law that only one sub-
species of a species can nest in the same area; but during migrations,
and in the winter, when several subspecies of one species maybe found
associated, it is frequently impossible to name them with accuracy.

For example, during the summer one need have no hesitancy in call-
ing the Robins of the lowlands of South Carolina the Southern Robin
{Merula migratoria achrustera;) but later, when the Northern Robins
{Merula migratoria) begin to appear, it would be difficult, if not im-
possible, to distinguish them in life from the resident birds.

If it were possible to impress the student, who proposes to name the
bird in the bush, with the absolute ?iecessity for careful, definite observa-
tion he would be saved many disappointing and discouraging experi-
ences.

It is not possible to examine your bird too thoroughly. Never be
satisfied with a superficial view and a general impression. Look at
your bird, if you can, from several points of view; study its appearance
in detail, its size, bill, crown, back, tail, wings, throat, breast, etc., and
at once enter what you see in a note-book kept for that purpose. In
this way, and this way alone, can you expect to compete with those
who use the gun.

It does not follow, however, that because one does not collect speci-
mens of birds one cannot study them scientifically. While the student
may not be interested in the classification of birds purely from the
standpoint of the systematist, he is strongly urged to acquaint himself
with at least the arrangement of the Orders and Families of our birds
and their leading structural characters.

2

How to Learn a Bird's Name.

To the student who desires to prepare himself for his work afield
such a study may well come before he attempts to name the birds.
But where the chief end in view is to learn a bird's name, the more
technical side of the subject may be deferred. In any event, it should
not be neglected. This orderly arrangement of knowledge will not
only be of practical benefit in one's future labors but it will bring with
it that sense of satisfaction which accompanies the assurance that we
know what we know.

As one learns to recognize bird after bird it is an admirable plan to
classify systematically one's list of bird acquaintances under their
proper Orders and Families. These may be learned at once from the
systematic table at the end of the book, where the numbers which pre-
cede each species are arranged serially, and hence systematically.

In some instances, as an aid to identification in the field, descrip-
tions of birds' notes have been included. It is not supposed that these
descriptions will convey an adequate idea of a bird's song to a person
who has never heard it, but it is hoped that they may occasionally lead
to the recognition of calls or songs when they are heard.

An adequate method of transcribing bird's notes has as yet to be
devised and the author realizes only too well how unsatisfactory the
data here presented will appear to the student. It is hoped, however,
that they may sometimes prove of assistance in naming birds in life.

As has been said before, the aim of this volume is to help students
to learn the names of our birds in their haunts. But we should be do-
ing scant justice to the possibilities of bird study if, even by silence,
we should imply that they ended with the learning to know the bird.
This is only the beginning of the quest which may bring us into close
intimacy with the secrets of nature. The birds' haunts and food, their
seasons and times of coming and going; their songs and habits during
courtship, their nest-building, egg-laying, incubating and care of their
young, these and a hundred other subjects connected with their lives
may claim our attention and by increasing our knowledge of bird-life,
add to our love of birds.

3

HOW BIRDS ARE NAMED.

Birds have two kinds of names. One is a common, vernacular, or
popular name; the other is a technical or scientific name. The first is
usually given to the living bird by the people of the country it inhabits.
The second is applied to specimens of birds by ornithologists who
classify them.

Common names in their origin and use know no law. Technical
names are bestowed under the system of nomenclature established by
Linnaeus and their formation and application are governed by certain
definite, generally accepted rules. The Linnaean system, as it is now
employed by most American ornithologists, provides that a bird, in ad-
dition to being grouped in a certain Class, Order, Family, etc., shall
have a generic and specific name which, together, shall not be applied
to any other animal.

Our Robin, therefore, is classified and named as follows:

CLASS AVES, Birds.

ORDER PASSERES, Perching Birds.

Sub-order Oscines, Singing Perching Birds.

Family Turdidce> Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats, Bluebirds, etc.

Sub-family Turolimz, Thrushes.

Genus, Merula y Thrushes.

Species, migratoria, American Robin.

The Robin's distinctive scientific name, therefore, which it alone
possesses, is Merula migratoria. There are numerous other members
of the genus Merula, but not one of them is called migratoria, and this
combination of names, therefore, is applied to only one bird.

It should also be observed that, under what is known as the 'Law of

4

How Birds are Names.

Priority,' the first specific name properly given to an aaitnal is the one
by which it shall always be known, provided of course, the same name
in combination with the generic term employed, has never been used
for any other animal.

The questions Why use all these Latin terms? Why not call the bird
"Robin" and be done with it? are easily answered. Widely dis-
tributed birds frequently have different names in different parts of their
range. The Flicker {Colaptes auratus) , for instance, has over one hun-
dred common or vernacular names. Again, the same name is often
applied to wholly different birds. Our "R.ohm(Merula migrator ia) is not
even a member of the same family as the European Robin (Erithacus
rubecola. ( If, therefore, we should write of birds or attempt to classify
them only by their common names we should be dealing with such un-
fixed quantities that the result would be inaccurate and misleading.
But by using one name in a language known to educated people of all
countries, a writer may indicate, without danger of being misunderstood,
the particular animal to which he refers. Among people speaking the
same tongue, where a definite list of vernacular names of animals has
been established, they can of course be used instead of the scientific
names.

Such a list of North American birds has been prepared by the Amer-
ican Ornithologists' Union. It furnishes a common as well as scientific
name for each of our birds, and is the recognized standard of nomen-
clature among American ornithologists. The names and numbers of
birds employed in this 'Color Key' are those of the American Ornithol-
ogists' Union's 'Check-List of North American Birds.'

It will be observed that in this 'Check-List,' and consequently in the
following pages, many birds have three scientific names, a generic,
specific, and sub-specific. The Western Robin, for example, appears
as Merula 77iigratoria propinqua. What is the significance of this third
name?

In the days of Linnaeus, and for many years after, it was supposed
that a species was a distinct creation whose characters never varied

5

How Birds ark Named,

from a recognized type. But in comparatively recent years, as speci-
mens have been gathered from throughout the county inhabited by a
species, comparison frequently shows that specimens from one part of
its range differ from those taken in another part of its range. At in-
tervening localities, however, intermediate specimens will be found
connecting the extremes.

Generally, these geographical variations, as they are called, are the
result of climatic conditions. For instance, in regions of heavy rain-
fall a bird's colors are usually much darker than they are where the
rainfall is light. Song Sparrows, for example, are palest in the desert
region of Arizona, where the annual rainfall may not reach eight inches,
and darkest on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, where the
annual rainfall may be over one hundred inches. In going from one
region, however, to the other the gradual changes in climate are ac-
companied by gradual changes in the colors of the Song Sparrows, and
the wide differences between Arizona and Alaska Song Sparrows are
therefore bridged by a series of intermediates.

Variations of this kind are spoken of as geographic, racial, or sub-
specific and the birds exhibiting them are termed subspecies. In nam-
ing them a third name, or trinomial, is employed, and the possession of
such a name indicates at once that a bird is a geographic or racial rep-
resentative of a species, with one or more representatives of which it
intergrades.

Returning now to the Robin. Our eastern Robins always have the
outer pair of tail-feathers tipped with white and, in adults, the back is
blotched with black; while Robins from the Rocky Mountains and west-
ward have little or no white on the outer tail-feathers, and the back is
dark gray, without black blotches. These extremes are connected by
intermediate specimens sharing the characters of both eastern
and western birds. We do not, therefore, treat the latter as a species,
but as a subspecies, and consequently, apply to it a subspecific name
or trinomial, Merula mlgratoria propinqua, {propinquity meaning nearly
related).

6

How Birds Are Named.

A further study of our eastern Robin shows that in the southern
part of its breeding range (the Carolinas and Georgia), it varies from
the northern type in being smaller in size and much paler and duller in
color; and to this second geographical variety is applied the name
Merida migratoria achrustera, (achrustera, meaning less highly colored).

It may be asked, Why give names to these geographical races? Why
not call eastern, western and southern Robins by one name, Merula
migratoria, without regard to their climatic variations?

In reply, two excellent reasons may be given for the recognition of
subspecies by name; first, because in some cases they differ from one
another far more than do many species, when it would clearly be in-
advisable to apply the same name to what are obviously different
creatures. For example, it has lately been discovered by Mr. E. W.
Nelson that the small, black-throated, brown-breasted, Quails or Bob-
whites of southern Mexico, through a long series of intermediates in-
habiting the intervening region, intergrade with the large, white-
throated, black-and-white breasted, Bob-white of our northern states.
It would be absurd to call such wholly unlike birds by the same name,
nor could we give a full specific name to the Mexican Bob-white since
at no place can we draw a line definitely separating it from the northern
Bob-white. Furthermore, the use of only two names would conceal
the remarkable fact of the intergradation of two such strikingly differ-
ent birds; a fact of the first importance to students of the evolution of
species.

For much the same reason we should name those birds which show
less pronounced variations, such as are exhibited by the Robin. Here
we have a species in the making, and in tracing the relation between
cause and effect, we learn something of the influences which create
species. Thus, climate has been definitely proven so to alter a species,
both in size and color, that, as we have seen in the case of the Song
Sparrows, marked climatic changes are accompanied by correspond-
ingly marked changes in the appearance of certain animals. In nam-
ing these animals we are, in effect, giving a 'handle to the fact' of their
evolution by environment.

7

How Birds Are Named.

The study of the distribution of birds and the mapping of their
natural life-areas are also intimately connected with this recognition
by name of their geographical variations, but into this phase of the
subject we will not enter.

Since it is evident that a bird may vary much or little, according to
the governing conditions and its tendency to respond to them, no
fixed rule can be laid down which shall decide just what degrees of
difference are deserving a name. It follows, therefore, that in some cases
ornithologists do not agree upon a bird's claim to subspecific rank.

In North America, however, questions of this kind are referred to a
committee of seven experts of the American Ornithologists' Union,
and their decision establishes anomeclature, which is accepted as the
standard by other American ornithologists and which has been adopted
in this volume.

Foreign birds of wholly accidental occurrence, most of which have been
found in North America but once or twice, are included in the systematic
list of North America birds, but are not described or figured in the body
of the book, where their presence would tend to convey an erroneous im-
pression of their North American status. Furthermore, records of the
presence of birds so rare as these can be properly based on only the
capture of specimens.

In the preparation of the following pages both author and artist have
had full access to the collections of the American Museum of Natural
History, and they are also glad to acknowledge their indebtednesss to
William Brewster of Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Robert Ridgway,
Curator of Birds in the United States National Museum, and to C.
Hart Merriam, Chief of the Biologic Survey, for the loan of specimens
for description and illustration.

SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES
AMERICAN BIRDS.

OF NORTH

The figures are all life-size, except as stated.

WATER BIRDS.

Order I. Grebes, Loons, and Auks. PYGOPODES.

(3 families, 32 species, 3 subspecies.)

Duck-like birds with the bill usually pointed, never wider than high,
and without fTutings, 'gutters,' or serrations on its side; wings short,
never with a bright colored patch or 'speculum'; tail rudimentary, not
noticeable; toes webbed or lobed. Color usually blackish above, white
below; the throat often dark. The Grebes and Loons, when pursued,
dive rather than fly; the Auks usually take wing.

PIED-BILLED GREBE.

Family i. GREBES. PODICIPID/E.

Toes four, with lobate webs; tipped with a broad nail; tail wanting.

FOOT OF RAZOR-BILLED AUK.
9

Synopsis of Orders and Families-

LOON.
Family 2. LOONS. GAVIID^.

Toes four, webbed; toe-nails not broad and flat; tail present.
Family 3. AUKS, MURRES, AND PUFFINS. ALCID/E.
Toes three, webbed; toe-nails sharp; tail present.

Order II. Gulls, Terns, Jaegers, Etc. LONGIPENNES.

(3 families, 42 species, 1 subspecies.)

Birds generally seen on the wing, as a rule, over water. Bill strong,
thick; hooked in the Gulls and Jaegers; sharply pointed in the
Terns; often colored in part yellow or red; wings very long, the outer
feathers much the longest; tail usually short and square in the Gulls,
long and forked in the Terns; toes webbed. Color usually pearly gray
above, white below in adult Gull and Terns; Jaegers and many young
Gulls are dark.

PARASITIC JAEGER.

Family 4. SKUAS AND JAEGERS. STERCORARULVE.

Toes four; three front ones webbed; bill with swollen, hooked tip, its base with a
scaly shield.

10

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

HERRING GULL.

COMMON TERN.

Family 5. GULLS AND TERNS. LAPID/E.

Toes usually four, three front ones webbed; upper mandible curved and hooked; tail
usually square (Gulls, subfamily Latinos). Bill straight and pointed; tail often forked
(Terns, subfamily Sternince).

BLACK SKIMMER.
11

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Family 6. SKIMMERS. RYNCHOPID/E.

Toes tour, three front ones webbed; bill thin and blade like, the maxilla longer than
the mandible; tail slightly forked.

Order III. Albatrosses, Shearwaters, Petrels, Etc. TUBI-

XARES.
(2 families, 30 species, 1 subspecies.)
Sea-birds keeping, as a rule, well off shore, and flying low, near the
water, often skimming over the waves. Bill, with upper mandible
hooked; nostrils opening through tubes; wings long and pointed; tail
short; feet webbed; hind-toe rudimentary or absent. Color usually
gray or black and white; no bright markings.

BILL OF SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS.

Family 7. ALBATROSSES. DIOMEDE1D/E.

Nostrils opening through tubes, separated and on either side of the bill.

FULMAR.

LEACH PETREL.

FamilyS. FULMARS, PETRELS. AND SHEARWATERS. PROCELLARIID.^

Nostrils joined and situated on top of the bill.

12

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Order IV. Cormorants, Pelicans, Gannets, Man-o'war Birds,
and Tropic-Birds. STEGANOPODES.

(6 families, 19 species, 5 subspecies.)

Large birds, two feet or more in length, varying widely in appear-
ance and habits; in external structure agreeing only in having all four
toes joined by webs.

yellow-billed tropic bird.

Family 9. TROPIC BIRDS. PHAETHONTID^E.

Bill pointed, somewhat tern-like; central tail feathers much elongated; chin feathered..

GANNET.

Family io. GANNETS. SULID/E.

Bill stout, its tip not hooked; chin and eye space bare; tail pointed, its feathers not
'fluted.'

13

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

ANH1NGA.

Family II. ANHINGAS: SNAKE-BIRDS. ANHINGID.-E.

Bill straight and slender; chin and eye space bare; tail rounded; its middle feathers
fluted.

VIOLET-GREEN CORMORANT.

Family 12. CORMORANTS. PHALACROCORACID/E.

Bill with a hooked tip; a small pouch at its base; plumage usually black or blackish.

MAN-O' WAR BIRD-.

14

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

BROWN PELICAN.

Family 13. PELICANS. PELECANIM.

Bill hooked at tip, with a large pouch; tail short, square; eye space bare.

Family 14. MAN-O' WAR BIRDS. FREGATIM.

Bill hooked; pouch small; tail long and forked; eye space feathered.

Order V. Ducks, Geese, and Swans. AXSERES.
(1 family, 49 species, 6 subspecies.)
Birds of familiar form; bill, except in Mergansers or Saw-billecl Ducks,
broad and with rows of 'strainers' or 'gutters' on either side; wings
short, in the Ducks usually with a bright colored patch or speculum;
tail generally short; legs short; feet w r ebbed. Most species, unlike
the Grebes, take wing rather than dive when pursued.

RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.
15

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

MALLARD.

i

Family 15. DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. ANATID/E.

Bill long, narrow, and rounded with tooth-like projections along its sides. (Mergan-
sers. Subfamily Mergince.)

Bill broad, flattened, typically duck-like; tarsus or leg with transverse scales; hind
toe without a lobe. (River Ducks. Subfamily Anatince .)

Bill and tarsus as in preceding, but hind toe with a broad lobe or flap. (Sea and Bay
Ducks. Subfamily Fuligulince.)

Bill proportionately narrower than in the River or Bay Ducks; gutters on its sides
less developed; scales on front of tarsus rounded. (Geese. Subfamily Anserince.)

Large, usually white birds with bare eye space. (Swans. Subfamily Cjgnince.)

Order VI. Flamingoes. ODONTOGLOSS^E.

(1 family, 1 species.)

Bright red or pink and white birds, standing four feet or more in
height; side of the bill with gutters, its end bent downward; wings
rather short; legs long; feet webbed.

16 .

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

AMERICAN FLAMINGO.

Family 16. FLAMINGOES. PHOENICOPTERIM.
Characters of the Family similar to those of the Order.

Order VII. Herons, Bitterns, Ibises, and Spoonbills.

HERODIONES.

(4 families, 19 species, 3 subspecies.)

Long-legged wading birds, generally found along shores or on
muddy flats; bill variable; in the Herons straight and sharply pointed;
in the Ibises, slender, rounded, and curved downward; in the Spoon-
bill, flattened: wings rounded; tail short; legs long; toes all on same
level, long, slender, without webs. Herons and Bitterns fly with a
fold in the neck, the head being drawn in; Ibises and Spoonbills fly
with the neck straight, the head being extended.

17

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

ROSEATE SPOONBILL.

Family 17. SPOONBILLS. PLATALEID^E.

Bill flattened and much broadened at the end; crown and face bare in adults; toes
partly webbed.

WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS.

Family 18. IBISES. IBIDID^E.

Bill long and curved down; its side with grooves; toes partly webbed.

WOOD IBIS.

Family 19. STORKS AND WOOD IBISES. ClCONIIM.
Bill stout, without grooves; tarsus reticulate.

18

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

GREEN HERON.

Family 20. HERONS, EGRETS, AND BITTERNS. ARDEID/E.
Bill usually straight and sharply pointed; lores naked; head feathered; tarsus with
transverse scales; middle toe-nail pectinate or with a comblike edge.

Order VIII. Cranes, Raids, Coots, Galdinudes, Etc. PALU-

DICOL^E.

(3 families, 16 species, 3 subspecies.)

Birds varying greatly in size and appearance, but all agreeing (and
differing from Herodiones) in having the hind-toe elevated, that is, leav-
ing the foot at a higher level than the front toes; tail short; legs
usually long. All fly with the neck extended, a fact by which Cranes
in flight may be known from Herons. Rails are short-winged skulkers
in grassy marshes; Gallinules frequent reedy shores; Coots, which alone
of the Order have webbed (lobate) toes, are as aquatic as Ducks, from
which they may be known by their pointed, white bill, nodding motion
of the head when swimming, and habit of pattering over the water
when alarmed.

SANDHILL CRANE.

19

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Family 21. CRANES. GRUID^E.

Large birds over three feet in length; head partly bare in adults.

^. v\

LIMPKIN.

Family 22. COURLANS. ARAMID/E.

Bill long and slender; head wholly feathered; toes not webbed.

SORA.

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

AMERICAN COOT.

Family 23. RAILS, COOTS, AND G'ALLINULES. RALLID/E.
Bill variable; toes always long, webbed flobedj in only one species; wings short and
rounded; tail short.

Order IX. Snipes, Sandpipers, Curlews, Plovers, Etc.

LIMICOL^E.

(7 families, 55 species, 4 subspecies.)

Generally long-legged, slender-billed birds of shores and mud flats,
and sometimes fields. Most of them are under a foot in length; none
are so large as the Ibises; wings long and pointed; tail short; toes long
•and slender, usually without webs; color generally brown or blackish
above, mottled and streaked with whitish and buff. Many species
utter characteristic piping whistles as they fly or when they take wing.

NORTHERN PHALAROPE.

Family 24. PHALAROPES. PHALAROPODID/E.

Front toes with lobes or webs; tarsus flattened; plumage thick; swimming Snipe.

21

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

BLACK-NECKED STILT.

22

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Family 25. AVOCETS AND STILTS. RECURVIROSTRID/E.

Long legged, wading Snipe; in Avocets toes four, front three webbed; bill recurved;
r n Stilts toes three, almost unwebbed; bill straight.

HUDSONIAN CURLEW.

Family 26. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, ETC. SCOLOPACIM.

Toes usually four; tarsus with transverse scales; bill generally long, slender, and soft,
used as a probe.

23

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER.
Family 27. PLOVERS. CHARADRI1D/E.

Toes usually three, or when four, the fourth rudimentary; tarsus with rounded scales;
bill, as compared with that of Snipe, short and stout.

TURNSTONE.

Family 28. SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. APHRIZIOC.
Toes four, tarsus with transverse scales; bill short, rather hard.

24

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

AMERICAN OYSTER-CATCHER.

Family 29. OYSTER-CATCHERS. H^MATOPODID^E.

Toes three, webbed at base; tarsus stout, with rounded scales; bill heavy, com-
pressed, and said to be used for opening shells.

MEXICAN JACANA.

Family 30. JACANAS. JACANID/E.

Toes four, with their nails greatly elongated to support the bird while walking on
aquatic vegetation; wing, with a sharp spur; bill with fleshy lobes at base and, in some
species, on its sides.

LAND BIRDS.

Order X. Grouse, Partridges, Bob-Whites, Etc. GALLINiE.
(3 families, 24 species, 25 subspecies.)

Ground-inhabiting birds of chicken-like form; bill stout, hen-like; wings
short and rounded; tail variable; feet strong; hind-toe elevated. Color
usually mixed brown, black, and buff, or bluish gray.

25

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

bob-white.

RUFFED GROUSE.

Family 31. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC. TETRAONID^E.

^naracters the same as those of the Order; tarsus naked in Partridges and
guails; more or less feathered in Grouse and Ptarmigan.

26

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

TURKEY.

Family 32. TURKEYS, PHEASANTS, AND CHICKENS. PHASIANIM.
Tarsus naked, often spurred, tail remarkably variable (for example, Turkey, Pea-
cock,); head often with a comb, wattles, or other excrescences.

CHACHALACA.

Family 33. CURASSOWS AND GUANS. CRACID/E.

Large tree-haunting, pheasant-like birds; toes four, all on same level.

Order XI. Pigeons and D.oves. COLUMB^E.
(1 family, 13 species, 3 subspecies.)
Walking birds, feeding both on the ground and in trees; bill slender,
grooved, nostrils opening in a fleshy membrane; tail variable, short and
square, or long and pointed; feet stout, often reddish. Color usually-
grayish brown. Call-notes a characteristic cooing.

mourning dove.
Family 34. PIGEONS AND DOVES. COLUMBID^.
Characters those of the Order.

27

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Order XII. Vultures, Hawks, and Owls. RAPTORES.
(4 families, 56 species, 33 subspecies.)
Generally large birds with hooked bill; strong, heavy feet, and long,
•curved nails ; wings large; tail rather long, usually square.

TURKEY VULTURE.

Family 35. AMERICAN VULTURES. CATHARTID/E.

Bill not strongly hooked; toe-nails comparatively weak; nostrils large, piercing
the bill; head and more or less of neck, bare.

RED-TAILED HAWK.'

28

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Family 36. FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, ETC.
FALCONID/E.

Nostrils opening in a cere at the base of the bill; hook of
bill and claws well developed; plumage firm and close;
tarsus usually largely bare.

«. ^

Y\.

^J\fat Size,

BARN OWL.
29

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Family 37. BARN OWLS. STRIGID/E.

Eyes black, set in a somewhat triangular facial disc; bill more or less concealed by
feathers; nostril opening nt the edge of a fleshy cere; inner edge of middle toe-nail
serrate; no 'ears'; tarsus feathered.

'». V.. v>" i" "'

f A/at. Size.

SCREECH OWL.

Family 38. HORNED OWLS, ETC, BUBONIM.

Eyes yellow or black, set in a circular facial disc; bill more or less concealed by
feathers; nostrils opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; tarsus feathered.

Order XIII. Paroquets and Parrots. PSITTACI.

(1 family, 2 species.)

Usually bright green birds with a heavy hooked bill, broad scooped-
shaped lower mandible; long, pointed wings; tail, in Parrots, general-
ly square; in Paroquets, pointed; feet heavy, two toes in front and
two behind.

CAROLINA PAROQUET.

Family 39. PARROTS AND PAROQUETS.
Characters the same as those of Order.

30

PSITTACID^.

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Order XIV. Cuckoos, Trogoxs, Kingfishers, Etc. COCCYGES.
(3 families, 8 species, 2 subspecies.)
A composite Order of several groups of birds bearing no close rela-
tion to each other. Cuckoos have slightly curved bills, long tails, and
two toes in front and two behind. Trogons have short, rather broad,
stout bills, and soft, loose plumage, often green above, redbelow; moder-
ately long tails; small feet with two toes in front, two behind. King-
fishers have long, rather stout, pointed bills; wings, long; tail, medium;
three toes in front and one behind; middle and outer toes joined for
half their length.

YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO

Family 40. CUCKOOS, AMIS, ETC. CUCULID/E.

Toes two in front, two behind; bill, usually, more or less decurved; tail, long and
rounded, the outer feathers being, generally, much shorter than the middle pair.

COPPERY-TAILED TROGON.

Family 41. TROGONS. TROGONID/E.

Toes two in front, two behind; bill, short; upper mandible decurved and dentate;
tail square; plumage, soft, loose, and generally shining green above.

BELTED KINGFISHER.

31

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Family 42. KINGFISHERS. ALCEDINID/E. '

Legs short; feet small; toes, three in front, one behind; third and fourth toes join-
ed; bill, stout and long.

Order XV. Woodpeckers. PIC I.
(1 family, 24 species, 22 subspecies.)
Climbing birds with stout, pointed bills, bristly nostrils, pointed,,
stiffened tail feathes, strong feet and nails; two toes in front and two
behind, except in Picoides, which has two in front and one behind.
Prevailing colors, black and white, the males usually with red on the
crown.

foot of three-toed

WOODPECKER.

PILEATED WOODPECKER.

Family 43. WOODPECKERS. PlCID/E.
Characters the same as those of the Order.

32

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Order XVI. Goatsuckers, Swifts, and Hummingbirds
MACROCHIRES.
(3 families, 27 species, 6 subspecies.)
Bill, in the Goatsuckers and Swifts, small; mouth large; in the Hum-
mingbirds, bill long, slender, needle-like; wings and tail variable; feet,
in all three groups, small and weak. Color, in Goatsuckers, mixed
brown, burl and black; in Swifts, black and white; in Hummingbirds,
usually shining green above with resplendent throat-patches of varied
hues.

whip-poor-will.

Family 44. GOATSUCKERS, ETC. CAPRIMULGID^E.

Feet usually small and weak; toes, three in front, one behind; middle toe-nail pectin-
ate or combed; bill small; mouth very large and usually beset by long bristles.

CHIMNEY SWIFT.

Family 45. SWIFTS. MlCROSPODIM.
m Bill small, triangular when seen from above; mouth large, no bristles; tail variable,
m Lbcetura with projecting spines; wings long and narrow; feet small and toes short;
plumage usually dark.

RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.

Family 46. HUMMINGBIRDS. TROCHILID/E.

Bill long and slender; feet slender; wings large and pointed; tail exceedingly variable,
often assuming the most striking shapes.

33

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Order XVII. Flycatchers, Jays, Blackbirds, Finches, Swal-
xows, Warblers, Thrushes, and Other Perching Birds. PAS-
SERES.
(18 families, about 325 species and 226 subspecies.)
Bill, wings, and tail variable; feet with four toes not connected, the
riind-toe as long as the middle one; its nail generally longer than that
of the middle toe. This Order contains more species than the re-
maining sixteen Orders put together. In it will be found over 80 per
cent, of the birds commonly seen by field students. It is difficult of
definition, but almost pny small perching bird may, with more or less
certainty, be referred to the Passeres.

PHOEBE.

Family 48. FLYCATCHERS. TYRANN1D/E.

Bill broad, flat, hooked at tip, its base with bristles; wings rather pointed, the se c-
ond to fourth primaries longest; tarsus rounded behind as well as in front; fathers of
crown generally somewhat lengthened, forming when erected, a small crest;pose when
perching, erect; food of insects usually captured on the wing; voice generally unmusical.

HORNED LARK.

Family 49. LARKS. ALAUD1D/E. , , . . . , e t „

Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill rounded, straight; tarsus rounded behind as we

as in front; our species with a tuft of feathers on either side of the head; outer primary

.short or rudimentary; walking birds, singing while on the wing.

34

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

blue JAY.

Family 50. CROWS AND JAYS. CORVID/E.

Large perching birds, usually twelve inches or more in length; bill stout; nos-
trils covered by projecting bristles; feet heavy; outer tail-feathers usually shortest;
iourth to fifth primary longest, first about half as long. .

PURPLE GRACKLE

BALTIMORE ORIOLE.

Family 52. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. ICTERID/E.

Base of bill, between nostrils, extending back and dividing feathers on forehead;
nostrils not concealed by bristles; first three primaries of equal length.

.REDPOLL.

SONG SPARROW.

35

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

EVENING GROSBEAK.

CARDINAL

Family 53. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. FRINGILLID/E.

Bill short, stout, conical; third or fourth primaries longest; first about half an inch
shower; the majority are small birds and but few are over eight inches in length.

SUMMER TANAGER.

Family 54. TANAGERS. TANAGRID^E.

Bill somewhat finch-like but more swollen in outline; the upper mandible, in typical
forms, toothed or dentate.

TREE SWALLOW.

Family 55. SWALLOWS. HlRUNDINlD^E.

Bill short, broad and flat; feet small and weak; wings long and narrow; tail notched
and sometimes forked; birds of the air, feeding while on the wing.

36

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

CEDAR WAXWING.

Family 56. WAXWINGS. AMPELID/E.

Bill short, stout, and rounded, its tip notched; wings rather long; head crested.

NORTHERN SHRIKE.

Family 57. SHRIKES. LANIID/E. Bill stout, its mandible hooked and hawklike;
feet truly Passerine; pose, in perching, erect; solitary grayish birds. . .

Family 58. VIREOS. VlREONID/E.

Bill small but distinctly hooked; outer primary usually very small and sometimes
apparently wanting; olive-green gleaners among the leaves.

37

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

NASHVILLE WARBLER.

YELLOW WARBLER.

AMERICAN REDSTART.

Family 60. WARBLERS. MNIOTILTIM.

Bill, in most of the species, slender, sharply pointed, and without a notch or hook at
the tip; in the genera Wilsonia and Setophaga, flat and flycatcher-like; in Icteria stout;
back of tarsus compressed into a thin ridge; three outer primaries of nearly equal
length.

AMERICAN PIPIT.

Family 61. WAGTAILS. MOTACILLID^E.

Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill slender, nostril not covered with bristles, as_ in
true Larks; back of tarsus thin, not rounded; terrestrial, walking with a wagging
motion of the tail. ■

AMERICAN DIPPER.

Family 62. DIPPERS. ClNCLID/E.

Thick-set birds with short wings and tail; plumage thick and water-proof; tarsus
scaled; semi-aquatic in habit, haunting mountain streams.

38

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

BROWN THRASHER.

HOUSE WREN.

Family 63. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. TROGLODYTID/E.

Tarsus scaled; tail rounded, the outer feathers being shortest; third to fourth primary-
longest, the outer half as long; bill in thrashers often decurved, its base with bristles;
in Wrens, bill without bristles; brown or grayish inhabitants of lower growth.

BROWN CREEPER.

Family 64. CREEPERS. CERTHIIM.

Bill slender and much decurved; tail usually pointed and stiffened.

CHICKADEE. RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.

Family 65. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. PARIM.

Fourth or fifth primary longest; first an inch or less in length. Chickadees (sub-
family Parincv) have a short, stout bill, the nostrils covered with bristles; the tail is
rather long and rounded. Nuthatches (subfamily Sittince) have a long, slender bill,
short, square tail, and large feet.

39

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.

Family 66. KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. SYLVIID^E.

Bill slender and Warbler-like, but first primary only one-third as long as the tourth.

WOOD THRUSH.

Family 67. THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. TURDIM.

Tarsus 'booted', without scales, (see foot of Robin under Synopsis of Order
Passer es)\ tail square; mandible notched and slightly hooked; outer primary an inch or
less in length; second to fourth of about equal length.

40

COLOR KEY TO

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Order I. DIVING BIRDS.

PYGOPODES.

Family 1. GREBES. Podicipid^. 6 species.

Family 2. LOONS. Gaviid/E. 5 species.

Family 3. AUKS, MURRES, and PUFFINS. Alcid^. 21 spe-
cies, 3 subspecies.

Grebes are at home in reed-grown ponds or sloughs where their nests
are made on raffs or islets of water-soaked vegetation. Their eggs
number from four to eight, are dull white in color, and are usually
covered by the bird with a portion of the nesting material when it
leaves its home. Grebes occasionally rest on the shore, but are rarely
found far from the water. When on land they may lie flat on their
breasts or sit erect on their tails and entire foot, or tarsus. Their
progress on land, as a rule, is awkward and they may use their wings
as fore feet to assist them. In diving, Grebes sometimes spring part-
ly from the water and then plunge downward head first, or they may
quietly sink with scarce a ripple to mark the place of their disap-
pearance.

Loons generally pass the summer on some large lake, and in the
winter many of them live at sea. They nest, as a rule, on the shore,
but so near the water that the parent bird may slide off its two dark
brown, mottled eggs into its favorite element. Like the Grebes, Loons
are expert divers, and birds of both families so often seek safety under
the water rather than in the air that it is frequently difficult to make
them fly. The young of both Grebes and Loons are born covered with
feathers and take to the water shortly after birth, often using the back
of the parent bird as an ever present island on which they may rest
at will.

The Auks, Murres, and Puffins are sea birds which nest usually in
large colonies on isolated islets or rocky, inaccessible shores of the
northern part of the northern hemisphere. They lay one or two eggs,
sometimes in an exposed position among the rocks with no attempt
at nest-building, sometimes at the end of a burrow excavated by the
birds. In the latter case, the young are reared in the nest; in the for-
mer, they sometimes enter the water at an early age.

The one egg laid by Murres is remarkable both in color and in shape.
In color it varies from bluish green to buff, and is usually heavily
scrawled with black. In outline it is pyriform or pear-shaped. When
moved it does not roll away as would a hen's egg but revolves about
its own tip. In this manner it retains its place on the narrow
ledges often chosen by Murres for nesting-sites.

42

Grebes and Loons.

2. Holbcell Grebe (Colymbus holbcelli). L. 19.
Ads. Crown and hindneck glossy black; back
blackish; throat, cheeks, and underparts white;
foreneck and sides rufous. Winter. Above blackish
brown; throat and underparts white; foreneck pale
rufous. Yng. Similar but no rufous. Notes. An
explosive kup" and "An exceedingly loud harsh voice
not unlike that of an angry Crow, but of much greater
volume. The calls were also given more slowly and
indeed with singular deliberatioi., car, car, three or
four times, sometimes lengthened to caar, and again,
broken and quavering like ca-a-a-r or ca-a-a-a-r."
(Brewster.;

Range. — North America, eastern Siberia, and Japan; breeds locally
in the interior from about Lat. 50? northward; winters from Maine and
British Columbia southward to South Carolina, Nebraska and
southern California, chiefly on the coasts.

3. Horned Grebe (Colymbus auritus). L. 13.5.
Ads., summer. Crown, hindneck, and throat glossy
black; plumes behind eye deep buff; back and wings
blackish; foreneck, breast, sides, and lores chestnut;
abdomen white. Winter. Above grayish black; be-
low white.

Range. — Northern Hemisphere: breeds largely in the interior from
eastern Quebec, northern Illinois, St. Clair Flats, North Dakota, and
British Columbia northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia
south to Gulf States and southern California.

4. American Eared Grebe (Colymbus nigricollis
calif ornicus). L. 13. Ads. Above, neck all
around, and upper breast brownish black; cheek tufts
yellowish brown; flanks chestnut; belly white.
Winter. Grayish brown above; white below.

Range. — Western North America east to Kansas; breeds locally
from Texas and middle California north to Manitoba and British Col-
umbia; winters from British Columbia, on the Pacific coast, and Texas
southward.

5. Least Grebe (Colymbus dominicus brachypterus).
L. 10 Ads. Throat black; cheeks slaty, above blackish;
below grayish. Winter. Similar but no black or slate
on throat or cheeks. Smallest of our Grebes.

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southern Lower
California south to northern South America.

6. Pied-billed Grebe (Todilymbus podiceps). L. 13.5.
Ads., summer. Above brownish black; throat and band
on bill black; foreneck, breast, and sides brownish;
belly white. Winter. The same, but throat white,
breast more rusty, bill without black band. Notes. A
loud, sonorous, " 'cow- cow- cow -cow-cow- cow-cow- cow-cow-
uh, cow-uh, cow-uh, cow-uk."

Range.— Argentine Republic; north through Mexico and West Indies
to Lat. of Hudson Bay; breeds locally throughout its range, but chiefly
northward; winters from New Jersey, Illinois, and southern California
southward.

43

Grebes and Loons.

I. Western Grebe; Swan Grebe (/Echmophorus oc~
cidentalis). L. 26. Ads., summer. Crown and hind-
neck black; back grayish brown; sides of head and un-
der parts white. Winter. Crown and hindneck like
back. Notes. A loud, rattling, grating whistle.

Range. — Western North America; in summer eastward to Shoal
Lake, Manitoba; northward to southern Alaska; breeds locally from
northern California and North Dakota northward; winters from British
Columbia to Central Mexico.

7. Loon (Gavia intber). L. 32. Ads., summer.
Above, including whole neck, glossy black; throat and
neck with white streaks; back and wings with white
spots or bars; belly white. Winter Above blackish
margined -with grayish', no white spots; below white.
Notes. A loud, maniacal laugh.

Range. — Northern hemisphere; in North America, breeds from
Maine, northern Illinois, Minnesota, and northern California north to
Greenland and Alaska; winters from about southern limit of breeding
range south to Gulf of Mexico, chiefly on coasts.

8. Yellow-billed Loon (Gavia adamsti). L. 36.

Similar to No. 7, but larger and bill yellowish or whitish.
Notes. Similar to those of No. 7, but harsher. (Murdoch.)

Range. — "Arctic America west of Hudson Bay, and northern Asia;
casual in northern Europe." (A. O. U.)

9. Black-throated Loon (Gavia arcticus). L. 27;
W. 12. Ads., summer. Foreneck and back bluish
black; throat, neck, and back streaked or barred with
white; crown and nape gray; belly white. Winter.
Similar to No. 7, but smaller. Notes. A dismal "too-
too-e-e." (Turner.)

Range.— Northern part of northern hemisphere; in America breeds
from Hudson Bay north to Arctic coast; winters south to British Col-
umbia, the Great Lakes and, casually, to Long Island.

10. Pacific Loon (Gavia pacificus). Similar to No.
9, but foreneck in summer reflecting deep blue or green;
hindneck paler; smaller, W. 11. Notes. A harsh "kok,
kok,kok." (Murdoch.)

Range.— Western North America; breeds at Point Barrow, Alaska,
and eastward; winters south along Pacific Coast to Mexico.

I I . Red-throated Loon {Gavia lumme). L. 25. Ads.,
summer. Foreneck chestnut, head and neck ashy.
Winter. Similar to No. 7, in winter, but back spotted
with white. Notes. A harsh "gr-r ga, gr-r, gr-r-ga,
gr-r." (Nelson.)

Range.— Northern part of northern hemisphere; in North America
breeds from New Brunswick to Greenland and Hudson Bay, and
northwest to Alaska; winters south to South Carolina and southern
California.

44

Auk, Murres, and Puffins.

12. Tufted Puffin (Lunda cirrhata). L. 15. Ads.,
summer. Cheeks white; a pair of long straw color
plumes from behind eyes; rest of plumage sooty.
Winter. Cheeks sooty, plumes usually absent. Yng.
Similar to winter adult, but breast and belly whitish.

Range. — Northern Pacific; resident locally from Santa Barbara
Islands north to Alaska. Accidental in Maine.

I 3. Puffin [Fratercula arctica). L. 13; W. 6; B. 1.8.

Ads. Above, and foreneck blackish; cheeks and under
parts white; bill in summer touched with bright red.
Notes. A hoarse croak.

Range. — North Atlantic; breeds from Bay of Fundy north to Green
land; winters south to Long Island.

13a. Large-billed Puffin (F. a. glacialis). W. 7:
B. 2. 1. Similar to No. 13, but larger.

Range. — Arctic Ocean from Spitzenberge* to northern Greenland

14. Horned Puffin {Fratercula corniculata). Simi
lar to No. 13, but in summer with the throat blackish
Notes. "A hoarse snuffling, rattling note" (Nelson.)

Range. "Northern Pacific from Kuril Islands to British Colum
bia." (A. O. U.)

I 5. Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca monoceratd). L.
15.5. Ads., summer. A horn on base of bill; two pairs
of white tufts; above blackish; throat and breast gray-
ish; belly white. Winter. Similar, but no horn. Yng.
Similar to winter ad. but no tufts.

Range.— "North Pacific: breeding south (formerly) to the Far-
allones; In winter south to Lower California and Japan." (A. O. U.)

45

Auks, Murres, and Puffins.

fa.

16. Cassin Auklet. (Piychorhamphus aUuticus).
L. 9. Ads. A white spot above eye; above blackish;
throat and breast grayish; belly white. Notes. A
shrill, squealing "Come hear-r-r, come hear-r-r. 11

Range. — "Pacific Coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to
Lower California;breeding south to San Geronimo Island (Lat. 30 )."
(A. O. U.)

23. Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus).
L. 9.7. Ads. j summer. No crest; above dark brown,
finely mixed with rusty; below white, all feathers edged
with brown. Winter. Wholly different; above gray;
head dark; below white; a nearly complete white
nuchal collar. Yng. Similar to winter ad. but blacker
above; sprinkled with blackish below.

Range. — North Pacific; breeds from Vancouver north to Aleutian
Islands; winters south to southern California.

XX

23.

24. Kittlitz Murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris).
L. 9.5; B., from feathers on top, .4. Ads., summer.
Above gray, mottled with buff; breast and sides mottled
with buff and black; belly white. Winter. Sides of head,
to above eye, and lower parts white; above gray; outer
tail-feathers white.

Range.— Northern Japan. Kamchatka and Aleutian Islands, east to
Unalaska. (A. O. U.)

25. Xantus Murrelet (Brachyramphus hypoleucus) .
L. 10. Bill slender. Ads. Above slaty black; under
surface of wing white; inner webs of outer primaries
white.

ZS.

Range. — Pacific Coast from Monterey south to Cape St. Lucas;
breeding as far north as Santa Barbara Island.

26. Craveri Murrelet (Brachyramphus craveri).
L. 10. Bill slender. Ads. Above slaty or brownish
black; sides slaty; under surface of wings dusky, some-
times mixed with white.

Range. — Coasts of Lower California, from Cape St. Lucas north
to Espiritu Santo Island in the Gulf of California, and to Natividad
Island (lat. 28 °) on the Pacific side. (A. O. U.)

^X J /

34. Dovekie (Alle alle). L. 8. Ads., summer.
Above blackish; inner wing feathers tipped with white;
throat and breast blackish brown. Winter. Similar,
but throat and breast white or mixed grayish.

Range— North Atlantic and East Arctic; in America breeds from Lat.
68 ° northward; winters south to Long Island, rarely to Virginia. Ac-
cidental in Michigan.

46

Auks, Murres, and Puffins.

I 7. Paroquet Auklet (Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus).
L. 10. Ads., summer. No crest; a white plume from
behind eye; above blackish; throat grayer, rest of un-
der parts white. Winter. Throat white. Notes, "A
low, sonorous, vibrating whistle." (Nelson.)

Range. "North Pacific, from Sitka and the Kuril Islands north-
ward.' (A. O. U.) Five records for coast off San Francisco in win-
ter.

I 8. Crested Auklet (Simorhynchus cristatellus). L.
jo. Ads., summer. Bill red; a crest of slender re-
curved feathers; a pair of white tufts from behind eye;
above sooty black; below grayer. Yng. Similar but
bill brown; no crest or tufts. Notes, "A chirping
note," (Nelson.)

Range. — North Pacific from Kadiak and Japan northward." (A. O,

19. Whiskered Auklet (Simorhynchus pygmceus). L.
7.5. Ads., summer. White feathers at base of sides of
bill and, much lengthened, from above and below eye;
a crest of slender recurved feathers; above, and throat
dark slate fading into white belly. Yng. Similar but
no crest; little or no white on head. Notes. "A low
chattering note." (Nelson.)

Range — "North Pacific, from Unalaska through the Aleutian chain
to Kamchatka." (A. O. U.)

20. Least Auklet (Simorhynchus pusillus). L. 6.5.
Ads., summer. No crest; sides of head with white
feathers; above blackish; chin sooty; throat white; under
parts white, marked irregularly with sooty. Winter.
Little or no sooty on breast. Yng. Similar to winter
ad., but no white plumes.

Range. — "North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan north to Bering
Strait" (A. O. U.)

21. Ancient Murrelet (Synthliboramphus antiquus).
L. 10.5. Ads., summer. No crest; head and throat black;
broad white stripes behind eye; back gray; breast and
belly white. Winter. Similar but throat white; no
white head stripes. Notes. "A low plaintive whistle."
(Nelson.)

Range. — North Pacific, from southern Vancouver Island and Japan
northward; south in winter to Monterey, California; accidental in Wis-
consin.

47

Auks, Murres, and Puffins.

27. Black Guillemot (Cepphus grrlle). L. 13. /ids.,

summer. Black; greater wing-coverts white, black at
base; under surface of wings white. Winter. Above
gray or black tipped with white; below white.

Range. — Coasts of northern Europe and North Atlantic; in Ameri-
ca breeds from Knox Co., Maine north to southern Greenland; win-
ters south to Quebec and Massachusetts; rarely to Toronto, Con-
necticut, and Long Island.

28. Mandt Guillemot {Cepphus mandtii). Similar
to No. 27, but bases of greater wing-coverts white.

Ranee. — Arctic regions; breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay
north to northern Greenland and northern Alaska; in winter migrates
but little southward; no satisfactory United States record.

29. Pigeon Guillemot {Cepphus columba). Similar
to No. 27, but inner surface of wings sooty gray. Notes.
A squealing, vibrant whistle.

Range. — North Pacific; breeds from Santa Catalina Island north to
Bering Strait, west through Aleutian Islands to Kamchatka and
northern Japan; winters in same region.

30. Murre {Uriatroile). L. 16; B. 1.7. Ads., sum-
mer. Above and neck sooty brown; under parts and
tips of secondaries white; sides with blackish streaks.
Winter. Similar, but throat white washed with sooty.
Notes. A hoarse murre and squawking a-r-r-r-r-r-rh.

Range. — North Atlantic; breeds in North America from Bird Rock,
Magdalen Islands, north to southern Greenland; winters south to
Maine and, rarely, Ontario.

30a. California Murre {U. t. californicd). Similar
to No. 30 but larger, W. 8. 2; B. 1. 9.

Range. — North Pacific; breeds from Pribilof Islands south to Farall-
ones; winters south to southern California.

3 la. Brunnich Murre {Uria lomvia). Similar to
No. 30, but bill shorter, B. 1.2. In summer,
head and throat browner, lower mandible swollen at
sides and grayish at base.

Range. — North Atlantic and eastern Arctic: breeds in North Amer-
ica from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, north to Greenland; winters
south to New Jersey and along St. Lawrence to Lakes Champlain and.
Ontario, rarely to Lake Michigan.

31. Pallas Murre {U.l.arra). Similar to No.
31, but larger; W. 8.6; B. 1. 5. Notes. "A peculiar
growling or hoarse chattering note." (Nelson.)

Range. — North Pacific; south to Kadiakand Kamchatka.

32. Razor-billed Auk {A lea torda). L. 16.5.
Ads., summer. Above sooty black, foreneck browner;
tips of secondaries, line from bill to eye, and under
parts, white. Winter. Similar, but foreneck white.
Yng. Similar to winter ad. but without eye line. Notes.
A hoarse grunt or groan.

Range. — North Atlantic; breeds from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islan Is,
north to Greenland; winters south to Long Island and, rarely, to On-
tario and North Carolina.

33. Great Auk {Plautus impennis). L. 29; W. 5. 7.
Ads. Above blackish; a large white spot before the
eye; secondaries tipped with white; sides of neck and
the throat seal brown; belly, white. Resembling No.
32 in general appearance but body much larger; wing,
however, shorter.

Range. — Formerly, the coasts and islands of North Atlantic, south on
American side to Florida (in winter?;; now extinct.

48

Order II. LONG-WINGED SWIMMERS.

LONGIPENNES.

Family 1. SKUAS and JAEGERS. Stercorariim. 4 species.
Family 2. GULLS and TERNS. Larid^. 37 species, 1 subspecies.
Family 3. SKIMMERS. Rynchopim:. 1 species.

Skuas and Jaegers are pirates among the birds of the high seas.
Bold and dashing, they pursue the swift flying Terns or much larger
Gulls with equal success, forcing them to drop the fish they have cap-
tured and catching it ere it reaches the water. •

Gulls (Subfamily Lari7ia?) are usually considered so characteristic of
the sea that 'Sea Gull' is the name popularly applied to all members of
the subfamily to which they belong. Several species, however, are
equally at home, both in the winter and when nesting, on the larger
bodies of water in the interior, and one species is rarely or never found
on our sea coasts.

Gulls nest on the ground, on drifts of marsh-grass, on cliffs, and
one species, at least, among American Gulls (the Herring Gull) has as
a result of persecution, acquired the habit of nesting in trees.

Gulls feed from the surface of the water, picking up their food with
their strongly curved bills in passing or while hovering, not by plung-
ing into the water, as do the Terns. They are, in fact, the scavengers
of the water, and perform a service of great value to mankind by de-
vouring the bodies of various forms of aquatic animals which, in dying,
come to the surface and, if cast ashore, might, in decaying, prove a
source of disease.

For this reason it was especially unfortunate that the plumage of
these birds became fashionable for millinery purposes, with the result
that thousands of them were destroyed for their wings and breasts. In
this country, however, through the efforts of the American Ornitholo-
gists' Union and the Audubon Societies, laws have been passed pro-
hibiting the killing of these beautiful and useful birds, and wardens
have been placed on their nesting grounds to protect them.

Gulls often rest in great flocks on the water, sitting high up and
riding the waves buoyantly, but the Terns (Subfamily Ster?ii?i£z), after
they have acquired the power of flight, are rarely seen on the water.
They are lighter, more active birds than the Gulls, with longer wings
and tails, and sharper, more pointed bills. They^ feed largely on small

49

Long-winged Swimmers.

fish (the species called silversides being a favorite) of no value toman,
which they secure by darting from the air with great speed and direct-
ness. When looking for food, Terns usually fly with the bill down-
ward, a habit which will aid in distinguishing them them from the
Gulls, whose bill is carried in a line with the body.

Terns usually nest in large colonies on the beach of some isolated
islet either on our sea coasts or ifi the interior. The nest is generally
composed of a few wisps of sea-weed or grass, or the two or three eggs
are not infrequently laid in a slight hollow in the sand or among the
shells and pebbles.

Like the Gulls, Terns have been slaughtered in enormous numbers
for millinery purposes; but in this country, at least, effective efforts are
now being made to preserve them.

Skimmers nest m numbers on our Atlantic Coast from Virginia
southward, laying their four eggs in a slight depression in the sand.
In feeding, their mouth is held open and the longer, thin, lower mandi-
ble is dropped beneath the surface of the water, when, flying rapidly,
they readily pick up food.

. In young Skimmers, however, the two mandibles are of equal length
and the lower mandible does not become appreciably longer than the
upper one until the birds begin to fly. During the flightless period of
the bird's life, the bill may be used to pick up food along the shore,
but when the power of flight is acquired and with it ability to feed in
the characteristic Skimmer manner, then the peculiar bill of these birds
becomes fully developed.

The young of all the Gulls and Terns are born covered with down
and can leave the nest a few hours after birth. The Noddy, however,
is said to be several weeks in its stick nest, which, unlike other mem-
bers of its group, it often builds in bushes.

The young are colored to harmonize with their usual surroundings.
Young Skimmers are pale, sandy brown, of the same color as the sand
in which they are hatched. Young Terns are darker, and young Laugh-
ing Gulls born in nests of reeds or meadow grasses, are the darkest of
the three.

All young Gulls and Terns have the habit of squatting low near the
ground in the presence of danger and remaining motionless until act-
ually touched when they seem to realize that they have been seen and

trust to their legs for safety.

50

Skua and Jaegers.

35. Skua (Megalestris skua), L. 22. Ads. Above
dark, dirty brown; below paler. Yng. Similar, but
more distinctly streaked with yellowish, especially on
head and neck.

Range.— North Atlantic, chiefly eastern; breeds from Shetland
Islands northward; winters south to Gibraltar, and rarely Long Island.
One specimen from California coast.

36. Pomarine Jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus).
L. 20; B. 1.5. Middle tail feathers rounded. Ads.
light phase. Cap black; throat, breast, and neck, all
around, white tinged with straw; back, lower belly,
upper and under tail coverts brownish slate. Ads.
dark phase. Dark brown, paler below. Yng. Above
blackish brown margined with rusty; below white
margined with dusky and buffy. Notes. "A low,
hoarse, chattering cry." (Nelson.)

Range.- Northern hemisphere; breeds north of Lat. 70 ° ;
winters, mainly at sea, south to South America, southern Africa and
Australia.

37. Parasitic Jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus). L.
17; B. 1.1; its scaly shield longer than distance from
end of shield to tip of bill. Ads. Both phases simi-
lar in color to No. 36, but central tail feathers pointed,
8.6 long. Yng. Similar in color to No. 36 but smaller,
bill shorter, middle tail feathers more pointed. Notes.
"Loud waling cries, interspersed with harsh shrieks."
(Nelson.)

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters
mainly at sea. from California, Great Lakes, and Massachusetts south
to South America.

38. Long-tailed Jaeger (Stercorarius longicaudus).
L. 2i ; B. 1, its scaly shield shorter than the distance from
its end to the tip of bill. Ads. In both phases resemb-
ling No. 36 but central tail feathers pointed and 12 in.
long. Yng. Like No. 36 and No. 37, but to be dis-
tinguished by differences in bill measurements. Notes.
"A hoarse qua, a shrill pheu-pheu-pheu-pheo, when
flying; or a rattling kr-r-r-r-, kr-r-r-r, kr-r-r, kre-kre-.
kre-kre, the latter syllables shrill and querulous."
(Nelson.)

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters
mainly at sea, south to Gibraltar and Gulf of Mexico; one California ^
record. >s >~"

51

Gulls.

39. Ivory Gull (Pagopbila alba). L. 17. Ads. Pure
while; bill yellow; feet black. Yng. Similar, but wings
and tail tipped with blackish; throat dusky.

Range.— Breeds in Arctic regions; winters south to Great Lakes
and British Columbia; rarely to Massachusetts.

40. Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). L. 16. Hind toe
nail a knob. Ads. Head, neck all around, underparts,
and tail white; 3 in. or less, of tips of primaries black.
Yng. Tip of tail, ear-coverts, nape, and wing-coverts
with black; bill black; inner web of primaries with
white. Notes. A rapidly uttered kit-a-wake, kit-a-
wake.

Range. — North Atlantic and eastern Arctic regions; breeds in Amer-
ica, from Gulf of St. Lawrence to Greenland; winters south to Great
Lakes, Long Island and, rarely, Virginia.

40a. Pacific Kittiwake {Rtssa tridactyla pollicaris).
Similar to No. 40, but hind toe more developed; black
tips to 3 outer primaries, 3 in. or nore in length. Notes.
"A shrill, harsh cry when disturbed and a low whistle
when communicating with each other." (Nelson.)

Range. — "North Pacific and Bering Sea; south in winter, casually
to southern California." (A. O. U.)

41. Red-legged Kittiwake (Rissa orevirostris). Ads.

Similar to Ad. of No. 40, but legs red, back and inner

web of primaries darker; bill shorter, 1.2. Yng. Sim-
ilar to No. 40, but no black on tail or wings.

Range. — Coasts and Islands of Bering Sea." (A. O. U.)

54. Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis). L. 18.
Ads. , summer, bill greenish yellow, a black band across
tip; ends of primaries black, a white spot near tip of
outer one. Ads. Winter. Similar, but head and neck
streaked with grayish. Yng. Tail grayish with a
broad black band; primaries black; back brownish gray
and whitish; belly white; end half of bill black.

Range. — North America, coast and Interior; breeds from Newfound-
land, southern Minnesota, and British Columbia northward; winters
from Nova Scotia and British Columbia south to Cuba and Lower
California.

55. Short-billed Gull {Larusbrachyrhynchus). L. 17;
B. 1.50 Ads., summer. Head, neck, tail, and underparts
white. Two outer primaries tipped with black, their
white spaces followed by black; remaining primaries
tipped with white. Yng. Grayish brown; basal half
of tiil pearl. Notes. "A sharp querulous kwew-kwew"
(Nelson.)

Range. — North Pacific; breeds in Alaska and interior of northern
British Columbia; winters on coast from British Columbia to southern
California.

52

Gulls.

42. Glaucous Gull (Larus glaucus). L. 28; W. 17.

i; B. 2.35. No black in plumage. Ads. Primaries
white tinted with pearl; bill with red spot at end of
lower mandible. Yng. Dirty white or gray, mottled
with dusky and buffy, chiefly above; primaries white;
outer webs brownish.

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds in America, from Labrador
northward; winters south to middle California, Great Lakes and Long
Island.

42.1. Point Barrow Gull (Larus barrovianus).
Similar to No. 42, but bill through angle not so deep,
(.8 as compared with .9 in glaucus); primaries more
distinctly tipped with white. Notes, "ku-ku-kii, M-
ku-kil, M-lee-oo, M-lee-oo, M-lee-oo, M-M-M, M-
M-M, the M-M hoarse, the rest a shrill screaming."
(Nelson.)

Range. — "Bering Sea and contiguous waters; northeast to Point
Barrow, southwest to Japan." (A. O. U.)

43. Iceland Gull (Larus leucopterus). L. 25; W. 16;
B. 1.75. Similar in color to Nos. 42 and 42.1, but
smaller.

Range. — Atlantic; breeds in Greenland; winters south in America to
Great Lakes, and rarely, Long Island.

44. Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus glaucescens). L.
27. Ads., summer. Head, tail, and underparts white;
back pearl; primaries pearl, tipped with white. Ads. ,
winter. Head and neck streaked with brownish.
Yng. Brownish gray, more or less mixed with white,
including wings and tail.

Range. — North Pacific; breeds from British Columbia to Bering
Straits; winters south to southern California.

45. Kumlien Gull (Larus kumlieni). W. 16.2;
B. 1. 75- Similarto No. 43, but primaries with well de-
fined ashy gray spaces; outer primary tipped with white,
with ashy gray on outer web and shaft part of inner
web; second primary ashy gray on only shaft part of
outer web.

Range. — "North Atlantic coast of North America, breeding in Cum-
berland Gulf; south in winter to the coast of the Middle States." (A.
O. U.)

46. Nelson Gull (Larus nelsont). "Wing
culmen 2.35. Ads. In plumage exactly like L.
lieni; depth of bill through angle .80; tarsus
middle toe (without claw) 2.40." (Ridgv/ay.)

Range. — "Coast of Norton Sound, Alaska." (A. O. U.)

53

8.25,

kum-
3.05;

Gulls.

47. Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus). L.
29. Ads. , summer. Back and wings slaty black; wing
feathers tipped with white. Ads. , winter. Similar, but
head and neck streaked with dusky. Yng. Back
grayish brown margined with buffy white; rump whiter;
primaries black; below white more or less marked with
dusky. Notes. "A braying ha-ha-ha, adeepkeow, keow,
a short barking note, and a long-drawn groan, very
loud and decidedly impressive." (Brewster.)

Range. — North Atlantic and northern Europe; breeds In North
America from Nova Scotia to Greenland; winters south to Great
Lakes and South Carolina.

48. Slaty-backed Gull (Larus schistisagus). L. 26.
Ads. , summer. General appearance of No. 47; back
lighter; primaries as figured. Ads. , winter. Head and
neck streaked. Yng. Above brown margined with
buff and white; primaries brown; tail brown with little
or no mottling; below brown.

Range. — "North Pacific, chiefly on the Asiatic side; Herald Island.
Arctic Ocean, and Alaskan coast of Bering Sea." (A. O. U.)

49. Western Gull {Larus occidentalis). L. 24. Ads. ,
summer. Head, neck, tail, and underparts white; back
slaty gray; outer primaries black, a large white spot
near tip of first one. Ads., winter. Crown and hind
neck streaked with brownish. Yng. Grayish brown
mixed with white; wings and tail fuscous. Notes.
Ooeek, ooeek, ooeek; ca-ca-ca, and other calls.

Range. — Pacific coast; breeds and winters from Lower California to
British Columbia.

57. Heermann Gull {Larus heermaui). L. 17. Ads.,
summer. Bill red;head and throat white, shading into slate
above and below; -tail blackish, tipped with white;
primaries black. Ads., winter. Head and neck streak-
ed with grayish brown. Yng. Uniform grayish
brown.

Range. — Pacific coast of North America; breeds from Mazatlan,
Mexico, north to Lower California; occurs regularly north to Van-
couver Island; winters south to Panama.

54

Gulls.

5 1. Herring Gull [Larus argentatus). L. 24. Ads.,
summer. White spaces at end of outer primaries
sometimes joined. Ads., winter. Similar, but head
and neck, streaked with grayish. Yng. Above ashy
brown, margined and marked with buffy; wings brown-
ish black; tail the same; sometimes margined with
buffy; below ashy brown, sometimes lightly barred or
streaked with dusky. Notes. Cack-cack-cack; hah, hah,
hah, and other notes.

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds in America from Maine,
Great Lakes, Minnesota, and British Columbia northward; winters
south to Cuba and Lower California.

52. Vega Gull (Larus vegce). Similar to No. 51, but
back said to be darker; feet yellow.

Range. — "Bering Sea and adjacent waters; south in winter to Cal-
ifornia and Japan." (A. O. U.)

53. California Gull {Larus calif or nicus). L. 20.
Ads. Similar to No. 54 but larger; a red spot near tip
of lower mandible; white spot on outer primary, larger
and nearer end. Yng. Similar to No. 54 but darker;
tail nearly uniform fuscous.

Range.— Western North America; breeds chiefly In interior, from
Utah to Lat. 68 ° , 30'; winters from British Columbia to Mexico.

55

Gulls.

r^ 62.

58. Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla). L. 16. Ads. ,
summer. Head dark slate; tail white; bill with red-
dish. Ads., winter. Similar, but head and throat
white with grayish on nape and behind eyes.v Yng.
Tail grayish with a broad black band; nape and back
ashy brown; forehead and under parts white. Notes.
A nasal cow-ow, also cuk-cuk-cuk, and a high, long-
drawn laugh.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Texas and Florida to
Maine and Nova Scotia; rare in interior; winters from South Carolina
to northern South America.

59. Franklin Gull (Larus franklini). L. 15. Ads. ,
summer. Breast with a rosy tinge; outer primaries with
wide black spaces near ends, bordered at base and tip
with white. Ads., winter. "Head mainly white, with
[its] sides and back grayish. dusky." Yng. "Top and
sides of head and back grayish brown; quills dusky,
tipped with white; tail with subterminal band of dusky;
rest of tail, under parts, forehead, and eyelids white."
(Bailey.)

Range, — Interior of North America; breeds from Iowa and Minneso-
ta northward to Great Bear Lake; winters from west Gulf States to
South America.

60. Bonaparte Gull (Larus Philadelphia). L. 14.
Ads., summer. Outer web of outer primaries and tip
black; inner web and shaft white; bill black. Ads., win-
ter. Similar, but throat and head white, its back
grayish. Yng. Tail white, tipprd with black; outer
primary black, inner two-thirds of inner web and space
near tip* white; rest of plumage much as in young of No.
58.

Range. — North America; breeds In Interior from Hudson Bay and
Manitoba west to the Yukon; winters from British Columbia and
Maine to Lower California and Gulf of Mexico.

61. Ross Gull (7(kodostethia rosea). L. 13.5:
Bill small . 7; middle tail feathers longest. Ads. , summer.
White areas tinged with pink; a black collar. Ads.,
winter. No collar; a black spot before eye. Yng.
Lesser coverts black, margined with whitish; tail
white, central feathers tipped with black; back pearl;
ear spot and space about eye dusky; crown white,
washed with pearl.

Raage. — "Arctic regions; south In autumn and winter to Kamchat-
ka, Point Barrow, Alaska, and Disco Bay, Greenland." (A. O. U.)

62. Sabine Gull (Xema sabimi). L. 14. Tail
slightly forked. Ads., summer. Head and throat
slaty black, margined behind with black; bill black,
tipped with yellow; outer primaries black, small tip and
inner half of inner web white. Ads. , winter. Similar,
but head and throat white; nape region dusky. Yng.
Tail white, tipped with black; crown and back ashy
brown; forehead and underparts white. Notes. 'A
single harsh grating note." (Nelson.)

Range —Arctic regions; breeds in America from St. Michaels,
Alaska and Melville Bay, Greenland, northward; winters south on At-
lantic coast, rarely to New York; casually to Texas, and on Pacific
coast to Peru.

56

Terns.

64. Caspian Tern [Sterna caspia). L. 21. T. 6.,
forked 1.5. Largest of our Terns. Ads., breeding.
Bill red; cap black; above pearl; below white; primaries
frosty black. After breeding, crown streaked black and
white; bill more orange. Yng. Similar to last but
wings and tail with blackish. Notes. A loud, harsh
"kqy-awk" or ii key-rak.'"

Range. — Cosmopolitan; breeds in North America, locally from
Texas to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters mostly south
of United States; three California winter records.

65. Royal Tern {Sterna maxima). L. 19; T. 7, fork-
ed 3.5; B. 2.5. Ads., summer. Primaries frosty black,
white on inner two-thirds of inner web except at tip,
where frosty; bill orange red; crown black; above pearl;
below white. Ads., winter. The same, but head
white with black streaks. Yng. Similar to winter ad.
but wings and tail with grayish.

Range. — Middle America; breeds from southern Brazil and Peru to
Gulf States, Virginia, and California; wanders north to Great
Lakes and Massachusetts; winters from Gulf States and California
southward.

66. Elegant Tern (Sterna elegans). L. 16.5; B. 2.7.

Similar to No. 65, but smaller; bill longer and more,
slender. Ads. Tinged with shell pink below.

Range.
O. U.)

'Pacific coast of America from California to Chili." (A.

67. Cabot Tern (Sterna sandvicensis acnflavida).
L. 16; T. 5.5, forked 2.7. Ads. , breeding. Bill black,
the tip yellow-, crown black; above pearl; below white;
primaries much as in No. 65. After breeding, head
white; nape with black streaks. Yng. Similar to
last but with back and tail with blackish; tip of bill
less yellow.

Range.— Tropical America; breeds on east side of Mexico north
along Gulf Coast to Florida, and Atlantic coast to South Carolina;
wanders to Massachusetts; winters south of United States to West
Indies and Central America.

57

Terns.

63. Gull-billed Tern {Gelochelidon nilotica). L.
14.5; T. 5.5. Ads., summer. Bill thick, short, black;
tail short, forked only /.$; crown black; above pearl;
below white. Ads., winter. Head white, with black
patch before and behind eye. Yng. Similar, but above
edged with buffy; head and neck streaked with gray-
ish. Notes. A high, thin, somewhat reedy tee-tee-tee,
sometimes suggesting a weak-voiced katydid.

Range. — Cosmopolitan; breeds in North America from Mexico to
Florida and north to Virginia; wanders north rarely to New Bruns-
wick; winters from southern Texas southward.

73. Aleutian Tern {Sterna aleutica). L. 14. T.
6.7, forked 3. Ads., summer. Above and below pearl
gray, browner below; throat white; crown black; fore-
head white; line from bill to eye black. Ads., winter.
"With rather more white on fo'rehead." (Gat. B. M.)
Notes. "A thin, clear, trilling whistle." (Nelson.)

Range. — Alaska from Kadiak to Bering Strait, southwest to Japan.

74. Least Tern {Sterna antill arum). L. 9; T. 3.5,
forked 1.7. Ads. , summer. Bill yellow, black at tip;
forehead white; a black line from bill to eye; crown
black; above pearl; below white. Ads. , winter. Crown
white; nape black; bill dark; tail shorter. Yng. Sim-
ilar to last, but above with buffy or brownish. Notes.
"A sharp squeak much like the cry of a very young
pig following its mother."

Range. — Western hemisphere; breeds locally from northern South
America northward to Massachusetts, Dakota, and southern Cali-
fornia; winters south of United States.

76. Bridled Tern {Sterna ancethetus). L. 15. Ads.
Forehead and line over eye white; lores and crown
black; nape whitish; back sooty gray or sooty brown;
outer tail feathers white, except at tip; inner ones
grayish brown. Notes. A soft qua.

Range.— Tropical regions; north in Atlantic to the Bahamas; casual
in Florida.

58

Terns.

69. Forster Tern {Sterna for stert). L. 15; T. 7,
forked. 4. Ads., summer. Inner web of outer tail
feather dusky; below pure white; bill orange, blackish
at end; crown black; back pearl. Ads., winter.
Crown white or grayish; a large black spot about eyes',
bill black. Yng. Similar to winter ad. but
above with brownish. Notes. A long drawn, deep,
reedy cack and tweet-tweet-tweet-tweet .

Range. — North America; breeds locally north to California, and
from Texas along coast to Virginia and in interior to Manitoba; wan-
ders to Massachusetts; winters from southern California and Texas
south to Brazil.

70. Common Tern {Sterna hirundo). L. 15; T. 5.5,

forked, 3.2 Ads., summer. Outer web of outer tail
feather dusky; below white, washed with dusky; bill
red, blackish at end; crown black; back pearl. Ads.,
winter. Forehead and underparts white; bill black.
Yng. Similar to last, but above with brownish; tail
shorter. Notes. A vibrant, purring, tearrr, and other
calls.

Range. — Northern hemisphere; in America, chiefly east of Plains;
breeds locally on coast and in interior from Gulf States to Barren
Grounds and Greenland; winters south of United States to Brazil.

71. Arctic Tern {Sterna par -adisaed). L. 15.5; T.
7.2 forked 4.5. Similar to No. 70, but summer ad.
with bill wholly bright red; tail longer; tarsus shorter,
.6 instead of .7. Notes. Like tearr of No. 70, but
shriller, ending in rising inflection, like squeal of a
pig. (Brewster.)

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds from Massachusetts north
to Greenland and northwest to Aleutian Islands % i Alaska; winters
south to California and Virginia.

72. Roseate Tern (Sterna dougatti] . U 15.5; T. 7.5,
forked, 5.2. Ads., summer. 'Bill Uick, reddish only at
the base; below white tinged with shell pink; tail
wholly white; crown black; back pearl. Ads. , winter.
Forehead with white; no pink below. Notes. A reedy
cack.

Range. — Temperate and tropical regions; breeds in North America
on east coast only, from Florida north to Nova Scotia; rare north of
Virginia; winters south of United States to Venezuela.

59

Terns and Skimmer.

75. Sooty Tern {Sterna fuliginosa). L. 17. Ads.,
summer. Above black, forehead and underparts white;
tail black, except outer feathers which are mostly
white. Yng. Sooty slate; linings of wings white;
scapulars, upper tail coverts, and tail feathers tipped
with white. Notes. A squeaky quack, a nasal ker-
•wacky-wak, and other calls.

Range. — "Tropical and subtropical coasts of the globe. In Amer-
ica from Chiii to western Mexico and the Carolinas, and casually to
New England." (A. O. U.)

77. Black Tern (Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis) .
L. 10. Ads., summer. Head and underparts black;
back, wings, and tail slate. Ads., winter. Forehead,
nape, and underparts white; head gray. Yng. Simi-
lar to last, but above with brownish ' margin. Notes.
77 A sharp peek.

Range. — Temperate and tropical America; breeds in interior from
California, Kansas, and Illinois to Alaska; irregular migrant on Atlan-
tic coast from New Brunswick southward; winters south of United
States to Chili.

79. Noddy (Anous stolidus). L. 15. Ads. Crown
silvery white; rest of plumage sooty brown. Yng. Sim-
ilar, but all sooty brown except white line from bill to
eye. Notes,, A low reedy cack increasing to a hoarc^,
guttural k- r - r . r -r-r-r-r.

Range — Tropical and subtropical regions; in America from Brazil
and Chili north to the Gulf and South Atlantic States." (A. O. U.)

80. Black Skimmer (Rvnchops nigra). L. 18. Ads.
Lower mandible longer than upper; forehead, under-
parts, part of secondaries, and tail white; rest of plum-
age black. Yng. Plumage widely margined with
buffy. Notes. Varied, nasal, penny-trumpet-like;
also ca-jyou, ca-you, like a hound's voice.

Range.— North America, chiefly eastern; breeds from southern
New Jersey southward; wanders rarely to Nova Scotia; winters from
Gulf States to northern South America.

60

Order III. TUBE-NOSED SWIMMERS.

TUBINARES.

Family 1. ALBATROSSES. Diomedeid.e. 4 species.

Family 2. FULMARS, SHEARWATERS, and PETRELS. Pro
Cellariid^. 26 species, 1 subspecies.

The Albatrosses, of which about ten species are known, are birds of
far southern seas, where they nest on isolated islands. After the
young are reared, several species migrate northward and are found off
our Pacific coast. The largest known species, the Wandering Alba-
tross, which has been made famous by Coleridge's "Rime of the Anci-
ent Mariner," measures from twelve to fourteen feet in expanse of
wing, and, like other members of this family, is a tireless ocean wan-
derer.

In the museum of Brown University, there is a mounted Wandering
Albatross, killed off the coast of Chili by Capt. Hiram Luther, Decem-
ber 20, 1847. When captured, a small bottle was found tied around the
bird's neck, containing a slip of paper from which it was learned that
the bottle had been attached to the bird December 12, 1847, by Capt.
Edwards of the New Bedford Whaler, "Euphrates," when about 800
miles off the coast of New Zealand, or about 3,400 miles from the point
at which, eight days later, the bird was secured.

The Fulmars, (genus Fulmarus) , are northern birds and nest in im-
mense numbers on isolated islets, somewhat like certain Gulls.

Comparatively little is known of the nesting places of our Shear-
waters, but it is believed that most of them breed on the islands of the
South Atlantic and South Pacific, and pass their winter, (our summer)
off our coasts.

One of the Petrels, (Wilson Petrel), is known to have this habit. It
has been found nesting on Kerguelen Island, in S. Lat. 49° 54', in
February, and in May it appears off our coasts for the summer.

Petrels nest in holes in the ground, laying one white egg. They are
never seen near their homes during the day, the bird then on the nest
waiting until night to feed, when the one which has been at sea re-
turns to assume its share of the task of incubation. These birds are
therefore both diurnal and nocturnal.

61

Albatrosses.

8 I . Black-footed Albatross (Diomedea nigripes). L.
32. Ads. Sooty brown, lighter below; region about
base of bill whitish; upper mandible broad and rounded
at its base. Notes. A whining groan, uttered when
contesting for food. (Turner).

Range. — North Pacific; north to Lat.
California.

52 ° ; south at least to Lower

82. Short-tailed Albatross {Diomedea albatrus). L.
36. Ads. White; the head straw; tail and primaries
gray brown; upper mandible broad and rounded at
base.

Range.— North Pacific, north to Bering Strait; aouth, at least, to
Lower California.

82.1. Laysan Albatross (Diomeda immutabilis).
L. 32. Ads. Head, neck, rump, upper tail coverts,
and whole under surface white; lores next to the eye
sooty black; back, wings, and end of the tail dark
sooty brown; interscapular region paler; base of the
tail whitish. (Cat. B. M.)

Range. — Laysan Island, Pacific Ocean;
Lower California;

casual off the coast of

83. Yellow-nosed Albatross (Thalassogeron culmin-

atus). L. 36. Ads. Above slate brown, grayer on

head; rump white; below white; neck sometimes
grayish; tail gray.

Range — "Indian and southern Pacific Oceans; casual off the
coast of Oregon; accidental in the Gulf of St. Lawrence." (A. O. U.)

84. Sooty Albatross {Phcebetria fuliginosa). L. 35.
Ads. Sides of lower mandible conspicuously grooved; en-
tire plumage sooty brown, except a white eye-ring.

^uxs vvtwtQ fKow *aovt.

Range. — "Oceans of southern hemisphere,
Oregon." (A. O. U.)

62

north to the coast of

Fulmars and Shearwaters.

86. Fulmar {Fulmar us glacialis). L. 19; W. 13; B.

1.5. Ads. Light phase. Head, neck, and under parts
white; back, wings, and tail slaty gray. T>ark phase.
Uniform dark slaty gray. Notes. Silent.

Range. — North Atlantic; breeds from Lat. 69 ° northward; winters
south to Lat. of Massachusetts, and rarely to Virginia.

86b. Pacific Fulmar (F. g. glupischa). Similar to
No. 86, but nasal tubes light.

Range. — North Pacific; breeds from Bering Sea north; winters
south to Mexico.

86.1. Rodger Fulmar {Fulmarus rodgersii). Sim-
ilar to light phase of No. 86, but back with white
feathers; no dark phase.

Range. — "Bering Sea and adjacent parts of North Pacific."
(A. O. U.)

87. Slender-billed Fulmar {Priocella glacialoides). L.
18.5. Ads. Head and underparts white; back ^nd tail
pearl; primaries black, white on inner web.

Range. — Southern Seas; north on Pacific coast to Washington.

94. Sooty Shearwater {Puffinus Juliginosus). L. 17.
Ads. Sooty gray, lighter below.

Range. — "Atlantic Ocean, breeding in the southern hemisphere; a
summer visitor off our coast, from South Carolina northward." (A.
O. U.)

95. Dark-bodied Shearwater {Puffinus griseus). L.
17. Ads. Above dusky black or brownish, paler be-
low; under wing coverts white and dusky; bill black.

Range. — South Pacific; north In summer on the American coast to
California.

96. 1 . Wedge-tailed Shearwater {Puffinus cuneatus).
L. 17. T. 5.4, pointed. Ads. Above brown; below white;
sides of neck mottled with gray; middle tail feathers
nearly 2. longer than lateral ones. (Cat. B. M.)

Range. — "North Pacific Ocean, from the Hawaiian Islands north
to the Bonin Group and Lower California." (A. O. U.)

63

Shearwaters.

88. Cory Shearwater (Puffinus borealis). L. 21.
Ads. Above grayish brown; below, including under
wing coverts and under tail coverts, white.

Range. — North Atlantic; recorded only off the coast from Massa-
chusetts to Long Island.

89. Greater Shearwater [Puffinus gravis). L. 20.
Ads. Above grayish brown or blackish; tips of longer
upper tail coverts white; below white; middle of belly
and under tail coverts ashy gray.

Range. — "Atlantic Ocean, from Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope
north to Arctic Circle." (A. O. U.)

9 1 . Pink-footed Shearwater {Puffinus creatopus). L.
19.5. Ads. Above dusky gray or brown; below white;
sides and lower belly with grayish; longer under tail
coverts dusky brown; feet, flesh-color; b.ll yellowish.

Range. — Pacific Ocean north on the American coast in summer and
fall to middle California.

92. Audubon Shearwater [Puffinus Iherminieri). L.
12. Ads. Above black or brownish black; below
white; under tail coverts sooty.

Range.— M'ddle Atlantic; breeds in West Indies and Bahamas;
wanders nortn to Long Island.

93. Black-vented Shearvsater (Puffinus optsih o<nelas).
L. 15. Ads. Above dusky black; below white; sides
of breast grayish; under tail coverts dusky brown;
bill black.

Range. — "Pacific Ocean, chiefly southward; coast of Lower Cali-
fornia north to Santa Cruz, Cal." (A. O. U.)

93.1. Townsend Shearwater (Puffinus auricu-
laris). Similar to No. 93, but bill and feet smaller,
B. 1.2; above darker, nearly black; black of head ex-
tending below eye. (Townsend.)

Range.— Pacific Ocean (Clarion Island, Lower California).

96. Slender-billed Shearwater [Puffinus tenuirostris).
L. 13., bill slender 1.2 Ads. "Above "dark sooty slate;
beneath deep sooty grav, paler on throat where some-
times inclining to whitish." (Ridgw.)

Range.— North Pacific, from Japan and Kotzebue Sound south on
the American coast to middle California.

64

Petrels.

98. Black-capped Petrel {/Estrelata hasitata). L.

16. Ads. Above sooty brown; back of neck and up-
per tail coverts white; base of tail white.

Range. — Tropical Atlantic; irregular in United States (Florida, Vir-
ginia, New York, Kentucky, Vermont, and Ontario.)

1 03. Least Petrel [Halocyptena microsomal. L. 5. 7.
Ads. Sooty blackish brown, lighter below.

Range. — "Coast of Lower California south to Panama." (A. O. U)

105. Forked-tailed Petrel {Oceanodroma jurcata).
L. 8. 7. Ads. Tail forked; bluish gray, wings
darker; a blackish space about eye.

Range. — North Pacific; breeds in Aleutian Islands; recorded north
to Bering Strait; winters south to California.

105.1. Kaeding Petrel {Oceanodroma kaedingi).
W. 6. Ads. Similar to O. leucorr/ioa, but much
smaller with much less deeply forked tail. (Anthony.)

Range. — Pacific Ocean; (Socorro Islands, Lower California.)

108. Ashy Petrel (Oceanodroma homochroa). L. 8. 5.
Ads. No white on rump; tail forked; sooty black
above, browner below; wing coverts grayish.

Range. — "Coast of California; breeds on the Santa Barbara and
Farallone Islands." (A. O. U.)

65

Petrels.

104. Stormy Petrel; Mother Carey's Chicken (Tro-
cellaria pelagica). L. 5.5. Ads. Sooty black, brown-
er below; upper tail coverts white, tipped with black.

Range. — North Atlantic; winters south to western Africa and New
Brunswick.

I OS. Leach Petrel; Stormy Petrel (Oceanodroma
leucorrhoa). L.8., W. 6.2. Ads. Tail forked; above
sooty brownish black; below browner; lesser wing cov-
erts grayish brown', longer upper tail coverts not tipped
with black. Notes. An elfin-like crow of eight notes.

Range. — North Atlantic and North Pacific; breeds from Maine to
Greenland and from Farallone to Aleutian Islands; winters south to
Virginia and California.

106.1. Guadalupe Petrel (Oceanodroma macro-
dactyla). L. 8.4; W. 6.4; T. 3.9, fork 1 in. deep. Ads.
Similar to O. leucorrhoa, but with much longer and
more deeply forked tail, larger feet, shorter bill, and
very broad duskv tips to the upper tail coverts.
(Ridw. in Cat. B.' M.)

Range. — Pacific Ocean; (Guadalupe Island, Lower California.)

107. Black Petrel (Oceanodroma melania.) L. 9.

Ads. Sooty black, paler below; wing-coverts grayish,
tail forked.

Range. — South Pacific, north to Santa Barbara Islands; breeds on
Coronados Islands, southern California.

108.1 Socorro Petrel (Oceanodroma socorroensis).
W. 5.5. Ads. Similar to No. 108, but wings longer;
tail shorter and less deeply forked; sides of rump
whitish; no white on under surface of v/ing. (Towns.)

Range.— Pacific Ocean; (Socorro Island, southern California.)

109. Wilson Petrel; Stormy Petrel (Oceanites
oceanicus). L. 7. Ads. Webs of feet with yellow
patch; tail not forked; longer upper tail coverts not
tipped with black. Notes. A weak weet, weet, and a
hoarse chattering patret-tu-cuk-cuk-tu-tu. (Wilson.)

Range. Atlantic Ocean; breeds in Southern seas, (Kerguelen Is-
land in February) , and migrates north to Newfoundland, spending
summer off coast of eastern United States.

66

Order IV. TOTIPALMATE SWIMMERS.

STEGANOPODES.

Family 1. TROPIC BIRDS. Phaethontim. 2 species.

Family 2. GANNETS. Suura*. 6 species.

Family 3. DARTERS. Anhingim. 1 species.

Family 4. CORMORANTS. Phalacrocoracid^e. 6 species, 5
subspecies.

Family 5. PELICANS. Pelecanid.e. 3 species.

Family 6. MAN-O'-WAR-BIRDS. Fregatid.e. 1 Species.

The members of this Order agree in having all four toes connected
by webs, but in other respects they differ widely in structure and, con-
sequently, in habit. The young of all the Steganopodes are born
naked, unlike the young of most of the other water birds, which, as a
rule, are hatched covered with' feathers and can swim or run about soon
after birth. The nests of the Steganopodes are, of necessity, therefore,
more complex structures than those of birds whose nests are merely
incubators and not cradles as well.

Tropic Birds resemble the larger Terns, when in the air, but their
wing strokes are more rapid. They usually nest in holes in the face of
cliffs, and lay one whitish egs> marked with chocolate.

Gannets are true sea birds, but, as a rule, do not live very far from
the land. When breeding, Gannets are usually associated in great
numbers. Their nests, as a rule, are placed on the ground or on cliffs,
and one or two chalky white eggs are laid. At this season the birds
are exceedingly tame and in localties where they have not been much
molested, one may walk about among the sitting birds without their
taking flight. Gannets are powerful birds on the wing. Their vigor-
ous wing strokes are interrupted at intervals by short sails. They feed
on fish which they capture by diving from the air.

The Darters or Anhingas number four species, distributed through-
out the tropical parts of the globe, only one species inhabiting America.
This is generally called the Snakebird or Water Turkey in Florida,
where it is a common species on the more isolated rivers and lakes.

67

TOTIPALMATE SWIMMERS.

The name Snakebird is derived from the bird's habit of swimming with
the body submerged, when the long, sinuous neck, appearing above the
water, readily suggests a snake. At other times Snakebirds mount high
in the air and sail about, like Hawks, in wide circles. They build a
large, well-made nest in a bush or tree, generally over the water, and
lay four bluish white,, chalky eggs.

Cormorants nest in large colonies, generally on isolated islets, but
sometimes in remote swamps. The nests are placed closely together
on the ground, in bushes, and less frequently in trees, according to
the nature of the bird's haunts.

Cormorants feed on fish which they catch by pursuing them under
the water. They dive from the surface of the water like Ducks, or
from a low perch, but not from the air, as do the Gannets.

Pelicans nest in colonies, generally on some small island, building
their nests on the ground or in bushes, and laying two or three large,
white, chalky eggs.

Brown Pelicans secure their food by plunging on it from the air, gen-
erally from about twenty feet above the water. The sides of the bill
are then bowed outward, theopening'widened, forming, with the pouch,
an effective net in which fish, twelve and fourteen inches long, are cap-
tured.

White Pelicans, on the contrary, feed from the water, scooping up
fishes as they swim. At times a flock of these birds may surround a
school of small fish in shallow water and drive them shoreward, at the
same time actively filling their pouches.

Young Pelicans are fed on fish which they take from the pouch of
the parent bird by thrusting their bills and heads well into it and prod-
ding actively about for the food to be found there. Young Cormorants
secure their food in a- similar manner.

Frigate Birds, of which only two species are known, have a greater
expanse of wing in proportion to the weight of their body than any
other bird. Their power of flight is consequently unexcelled and they
may spend days in the air without tiring. Their feet are as weak as
their wings are strong, and are of use only in perching.

The food of Frigate Birds consists chiefly of fish, which they catch
from near the surface of the water, or rob from Gulls and Terns by
pursuing them, forcing them to disgorge their prey, and catching it ere
it reaches the water.

68

Tropic BirdsTand Gannet.

I I 2. Yellow-billed Tropic Bird (Thaetkon americaw
us). L. 30; T. 19. Ads. Bill yellow; no bars above;
middle tail feathers lengthened. Yng. Abdve barred
with black; middle tail feathers not lengthened.

Range. — Tropical coasts; breeds in West Indies, Bahamas and Ber-
mudas; casual in Florida; accidental in western New York and Nova
Scotia.

113. Red-billed Tropic Bird [Thaethoncethereus).
L. 30; T. 23. Ads. Bill red; above barred with
black; long middle tail feathers pure white.

Range. — Coasts of tropical America, north on the Pacific coast to
Cape Colnett, Lower California; accidental on the Newfoundland
Banks. Breeds on San Pedro Martir and other Islands in the Gulf of
California." (A. O. U.)

I I 7. Gannet (Sula bassana). L. 35. Ads. White;
head and neck tinged with straw; primaries blackish.
Yng. Grayish brown with white spots; breast and
belly white. Notes. A harsh gor-r-r-rok.

Range. — North Atlantic; breeds, in America, only on Bird Rock and
Bonaventure Islands, Gulf of St Lawrence; winters off the coast,
south to Florida.

\ mmaitupe.

69

Boobies.

115

I 14. Blue-faced Booby (Stria cyanops). L. 28. Ads.
Body and lesser wing coverts white; central tail feath-
ers whitish, others dark brown. Yng. Above plain
dark grayish brown with some grayish streaks; below
white; flanks streaked with grayish.

Range. — Tropical seas; north in America to Lower California and
Bahamas; casual in southern Florida.

I 14.1. Blue-footed Booby (Sula nebouxii). L. 33.
Ads. Head, neck, and underparts white, the first two
streaked with grayish; back dusky brownish, tipped
with whitish; legs and feet bright blue. (GossJ

Range: — Pacific coast of America, from Gulf of California to Gal-
apagos and Chili. (Cat. B. M.)

J I 5. Booby (Sula sula). L. 30. Ads. Breast and
belly white; bill and feet yellow. Yng. Entirely
brownish, lighter below; bill blackish; feet yellow.
Notes. A harsh, guttural hork, hork. (Audubon).

Range. — "Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America, north
to Georgia. Also, West Pacific and Indian Oceans." (A. O. U.) Ac-
cidental on Long Island. No United States breeding record.

I I5.(. Brewster

30. Ads. Similar to
paler, bill blue

Booby (Sula brewsteri). L.
No. 115, but head and neck
feet greenish.

Range. — "Coasts and Islands of the eastern south Pacific Ocean,
north to Lower California; breeding as far north as Georges Island at
the head of the Gulf of California." (A. O. U.)

116. Red-footed Booby (Sula piscator). L. 28.
Feet reddish. Ads. White; head and nape straw
color; primaries hoaty grayish brown; tail white. Yng.
Above sooty brown; head, neck, and lower parts light
smoky gray. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Tropical seas, except Pacific coast of America (Cat. B.
M.) ; north in Atlantic to Bahamas and, rarely, southern Florida.

70

Cormorants.

I I 9. Cormorant {Thalacrocorax carlo). L. 36; T.
7.5, of 14 feathers. Ads. Chin and sides of throat
whitish; back glossy brownish, distinctly margined
with black; below uniform shining black. Breeding
plumage. Head and throat with white plumes; a white
patch on flanks. Yng. Belly white', above olive
grayish brown, margined with black; throat whitish)
neck brownish.

Range.— North Atlantic; breeds from Nova Scotia to Greenland;
winters south to Carolinas.

120. Double-crested Cormorant (Thalacrocorax
dilophus). L. 30; W. 12.5; T. 6.2, of 12 feathers. Ads.
Back brownish with distinct black margins; below
shining black. Breeding plumage. With tufts on
either side of head black, sometimes mixed with white;
throat pouch orange. Yng. Back browner; head,
neck, and lower belly brown; breast whitish.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds locally from Bay of Fundy,
Minnesota, North Dakota, northward; west to Assiniboia; winters
from southern Illinois and Virginia southward.

120a. Florida Cormorant {P. d. Jloridanus). Simi-
lar to No. 120, but blacker and smaller. L. 25.

Range. — South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to North
Carolina and southern Illinois.

120b. White-crested Cormorant (P. d. ancinatus).
Similar to No. 120, but larger, L. 36; nuptial crests
white.

Range. — Pacific coasts; breeds in Alaska; winters south to Cal-
ifornia.

1 20c. Farallone Cormorant (P. d. alhociliatus).
Similar to 120b., but smaller, L. 28.

Range.— Breeds on California coast and in interior, south to Socorro
Island. (Ridgw.)

12 1. Mexican Cormorant {Phalacrocorax mexican-
us). L. 25. W. 10. Ads. Narrow border at base of
pouch white. Breeding plumage. Neck with white
plumes. Yng. Head and hindneck brownish; back
grayish, margined with black; throat, foreneck and
breast brownish white; belly black.

Range. — Breeds in West Indies and Central America to west Gulf
States; north in summer raiely to Kansas and southern Illinois.

OuTe*W

W\x\dToe.

Voo\ <A Co'MiwoiXMrt.

Cormorants.

1 22. Brandt Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicilla-
tus). L. 35; T. 6. Chin and sides of throat huffy
white or brownish. Ads. Above blue black, faintly
margined with black; below green black. Breeding
plumage. With white, hairlike plumes from back and
neck; no white on flanks; throat pouch blue. Yng.
Above dark brown; throat and belly whitish; breast
and sides brown.

Range. — Pacific coast from Cape St. Lucas to Washington; resi-
dent.

123. Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus).
L. 28; W. 10; T. 6.2. Forehead feathered; back
feathers not margined. Ads. Above glossy green and
purplish black; below bottle green. Breeding plumage.
With white plumes on neck and rump and white
patches on flanks; nape and forehead, crested. Yng.
Above greenish dusky brown, less green below.

Range. — "Aleutian and Kuril Islands, and Kamchatka, south to
Japan. - ' (A. O, U.)

123a. Violet-green Cormorant (P. p. robustus).
Similar to No. 123, but larger; bill stouter, W. 10.8.

Range. — Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound south to Washington."
(A. O. U.)

123b. Baird Cormorant (P. p. resplendens). Sim-
ilar to No. 123, but smaller; bill slenderer; W. 9.5.
Notes. A croaking, guttural note.

Range. — Pacific coast from Washington south to Mazatlan, Mexi-

124. Red-faced Cormorant (Phalacrocorax urile).
L. 34. Forehead as well as lores bare. Ads. Above
green and purple; head and neck blue black; belly
green. Breeding plumage. With forehead and nape
crests and white patches on flanks. Notes. "A low,
droning croak." (Nelson.)

Range. — "Pribilcf, Aleutian, and Kuril Islands, and coast of Kam-
chatka. South in winter to northern Japan." (A. O. U-)

72

Anhinga, Pelicans, and Man-o'-War Bird.

118- Anhinga; Snakebird; Water Turkey (An-
hinga anhinga). Ad. p 7 '. Black; grayish head
and neck plumes which, in winter, are absent. Ad.
2. Resembles male but whole head, neck, and
breart brownish. Yug. Similar to $ but black
parts duller. Notes. A rasping, clattering croak,
uttered when righting or in coming to the nest.

Range. — Tropical and subtropical America; breeds north to south-
ern Illinois and South Carolina; winters from Gulf States southward.

125. American White Pelican (Pelecanus erytbror-

hyncbus). L. 60. Ads. White; primaries black; bill
in breeding season with a knob. Yng. With crown
brownish.

Range:— North America; breeds in interior from eastern California,
Utah. Yellowstone Park, Minnesota (?) northward to Lat. 6i° ; win-
ters from Gulf States and southern California, south to Central Amer-
ica.

126. Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) . L. 50;
W. 19.5. Ads. Pouch greenish; head white, rarely
yellowish; neck brown. In fall, no brown on neck.
Yng. Brownish gray, white below. Notes. Adults as
a rule silent; young before flying, very noisy.

Range: — Atlantic and Gulf coast of tropical and subtropical Amer-
ica; breeds from northern South America to South Carolina; has
strayed to Illinois and Nova Scotia; winters from Gulf States south-
ward.

127. California Brown Pelican (Pelecanus californ-
icus). Similar to No. 126, but larger. L. 54; W. 21;

pouch in breeding season, red.

Range. — Pacific coast from Galapagos north to British Columbia;
creeds north only to Los Coronados Islands.

128. Man-o'-War Bird; Frigate Bird (Fregata
aqutla). L. 40. Ad. rj\ Black, glossy above;
pouch "scarlet or orange." Ad. 9. Browner;
breast and belly white. Yng. Similar to 9, but
head and neck white. Notes. Usually silent; rarely a
croaking note.

Range: — Tropical and subtropical coasts; in America north to
Florida, Texas, and southern California; casually to Kansas, Ohio
and Nova Scotia; winters from southern Florida and Lower Cal-
fornia southward.

73

Order V. DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS.

ANSERES.

Family 1. DUCKS, GEESE, and SWANS. Anatim:. 49
species, 6 subspecies.

The Anatidse of North America are placed in five well-marked sub-
families, the Mergansers (Mergina) , River Ducks (A?iatbi(z) , Sea Ducks
(Fuligulintz) y Geese (A?iseri?ice J , and Swans {Cygnincz) .

The Mergansers, Saw-bills, or Shelldrakes are fish-eating Ducks and
their rounded bills, set with toothlike projections along the sides, are
of evident use to them in holding their prey.

The River Ducks include such well-known species as the Mallard,
Black Duck, and Widgeon. They differ from the Bay or Sea Ducks
in not having a well-developed web or flap on the hind-toe. As a
rule they feed in shallow water by tipping, standing on their heads, as
it were, while reaching the bottom for food.

The Bay or Sea Ducks have the hind-toe webbed. They feed, as a
rule, in deeper water than the River Ducks, sometimes descending to
the bottom in water over one hundred feet deep. During the winter
they gather in flocks often of several thousand individuals, and fre-
quent the larger bodies of water.

With both the River and Bay Ducks the sides of the broad, flat bill
are set with gutters which serve as strainers, retaining the mollusks,
seeds and roots of aquatic plants on which these Ducks feed, while the
mud or water taken in with the food is forced out the sides of the bill
as it closes.

Geese are more terrestrial than Ducks and often visit the land to nip
the grass. This is particularly true in the west where large flocks of
Geese, especially Snow Geese, may be seen feeding on the prairies.
On the water they feed over shallows by tipping and probing the
bottoms.

Swans also feed from the surface of the water either by simply im-
mersing the head and neck or by half submerging the body, when, with
the tail pointed to the zenith, the length of their reach is greatly in-
creased.

In spite of their comparatively short wings the large muscles attach-
ed to them give to the Anatidae great power of flight. Not only do
they make extended journeys, when migrating, without a rest, but they
attain a speed which is surpassed by but few birds. Some of the
smaller species, when alarmed, doubtless flying at the rate of one
hundred miles an hour.

In common with other diving water birds the Ducks, when molting,
lose most of their wing feathers all at once, and for a time are there-
fore unable to fly. During this comparatively helpless period the
brightly colored males assume in part the plumage of the females and

74

Ducks, Geese, and Swans.

are thereby rendered less conspicuous. With the return of the power
of flight, however, they regain their distinctive, male plumage, which
is usually brighter than that of the female. With our Geese and Swans
there is no sexual difference in color.

Most of our Ducks and Geese breed in the north, some within the
Arctic Circle, and winter from the southern limit of frozen water south-
ward. The American Merganser, Hooded Merganser, Wood Duck,
Buffle-head, Golden-Eyes, Tree Ducks, and possibly Harlequin Duck
nest in hollow trees, at times some distance from the water. The
young of the American Golden-eye and of the Wood Duck have been
seen to reach the water by jumping from the nest-hole and fluttering
down in response to the calls of the parent below. It is said that they
are also brought down in the bill of the old bird, but this statement
apparently lacks confirmation.

The remaining species of our Ducks, Geese, and Swans, nest as a
rule, on the ground generally near water. From five to fifteen and, in
the case of the Fulvous Tree Duck, possibly as many as thirty eggs are
laid. In color they vary from white to buffy and pcle olive and are al-
ways uniformly colored. Incubation is performed by the female alone.
The males at this period among most Ducks deserting their mate to un-
dergo the partial molt before mentioned. While incubating the females
surround their nest with soft down plucked from their bodies and when
leaving the nest to feed, this down is drawn over the eggs with the
double object, doubtless, of concealing them and of keeping them
warm.

With Eider Ducks this down constitutes the larger part of, if not
the entire nest. Saunders states that in Iceland the down in each nest
weighs about one-sixth of a pound. This is gathered by the natives,
who, however, are careful to afford the sitting bird an opportunity to
raise her brood without further molestation.

The collection of Eider down thus furnishes an admirable illustra-
tion of proper economic relations between man and birds. The down
is an important source of income to the natives of the comparatively
barren, northern countries in which the Eiders nest. So long as man
can remember it has been gathered annually. Still the Ducks con-
tinue to return in numbers year after year to the same region, per-
haps the exact spot in which they nested the year before.

Less intelligent methods would perhaps rob the bird of its second, as
well as of its first nest and, unable to reproduce its kind, the species
would become extinct within a comparatively short period.

The evils which would follow such a course are, however, thorough-
ly understood. The Ducks, in the first place, are encouraged in every
way. It is said that should one walk into a peasant's cabin and pre-
empt his cot as a nesting-site, the peasant would gladly give up his bed
to so valuable a visitor.

75

Ducks.

129. American Merganser (Merganser americanus).
L. 25; B. from nostril, 1.5; nostril midway between
eye and tip of bill. Ad. $. No band of streaks on
breast; no crest. Ad. 9 . and Yng. Chin white; crown
and throat reddish brown; rest of underparts and spec-
ulum white; above and tail ashy.

Range. — North America; breeds from New Brunswick, rarely
mountains of Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and mountains of Colorado
and California northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia
south to South Carolina and southern California.

I 30. Red-breasted Merganser {Merganser- serrato?).
L. 22; B. from nostril, 1.8; nostril nearer to eye than to
tip of bill. Ad. cf 1 . Breast with a broad cinnamon
band streaked with black; head feathers lengthened.
Ad. 9 and Yng. Crown grayish brown, washed with
rusty. Chin and throat paler; rest of underparts and
speculum white; back and tail ashy. Notes. When
alarmed, several low, guttural croaks. (Elliot.)

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from New Bruns-
wick and northern Illinois north to Greenland and Alaska; winters
from southern breeding limits, south to Cuba and Lower California.

13 1. Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cuntllatus).
L. 17.5. Ad. (J 1 . A large, circular black and white
crest. Ad. 9 Yng. A small cinnamon crest, head,
neck and breast grayish brown; back, blackish; belly
white. Notes. "A hoarse croak, like a small edition
of that of the Red-breasted Merganser." (Elliot.)

Range.— North America from Cuba and Lower California north to
Labrador and Alaska; breeds locally throughout its range, chiefly in
interior of British America; winters from British Columbia, Illinois,
and Massachusetts southward.

132. Mallard (Anas bosckas). L. 23. Speculum
(patch in wing; purple bordered by black and white;
under surface of wing pure white. Ad. rj'. Head
green; breast chestnut, a white neck-ring. Ad. 9-
Above blackish and buffy, below rusty buff mottled
with dusky grayish brown. Notes. The familiar
quack of the barnyard Duck.

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from Labrador,
Indiana, Iowa, and California north to Greenland and Alaska; winters
from British Columbia, Kansas, and New Jersey to Central America
and West Indies.

143. Pintail (Dafila acuta) . L. J, 28; 9, 22. Ad.
Central tail feathers black, 7.5 long, pointed. Ad.
Tail 3.5,; feathers sharply pointed; brownish black,
with buff bars; under wing-coverts dusky and buff;
back blackish with internal buff loops. Notes. A loud
quack, less sonorous than that of the Mallard; a low
mellow whistle, and a harsh rolling note. (Nelson.)

Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from New Bruns-
wick, Iowa, Illinois, and British Columbia northward; winters from
British Columbia, Illinois, and Virginia, south to Central America and
West Indies.

76

Ducks.

133. Black Duck {Anas obscura). L. 22. Ads.
Speculum bluish purple tipped with black; no white in
wing; lining of wing white and dusky; crown without
paler margins; throat, usually, without markings; legs

'olivaceous brown" bill "greenish black, dusky olive,
or olive-green." Notes. A quack resembling that of
the Mallard.

Range. — Eastern North America; chiefly east of Mississippi; breeds
locally from New Jersey and Illinois north to Labrador and Hudson
Bay; winters from Maine to West Indies.

133a. Red-legged Black Duck (A. 0. rubripes).

Similar to No. 133 but larger; crown edged with buff
or gray; throat spotted; legs red; bill yellow.

Range. — Summer range not definitely known, but breeding speci-
mens have been taken in northern Labrador, James Bay, and west
shore of Hudson Bay; in winter south to Virginia and Arkansas.

134. Florida Duck (Anasfulvtgula). L. 20. Ads.

Throat and front of neck plain buff, usually unmarked;
speculum sometimes tipped with white; belly rusty
buff; broadly streaked with black. Notes. A quack sim-
ilar to that of No. 133.

Range. — Florida to coast of Louisiana; resident. '

134a. Mottled Duck (A.f. maculosa). Similar to
No. 134, but underparts mottled with black the mark-
ings being rounder.

Range. — Eastern Texas; breeds (at least) from Corpus Christi
north to Kansas; winters on west Gulf Coas t.

135. Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperd). L. 19.5.

Under wing coverts and axillars pure white. Ad.
cf. Wing-coverts chestnut; breast ringed with
white. Ad. 9. Head and throat as in c?\ back fuscous
and buffy; breast and sides ochraceous thickly spotted
with blackish; speculum ashy gray and white. Notes.
A quack like that of the Mallard but shriller and more
often repeated.

Range. — Northern hemisphere; in America, breeds in the interior
from Kansas and California north to Manitoba and Assiniboia; winters
from Maryland to Florida, rare in northeastern Atlantic States.

136. Widgeon (Mareca penelope). L. 18.5. Ad. cf.
Head and neck reddish brown; crown buff; sides with
wavy black and white lines. Ad. 9- Head and throat
rusty, finely streaked and barred with black; breast and
sides rusty; speculum blackish. Notes. Of male, a
shrill, whistling •whee-you\ of female, a low, purring
growl. (Saunders.)

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds in America, only in the
Aleutian Islands; casual in migrations and in winter in California and
on Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Greenland.

137. Baldpate [Mareca americana). L. 19. No
rusty on head. Ad. cf. Under tail-coverts black;
streak from eye to nape glossy green. Ad. 9- Head
and throat whitish finely marked with black; breast and
sides rusty washed with grayish. Notes. "A low,
soft whistle." (Elliot.)

Range. — North America; breeds in the interior from Minnesota and
British Columbia north to Alaska; winters from British Columbia and
Virginia south to South America; only a migrant on northeast Atlantic
coast to Labrador.

77

Ducks.

139. Green-winged Teal [Nettion carolinensis). L.

14.5. Wing-ccverts gray, tipped with buff or white.
Ad. tf. A white crescent in front of wing; speculum
1 wing-patch) green bordered by black tipped with
white. Ad. 9- Wings as in tf; throat and sides of
neck white, finely spotted with black; breast and sides
washed with rusty, marked with black. Notes. A
"neculiar chirping almost a twittering" as they fly.
(Seton.)

Range.— North America; breeds from New Brunswick, Minnesota,
and British Columbia north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from
Virginia, Kansas, and British Columbia south to Central America and
West Indies.

140. Blue-winged Teal (Querqueduladiscors).'Wmg-
coverts blue. Ad. tf. Cheek patch white. Ad. 9 .
Resembles 9 of No. 139, but wing-coverts blue; spec-
ulum greenish brown not distinctly tipped with white.
L. 16.

Range.— North America; chiefly east of Rockies; breeds from New
Brunswick, Kansas, southern Illinois and northern Ohio, north to
Alaska, mainly in interior; winters from Virginia and Lower Mississippi
Valley to northern South America, California, and Lower California.

141 . Cinnamon Teal (Querquedula cyanoptera). Ad.
c?. Head and neck, breast sncf sides reddish brown.
iAd. $. Resembles 9 of No. 140, but the underparts,
including throat, are usually suffused with rusty; the
throat often being blackish or speckled with dusky.
Notes. A rather thin, nasal quack. L. 16.

Range.— Western North America from British Columbia south to
South America, east to Rockies and southern Texas; rarely to Flor-
ida.

142. Shoveller (Spatula clypeatd). L. 20. Bill
much broader at tip than at base. Ad. <$. Belly chest-
nut; breast around to back white. Ad. 9- Wing-
coverts blue; back conspicuously margined with buff.
Notes. "Occasionally a few feeble quacks." (Elliot.)

Range.— Northern hemisphere; in America chiefly in interior; breeds
locallv from Texas, and regularly from Minnesota and British Colum-
bia north to Alaska and Barren Grounds; winters from British Colum-
bia, Illinois, and Maryland south to northern South America.

144. Wood Duck {Aix sponsa). L. 18.5. Ad. <?.

Head crested; green,blue, and purple with white stripes.
Ad. 9- A white streak through and behind eye; crown
glossy purplish brown; back olive-brown glossed with
greenish. Notes. A frightened, plaintive, oo-eek.

Range.— North America; breeds locaiiy from Florida to Labrador
and British Columbia, winters from British Columbia, southern
Illinois, and southern New Jersey, south tc southern California and
Cuba.

78

Ducks.

146. Redhead (Ay thy a americana). L. 19. Ad. tf.
Head and upper neck entirely bright reddish brown.
Ad. 9- Throat white; back grayish brown without
fine bars; speculum gray. Notes. "A hoarse guttural
rolling sound." (Elliot.)

Range.— North America; breeds chiefly in interior from Maine,
Minnesota, and California north to Labrador and British Columbia;
winters from British Columbia and Maryland south to Lower Cali-
fornia and West Indies.

147. Canvas-back {Ay thy a vallisneria). L. 21. Ad.
c?. Head and whole neck dull reddish brown. Ad. 9-
Head and neck rusty grayish brown; back grayish
brown, finely barred with black and white. Notes. "A
harsh guttural croak." (Elliot.)

Range.— North America; breeds only in interior from Minnesota
and Oregon north to Alaska and the Barren Grounds; winters from '47.
British Columbia and Maryland south to southern California, Mexico
and West Indies.

148. American Scaup Duck [Aythya marila). L.
<f\ 18.5; 9, 17.5. Ad. rj. Head glossed with green-
ish; sides without distinct black bars. Ad. 9. Feath-
ers about base of bill white; breast and back rusty
grayish brown; speculum white. Notes. "Similar to
the guttural sound made by the Canvas-back, Red-
head and other diving Ducks." (Elliot.)

Range.— Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, breeds in
the interior rarely from Minnesota, and regularly from North Dakota
northward; winters from Long Island to northern South America.

149. Lesser Scaup Duck {Aythya affinis). L. tf 17;
9,16.5. Ad. o 71 . Head glossed with purplish; sides
with distinct black bars. Ad. 9 . Similar to 9 of No.
148, but smaller.

Range. — North America; breeds only in interior from Iowa rarely,
North Dakota commonly, and British Columbia, north to Barren /4g
Grounds: winters from British Columbia and Virginia south to Guat-
emala and West Indies.

150. Ring-necked Duck {Aythya collaris). L. 16.5.
Ad. tf. A chestnut neck-ring; chin white; back black;
speculum gray. Ad. 9 • Feathers about sides of base
of bill and throat white, back and breast rusty grayish
brown; speculum gray. Resembles 9 of No. 146, but
is smaller and rustier.

Range.— North America; breeding only in the interior from Minne-
sota northward; winters from Maryland and British Columbia south
to Guatemala and West Indies; rare on Atlantic coast north of Mary- 150
land.

79

Ducks.

15 1. American Golden-eye {Clausula americana).

L. 20. Ad. cf\ Head greenish; white patch at base of
bill circular. Ad. ?. Head and throat brown; breast
and back gray, a white throat-ring; belly and specu-
lum white. Notes. Rarely a low croak; a high whistle-
ling sound produced by wings in flight.

Range. — North America; breeds from Maine, northern Minnesota,
and Alberta, north to Arctic Regions; winters from southern Alaska,
the Great Lakes and Maine, south to Mexico and Cuba.

152. Barrow Golden-eye {Clangula islandica). L.

20. Ad. c?. Head purplish blue; white patch at base
of bill twice as high as wide. Ad. 9 • Resembles 9 of
No. 151. Notes. A high whistling made by wings in
flight, probably also a low croaking as in No. 151.

Range.— Northern North America; breeds from Gulf of St. Lawrence,
and mountains of Colorado north to southern Greenland; winters south
to Virginia, Illinois, and California.

153. Buffle-head [Charitonetta albeola). L. 14.7.
Ad. <$. Head blue, purple, and green; a white band
from eye to eye across nape. Ad. 9 . A whitish patch
on either side of head; throat and upper parts grayish
brown; belly and speculum white. Notes. A single
guttural note like a small edition of the Canvas-back's
roll. (Elliot.)

Range.— North America; breeds from Maine, Iowa, ani British
Columbia northward; winters from southern limit of breeding range
to West Indies and Mexico.

167. Ruddy Duck {Erismahira jamaicensis). L. 15.
Tail-feathers narrow and stiff; bill short (1.5) and
broad. Ad. $. Cheeks white, cap black, back red-
dish brown. Ad. 9. A whitish streak through dusky
cheeks; back grayish brown with fine buffy bars;
belly silvery whitish. Yng. tf. Similar, but cheeks
all white or whitish.

Range. — Western hemisphere from northern South America to
Hudson Bay; breeds locally throughout its range, but chiefly north-
ward: winters from New Jersey, southern Illinois and California
southward.

168. Masked Duck {Nomourx dominicus). L. 14.
Tail-feathers long, (4.5) narrow, stiff and pointed.
Ad. c?. Front of head black; behind it reddish brown
all around; white in wing. Ad. 9- A brownish
streak through eye; buffy streaks above and below it;
back blackish regularly barred with buff; below washed

With rusty-
Range— Tropical America north to Lower Rio Grande; accidental in
Wisconsin, Lake Champlain, and Massachusetts.

Z~J

80

Ducks.

154. Old-squaw (Harelda hyemahs). L. c?, 21; '. ,

16; T. J 1 , 8; 9, 2.5. No colored speculum. ^/. J.
Centra] tail-feathers much lengthened; in winter,
crown, nape, throat, and neck all around white. In
summer, black, with rusty markings on back. Ad. ?.
winter. Cheeks, neck all around, and underparts white;
breast and sides of neck dusky. In summer, crown,
cheeks and nape blackish, throat and breast dusky; a
whitish patch back of eye. Notes. In spring, a rich,
musical a-leedle-a, frequently repeated in deep, reed-
like tones. (Nelson.) Also "o-oiic-o-oiic-oiigh-c»li-
oitgh-egh." (Mackay.)

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds from northern Labrador and
Aleutian Islands north to Arctic Ocean; winters south to Virginia,
Upper Mississippi Valley, and California, "rarely to Florida and Tex-
as."

155. Harlequin Duck {Histrionicus histrionicus). L.
17. Ad. cJ\ Back and breast slaty blue; head darker.
Ad. ?. Front half of cheeks and spot over ears
whitish; above blackish brown; below dusky and
whitish. Notes. "A confusion of low gabbling and
chattering notes." (Nelson.)

Range. — "Northern North America, breeding from Newfoundland,
the northern Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevadas (latitude
38 ), northward; south in winter to the Middle States and California;
eastern Asia, Iceland." (A. O. U.)

156. Labrador Duck [Camptolaimiis labradorins).
L. 20. Ad. $. Primaries blackish; rest of wing
white. Ad. 9. Ashy gray: speculum white. Yng.
cf. Like 9, but throat and ends of greater wing-
coverts white.

Range.— Formerly North Atlantic coast; bred from Labrador north-
ward; wintered south to New Jersey; believed to be extinct;
last records, Grand Menan, New Brunswick, 1871; Long Island, 1875.

157. Steller Eider [Eniconetta stellen). L. 18.
Ad. c?. Throat and neck black nearly divided by a
white ring; top and sides of head white, forehead and
nape greenish; breast chestnut. Ad. ?. Above and
below black and rusty; speculum purple bordered with
white; tail feathers pointed.

Range.— "Arctic and cubarctic coasts of the northern hemisphere,
Aleutian Islands, east to Unalaska and Kadiak; Kenai Peninsula."
(A. O. U.)

81

Ducks.

158. Spectacled Eider {Arctonetta fischeri) . L. 21-
Ad. cT- Front of head plush-like; cushiony pads
around eyes; above largely white; breast slaty black;
belly black.

Range. — "Alaskan coast cf Bering Sea and north to Point Barrow."
(A. O. U-)

159. Greenland Eider (Somateria mollissima borealis).
L. 23. Feathers on sides of bill reaching to nostrils,
bare spaces on either side of feathers on culmen pointed
at base (posteriorly.) Ad. cT. Crown black with a
white wedge. Ad. £. Brownish black above mar-
gined with rusty and buff; below dusky finely mar-
gined with buff. Yng, g . Similar to 9 but more
buffy. Notes. "A sort of cooing sound" in the
breeding season. (Elliot.) A raucous, moaning,
'ha ho, 'ha ho: female's like that of Mallard. (Brunnich.)

^^ Range.— Northeastern North America; breeds from Labrador to

Greenland; winters south to Massachusetts.

160. American Eider {Somateria dresseri). L. 23.
Similar in color to No. 159, but bare spaces on either
side of feathers of culmen rounded at the base (poster-
iorly).

Range.— Northeastern North America; breeds from Isle au Haut,
Maine, to Labrador; winters south .to New Jersey and Great Lakes.

16 1. Pacific Eider {Somateria v-nigra). Similar
to No. 159, but Ad. <$ with a black V on throat; sides of
bill more broadly feathered, distance from end of
feathers to base of bare' space on culmen less than
distance from same place to end of bill. Notes. "A
low guttural note." (Nelson.)

Range.— North Pacific from Aleutian islands north to Arctic Ocean
east to Great Slave Lake.

162. King Eider {Somateria spectabilis). L. 23.
Feathers at side of bill not reaching nostril. Ad. tf.
White patch on either side of rump; crown ashy blue.
Ad. 9 and Yng. Resembling sameplumages of No. 159
and No. 160.

Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds from Labrador and St.
Michaels, Alaska north to Greenland and Arctic Ocean; winters
south to New Jersey (rarely Ga.), and Great Lakes; one California
record.

82

Ducks.

163. American Scoter (Oidemia americand). L. 19.
Feathers at base of bill not extending forward on sides
or top. Ad. r?. Wholly black; bill black, yellow at
base. Ad. 9- Brownish above, lighter below; no
white on wing or on sides of head. Notes. A long
musical whistle. (Elliot.)

Range. — Northern North America; breeds from Labrador and Alas-
kan shores of Bering- Sea northward; winters south to Virginia, Great
Lakes, Colorado, and California.

165. White-winged Scoter {Oidemia deglandi).
L. 22. A white patch on wing; feathers extending
forward along sides and top of bill nearly to nostrils.
Ad. cT- Black, a white spot about eye; bill orange,
black at base. Ad. 9- Dusky brown above; lighter
below. Yng. tf. Similar but sides and front of head
whitish.

Range.— Northern North America; breeds from Labrador and North
Dakota northward; winters south to Virginia, southern Illinois, and
Lower California.

166. Surf Scoter {Oidemia perspicillat a). L. 20.
Feathers extending forward on top of bill. Ad. cf-
Black, nape and crown white; bill orange, yellow, and
white, a round black patch on its sides. Ad. 9-
Above black, throat and breast paler; belly whitish;
a whitish patch at base of bill. Yng. Similar but
with white patches on ears.

Range.— Northern North America; breeds from Newfoundland
northward; winters south to Virginia, Florida, Illinois, and Lower Cal-
ifornia.

177. Black-bellied Tree Duck {TDendrocygna an-
tumnalis). L. 22. Ads. Belly and tail coverts black;
foreback and breast gray; greater wing-coverts
whitish. Notes. A shrill whistle. (Elliot.)

Range.— Tropical America north to southern Texas.

178. Fulvous Tree Duck {Tfendrocygna fulva).
L. 22. Ads. Belly uniform rusty brown; upper tail
coverts white; a black streak on hindneck; no white in
wing. Notes. A squealing whistle.

Range.— Tropical America, north in summer to Texas, Louisiana,
Nevada and central California. "Casual in North Carolina and
Missouri." (A. O. U.)

83

Geese and Swans.

169. Lesser Snow Goose {Chen hyperborea). L.
23-28, Ads. White, head sometimes rusty; primaries
black. Yug. Head, neck, and above grayish.

Range.— "Pacific coast to the Mississippi Valley, breeding in Alas-
ka; south in winter to southern Illinois and southern California; cas-
ually to New England." (A. O. U. )

I 69a. Greater Snow Goose (C.

larto No. 169, but larger, L. 30-38.

h. nivalis'). Sim-

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters
from Chespeake. New Jersey (rarely) south to Cuba; rare on Atlantic
coast north of Maryland.

I 70. Ross Snow Goose

r.6. Similar in color to No.
particularly smaller.

{Chen rossii). L. 21; B.
169, but much smaller; bill

Range. — Arctic America in summer; Pacific coast to southern
California and east to Montana in winter.

180. Whistling Swan (Olor columbianus) . L. 55.
Nostril nearer to tip of bill than to eye. Ads. White,
bill and feet black; a small yellow spot before the eye.
Yng. Head and neck brownish, rest of plumage
washed with gravish. Notes, 'u-hoogh, 'whoogh, very
loud and shrill. (Nuttall.)

Range. — North America; breeds within Arctic Circle; winters
from British Columbia (? ) Lower Mississippi Valley, Chesapeake Bay,
south to Gulf of Mexico; rare on Atlantic Coast north of Virginia.

181. Trumpeter Swan (Olor buccinator). L. 65.
Nostril about in middle of bill. Ads. White, bill and
feet black; no yellow on lores. Yng. Head and neck
brownish; rest of plumage washed with grayish. Notes.
Loud and sonorous in tone like those of a French horn.
(Elliot.)

Range.— "Chiefly the interior of North America, from the Gulf Coast
to the Fur Countries, breeding from Iowa and the Dakotas north-
ward; west to the Pacific Coast; rare or casual on the Atlantic." (A.
O. U.)

84

Geese.

169.1. Blue Goose (Chen ccerulescens). L. 28. Ads.
Head and neck white; below brownish gray; foreback
like breast; rump gray. Yng. Similar but head and
neck grayish brown.

Range. — North America; breeds in Hudson Bay region; winters on
-west coast of the Gulf of Mexico; two California records; said to
have occurred in New Jersey.

I 7 la. American White-fronted Goose (Anser albi-
frons gambeli). L. 28. Ads. Forehead and rump
white: below spotted with black. Yng. Similar but
no white on head no black below.

Range. — North America; breeds in Arctic region; winters on Gulf
Coast, California and Mexico; rare on Atlantic coast.

17 6. Emperor Goose (Thilacte canagica). L. 26.
Ads. Foreneck blackish; rest of head and neck white
sometimes tinged with rusty; tail mostly white. Yng.
Body less distinctly scaled; head and hind-neck spotted
with grayish. Notes. When flying, a deep, hoarse,

A * A ~ A ^

strident da- ha, cla-ha,cla-ha; when alarmed and about
to fly, a ringing u-lugh, -ulugh. (Nelson.)

Range.— "Coast and islands of Alaska north of the Peninsula;
chiefly about Norton Sound and Valley of the Lower Yukon; Com-
mander Islands, Kamchatka; casually south to Humboldt Bay, Cal-
ifornia." (A. O. U.)

176.

85

Geese and Brant.

17 2. Canada Goose (Branta canadensis). L. 38.
Ads. A white patch on cheeks and throat; rest of
head and neck black; no whitish ring at base of black
neck. Yng. Similar but with blackish on white of
throat. Notes. A sonorous honk.

Range.— North America; breeds from Labrador, Minnesota and
British Columbia, north chiefly in the interior, to Alaska; winters
from Long Island, Illinois and British Columbia south to Mexico and
southern California.

I 72a. Hutchins Goose (5. . hutchirisii). Simi-
lar to No. 172, but smaller; L. 30; tail feathers, 14-16.

Range. — Western North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters
from British Columbia and Kansas south to Lower California and
Mexico.

172b. White-cheeked Goose (B. c. occidentalism .
Size of No. 172, but throat blackish, lower neck with
white collar.

72c. Range. — "Pacific coast region, from Sitka, south in winter to Cal-

ifornia." (A. O. U.)

I 72c. Cackling Goose (2?. c. minima). Similar to
No. 172b, but smaller, L. 24; tail feathers 14-16.

Range, — Western North America; breeds in Alaska; winters from
British Columbia southward; east rarely to Wisconsin.

173. Brant {Branta bernicla glaucogastra). L. 26.
Ads. Sides of neck with white markings; belly whitish.
Notes. A guttural car-r-rup, or r-r-r-rouk. (Elliot.)

Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters in
America, from Mississippi Valley east, and from Illinois and Massa-
chusetts southward; rare in interior.

174. Black Brant (Urania nigricans). L. 26. Ads.
Sides and front of neck with white markings; belly-
nearly as dark as back. Notes. A low guttural gr-r-r-
r-r; on alarm repeated often with emphasis. (Nelson.)

Range.— Western North America; breeds in northern Alaska and
eastward; winters from British Columbia to Lower California; occas-
ional on Atlantic Coast,

86

Order VI. FLAMINGOES.

ODONTOGLOSSJE.

Family 1. FLAMINGOES. Phcenicopterid^e. 1 species.

Flamingoes might be called long-legged Ducks. Their feet are
webbed, and their bill is set with ridges, which serve as sieves or
strainers, as do the 'gutters' on a Duck's bill. They are, however,
wading birds and their webbed feet are of use in supporting them on
the soft mud of shallow lagoons or bays where they search for the fav-
orite food of small mollusks. In feeding the flat top of the bill is
pressed into the mud when its tip points upward toward the bird's
body. Flamingoes fly with the neck and legs stretched to the utmost
presenting on the wing a picturesque, but by no means so graceful an
appearance as do the Herons. Their voice is a vibrant honking like
that of a Goose.

Order VII. HERONS, STORKS, IBISES, ETC.

HERODIONES.

Family 1. SPOONBILLS. Plataleim. 1 species.

Family 2. IBISES. Ibidid.e. 3 species.

Family 3. STORKS and WOOD IBISES. Ciconiid^. 1 species.

Family 4. BITTERNS, HERONS, ETC. Ardkid^. 14 species,
3 subspecies.

The Roseate Spoonbill was formerly a common bird in Florida and
along the Gulf coast, but so many have been killed for their plumage
that in the United States the species is now exceedingly rare except in
the most remote parts of southern Florida.

Spoonbills build a rude nest of sticks in mangrove bushes or small
trees and lay three to five whitish eggs speckled with shades of brown.

Ibises are usually found in flocks along the shore of lagoons, lakes,
etc., or in marshy places. They fly with the neck outstretched and are
generally silent. Their nests of reeds, weed stalks, etc., are some-

87

Herons, Storks, Ibises, Etc.

times placed in low bushes, at others in grassy marshes. The eggs
number from three to five. They are plain blue in the Glossy Ibis,
greenish white with chocolate markings, in the White Ibis.

The Storks are largely Old World birds, only three of the some
twenty known species inhabiting the Western Hemisphere. But one
of these is found regularly north of the Rio Grande, the so-called Wood
Ibis which is abundant in southern Florida. It lives in flocks and
builds a nest of sticks usually in cypress trees, often forty feet from
the ground, laying two or three white eggs. When flying the neck is
extended. It progresses by alternate flapping and sailing and occa-
sionally soars high overhead in circles, like a Vulture.

The Bitterns and Herons unlike our other long-legged wading birds,
fly with a fold in the neck. They belong in two subfamilies, the
Botaurin<z and Ardeince, respectively. The Bitterns are usually soli-
tary birds inhabiting grassy or reedy marshes where their colors har-
monize with their surroundings and render them difficult to see. The
American Bittern nests on the ground and lays three to five pale
brownish eggs. The Least Bittern usually weaves a platform nest
of reeds among rushes growing in the water and lays four or five bluish
white eggs.

Herons feed along the shore' and are consequently more often
seen than Bitterns. With the exception of the Green Heron and the
Yellow-crowned Night Heron, which usually nest in isolated pairs, our
species gather in colonies to nest. Several hundred pairs occupying
a limited area in s ome wooded or bushy swamp to which, when undis-
turbed, they return year after year.

Herons build a rude platform nest of sticks, sometimes placing it in
bushes, sometimes in the tallest trees, and at others on the ground or
beds of reeds in marshes. The eggs are greenish blue in color and
usually four in number. It is among those Herons, which in nesting
time are adorned with delicate plumes or aigrettes, that the greatest
ravages of the millinery hunter have been made. Attacking these
birds when they have gathered on the nesting ground, they are not
permitted to rear their young and the species is thus exterminated
branch and root.

The voice of Herons is a harsh squawk varying in depth of tone with
the size of the bird.

88

Flamingo, Spoonbill and Ibis.

182. Flamingo (Phcenicopterus ruber). L. 45; from
toe to bill, 60. Ads. Rosy red, lighter on back; prim-
aries and secondaries black. Yng. Smaller, grayish
brown; lighter below. Notes. A bonk resembling that
that of a Canada Goose.

Range.— Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America; resi-
dent (breeding?) In southwestern Florida (Monroe county); casual
west to Texas, north to South Carolina.

183. Roseate Spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja). L. 32.
Ads. Head and throat bare; sides of breast and end
of tail rusty buff; lesser wing-coverts, upper and under
tail-coverts carmine. Yng. Head feathered, buff and
carmine replaced by pink.

Range. — Tropical and subtropical America; north to Gulf States.

185. Scarlet Ibis (Guara rubra). L. 24. Ads.
Scarlet: tips of primaries black. Yng. Grayish brown,,
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white; under-
parts dull white.

Range. "Florida, Louisiana and Texas, southward to the West
Indies and northern South America. No record of Its recent occur-
rence in the United States." (A. O. U.)

89

Ibises.

1 84. White Ibis {Guara alba). L. 25. Ads.
White, tips of outer primaries black, face orange red.
Yng. Grayish brown, rump, breast and belly white.
Notes. When near nest, crook, croo, croo; when dis-
turbed, a loud, hoarse, hunk, hunk, hunk. (Audubon).

-. Range.— Tropical America; breeds north to Lower California,

°^- southern Indiana, southern Illinois and South Carolina; winters from

Gulf southward; accidental in South Dakota, Conneticut and Long

Island;

186. Glossy Ibis {Plegadis autumnalis) . L. 24.
Ads. Front of head black with greenish reflections.
Yng. Head and neck fuscous brown margined with
white, rest of underparts fuscous brown; back with
greenish reflections.

Range. — Tropical and subtropical regions in America; rare or local
in southeastern United States; casual north to Massachusetts and
Illinois

187. White-faced Glossy Ibis {Plegadis guarauna).
L. 24. Ads. Front of head white. Yng. Resembles
young of No. 186.

Range. Tropical and subtropical America; north to California,
(rarely British Columbia), Texas, Kansas, east rarely to Florida:
winters south of United States.

188. Wood Ibis {Tantalus loculator). L. 40. Ads.
Head and neck bare; white, primaries, secondaries and
tail blackish. Yng. Resembles ad. but head and
neck feathered, grayish brown. Note. When alarm-
ed, a rough, guttural croak. (Audubon.)

Range.— Tropical and subtropical America; breeds in Gulf States,
(Lower California?), and later may stray as far north as NewYcrk,.
Wisconsin, and California.

90

Bitterns.

190. American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) .
L. 28. Ads. A glossy black streak on either side of
the neck. Yng. Similar to ad. but colors much deep-
er, more rusty. Notes. Call, quawk; song, pump-er-

lllllk.

Range. — North America north to Labrador and British Columbia,
breeding chiefly north of latitude 35 ° ; winters from about latitude 35
southward.

191. Least Bittern (Ardetta exilis). L. 13. Ad.
c?. Hindneck rufous, foreneck, underparts, and under
tail-coverts white and buff. Ad. ?. Similar, but crown
and back brown, below streaked with brownish.
Notes. Call, an explosive qitah\ song, a soft coo repeat-
ed four or five times.

Range. — North America: breeds from Gulf States to New Bruns-
wick and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States southward. "Less
common west of Rocky Mountains; on the Pacific coast north to
northern California." (A. O U.)

I 9 1. 1. Cory Bittern (Ardetta neoxena). L. 13.
Ad q 71 - Hindneck black, foreneck chestnut, belly
mixed black and chestnut, under tail-coverts black.
Ad. 9. Similar, but crown and back duller.

Range.— Eastern North America; recorded from Florida, Ontario,
(breeding) , Massachusetts, and Michigan; about 20 specimens
known.

91

Herons.

192. Great White Heron {Ardeaoccidentalis). Ads.
White, no "aigrette" plumes. A white Heron about
the size of a Great Blue Heron What is supposed to
be a gray-blue phase of this bird has been called Ardea
wuerdmanni, a bird which resembles No. 194, but has
the head and neck whitish.

Range. Southern Florida. Cuba and Jamaica

196. American Egret {Herodias egretta). L. 41.
Ads. White, about 50 straight "aigrette" plumes grow
from the back between the wings; legs and feet black.
Ads. when not breeding and Yng., the same, but no
plumes.

Range.— Tropical and temperate America; breeds north to Virginia,
southern Illinois, and California; later strays to New Brunswick.
Minnesota, and Oregon; winters from southern California and Gulf
States southward.

197. Snowy Heron {Egretta candidissima) . L. 24.

Ads. White, about 50 recurved "aigrette" plumes

grow from back between the wings; legs black,

feet yellow. Ads when not breeding and Yng. The

n, same, but no plumes.

V

Range.— Tropical and temperate America; bred formerly north to
Long Island, southern Illinois and California; now very rare In east-
ern North America; winters from Gulf States and southern California
southward.

92

Herons.

194. Great Blue Heron {Ardea herodias). L. 45;
W. 18.5; B. 5.5; Tar. 7. Ads. Center of crown white,
head crested; legs blackish. Yng. Similar, but no
crest, crown wholly black, plumage more streaked.

Range - .Northern South America north to Arctic regions; breeds
locally throughout most of North America range; winters from about
latitude 42 ° southward.

194a. Northwest Coast Heron {A. b. fannini).

Similar to No. 194 but much darker; upperparts bluish
slate black; tarsus shorter, 5.3.

Range. — Pacific coast from Vancouver to Sitka.

194b. Ward Heron {A. h. wardi). Similar to No.
194 but whiter below, neck darker; legs olive; larger,
L. 52; W. 20; B. 6.5; Tar. 8.

Range. — Florida; coast of Texas.

202. Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nyc-
ticorax ncevius.) L. 24. Ads. Crown and back green-
ish black . lower back, wings and tail ashy; head with two
or three rounded white plumes, except just after breed-
ing season. Yng. Grayish brown streaked with
white; beiow white streaked with blackish; outer webs
of primaries, pale rufous. Notes. An explosive quazck.

Range. — Western hemisphere; breeds in North America north to
New Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba, and Oregon; winters from Cal-
ifornia and Gulf States southward.

203. Yellow-crowned Night Heron {Nyctanassa

violaceus). L. 23. Ads. Blue-gray; crown and ear-
coverts whitish, rest of head black; scapulars streaked
with black;head with two orthree rounded, white plumes,
except just after nesting season. Yng. Crown black,
streaked with whitish; primaries bluish slate, no rufous;
back brownish streaked with white; below whitish
streaked with blackish.

Range. — Tropical and subtropical America; breeds north to South
Carolina, southern Illinois, and Lower California; strays to Massa-
chusetts and Colorado; winters from Gulf States southward.

93

Herons.

198. Reddish Egret {Dichromanassa rufescens) . L.
29. Two color phases independent of age. Ads.
Dark phase, Head and neck rufous; back slate; about
30 "aigrette" plumes. IV kite phase. White, including
plumes; tips of primaries sometimes speckled with
gray. Yug. Rufous and gray, or white, without
plumes.

Range.— West Indies and Central America north to coasts of Gull
States, Illinois .rarely), and Lower California.

199. Louisiana Heron (Hydranassa tricolor ruficol-
lis). L. 26. Ads. "Aigrette" plumes, short, dirty
gray; rump and belly white; legs blackish. Yug.
Head and neck brownish; throat and line down fore-
neck white; above slaty washed with brownish; rump
and belly white.

Range. — West Indies and Central America north io Gulf States,
casually to Long Island and Indiana.

200. Little Blue Heron {Florida ccerulea). L. 22.
Ads. Head and neck marroon; rest of plumage slaty
blue. Yug. White, tips of primaries bluish, leg c
greenish yellow.

Range.— Tropical America and eastern United States; breeds n',..ii
to Virginia and Illinois, later may stray north as far as Nova Scotia;
winters from South Atlantic and Gulf States southward.

201. Little Green Heron (Butorides virescens). L.
17. Smallest of our Herons. Ads. Crown, glossy
green-black: throat and line down foreneck buffy; rest
of head and neck purplish chestnut; back green wash-
ed with bluish gray. Yng. Neck and b^low streaked
with blackish; back-feathers not lengthened; duller.
Notes. A rattling oc-oc-oc-oc-oc, a startling scow, and,
more rarely, a deep, hollow groan. (Brewster.)

kange.— Tropical and temperate North America; breeds from Gulf
States north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States
southward to northern South America.

201a. Frazar Green Heron (B. n. fra^ari). Sim-
ilar to No. 201, but rather larger and darker, neck
more purplish, light stripings on throat and foreneck
more restricted. (Brewster.)

Range. — Lower Califorina.

201b. Anthony Green Heron (B. v. anthonyi).
Similar to No. 201, but slightly largei, and paler, light
markings of wings, neck, and throat less restricted and
whiter. (Mearns.)

Range.— Arid portions of southwestern United States, south into
Mexico.

94

Order VIII. CRANES, RAILS, ETC.

PALUDICOL^.

Family 1.. CRANES. Gruid.-e. 8 species.

Family 2. COURLAXS. Aramim. 1 species.

Family 3. RAILS, GALLINULES, and COOTS. Rallim:. 12
species, 3 subspecies.

Cranes bear a general resemblence to Herons in that they are long-
legged, long-necked birds, but when on the wing, they carry the neck
fully extended, a habit which will readily distinguish them from the
curved neck Herons. Cranes are less aquatic than Herons and are
often found feeding on the prairies or pine-barrens where worms, grass-
hoppers, lizards, roots, etc., form their fare. They nest on the ground
laying two buffy eggs thickly marked with brown. The young, unlike
the nearly naked, helpless young of Herons, are born covered with
down and can soon follow their parents. The Cranes have loud sonor-
ous voices; the Herons raucous croaks.

The Limpkin is a singular inhabitant of the more retired Florida
swamps. It feeds upon the ground largely upon a kind of land shell,
but also perches in trees. Its nest of twigs is placed in a small tree or
bush, and it lays from four to seven pale buffy eggs stained and
speckled with cinnamon brown.

The Rails (Subfamily Rallince) are inhabitants of grassy marshes
where, trusting to their long legs, they more often escape observation
by running than by flying. One may hear their characteristic notes
coming from the dense growth only a few yards distant and still be
unable to catch a glimpse of their maker.

Rails nest on the ground laying six to twelve or fifteen buffy eggs
spotted with reddish brown. The young of all our species are born
covered with a shining black down.

The Gallinules (Subfamily Galli?i2ilin(z) are more aquatic than the
Rails and are consequently less difficult to observe.

The Coots (Subfamily Fulici?icz) are still more aquatic than the Gall-
inules, as might be supposed from their lobed toes, in fact' are as
much at home in the water as though they were Ducks. Both Galli-
nules and Coots lay eight to sixteen buffy, thickly speckled eggs in a
nest of reeds often built on a pile of rushes in the reeds.

95

Cranes and Limpkin.

204. Whooping Crane (Grus americana). L. 50.
Ads. White; skin of top of head dull red; primaries
black. Yng. Head feathered, plumage more or less
washed with rusty.

Range.— Interior of North America: breeds from northern Missis-
sippi Valley north to Arctic regions* winters from Gulf States south-
ward.

205. Little Brown Crane (Grus canadensis) . L. 35.
W. 18; B. 4. Ads. Skin of top of head dull red;
plumage brownish gray. Yng. Head feathered,
plumage with more or less rusty.

Range.— "Northern North America from Hudson Bay to Alaska,
migrating south through western United States east of Rocky
Mountains to Mexico." (Ridgway.)

206. Sandhill Crane (Grus mexicana). Similar to
No. 205, but larger. L. 44; W. 20; B. 5. Notes. A
loud, sonorous, grating, krrrow, repeated five or more
times.

Range. — North America; breeds locally from Texas, Cuba, Florida
north through Mississippi Valley to Manitoba, British Columbia, and
Oregon; winters from northern California and Gulf States southward.

207. Limpkin (Aramus giganteus). L. 28. Ads.
Glossy olive-brown, striped with white; wings and
tail more bronzy. Notes. A loud wah-ree-ow, repeated
and the last note prolonged into a wail.

Range.— Central America and West Indies north to southern Texas
and Florida.

96

Rails.

208. King Rail (Rallus elegans). L. 15. Ads.
Above olive-brown, black, and olive-gray; wing-cov-
erts reddish brown; neck and breast cinnamon; belly
and sides blackish, sharply and broadly barred with
white. Notes. A loud bup, bup, hup, repeated and end-
ing in a roll.

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from Florida north to Con-
necticut and South Dakota; strays to Maine; winters from Virgin-
ia and Lower Mississippi Valley southto Gulf States.

209. Belding Rail {Rallus beldingi)
No. 208, but paler; flank-bars narrower.

Range.— Lower California.

Similar to

2 10. California Clapper Rail (Rallus obsoletus).
L. 17. Above grayish olive-brown streaked with
blackish brown; breast cinnamon; flanks dusky brown
narrowly banded with white. Margins to back
feathers much broader than in forms of crepitans.

Range.— Salt Marshes of Pacific coast north to Washington.

212. Virginia Rail (T{allus virginianus) . L. 9.5;
B. 1.5. Ads. Above blackish and grayish brown;
wing-coverts reddish brown; below cinnamon, flanks
black and white. Resembling a King Rail in color, but
much smaller. Notes. Calls, kep or kik\ song, a
grunting sound and cut, cutta-cutta-cutta. (Brewster.)

Range. — North America; breeds from Pennsylvania, Long Island,
northern Illinois, and middle California north to Labrador, Manitoba',
and British Columbia; winters from about its southern breeding lim-
its south 10 Cuba and Guatemala.

215. Yellow Rail. (Porrana noveboracensis) . L. 7;
B. .5. Ads. Above black and buffy barred with
white; breast buffy; sides brownish barred with white.
Notes. An abrupt cackling, 'krek, 'krek, 'krek, 'krek,
kuk, 'k'k'k. (Nuttall.)

Range.— Eastern North America north to New Brunswick, Quebec,
and Hudson Bay, west to Manitoba and rarely California; probably
breeds chiefly north; winters In southern States.

97

Rails.

211. Clapper Rail, Marsh Hen {Rallits crepitans).
L. 14.5; W. 5; B. 2.5. Ads. Above pale olive bor-
dered by gray, wing-coverts pale grayish brown;
breast pale cinnamon; flanks barred gray and white.
Notes. Gkak, gkak, gkak, at first loud and rapid,
ending lower and slower.

Range.— Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast; breeds from North
Carolina to Connecticut; winters from Long Island (rarely) south-
ward, north casually to Massachusetts; south casually to Louisiana.

2 Ma. Louisiana Clapper Rail (R. c. saturatus).
Similar to No. 211, but above rich brown edged with
olive; breast darker cinnamon; bill more slender, 2.3.

Range.— Coast of Louisiana.

2Mb. Scott Clapper Rail (T{. c. scotti). Simi-
lar to No. 211, but much darker; sooty brown or black
above edged with olive-brown or olive-gray; breast
and neck cinnamon, washed with brownish; flanks
brown and white. Darkest bird of group.

Range.— Gulf coast of Florida.

2Mc. Wayne Clapper Rail (R. c. waynei). Sim-
ilar to No. 211, but darker, back rich "olive-brown
edged with gray; breast more ashy.

Range.— Atlantic coast, North Carolina to eastern Florida.

2 11.2. Caribbean Clapper Rail (T{alhis longiros-
tris caribceus) . L. 14; W. 5.7; B. 2.4. Ads. Above
olive-brown edged with olive-ashy; breast cinnamon;
flanks brown and white.

Range —West Indies; coast of southeastern Texas (and north-
eastern Mexico?).

2 14. Carolina Rail {P or ^ana Carolina). L. 8.5; B.8.
Ads. Region about base of bill black. Yng. Simi-
lar, but no black about base of bill; breast more cinna-
mon. Notes. Calls, kuk or peep; song, ker-zvee; and a
high, rolling whinny.

Range. North America; breeds from Long Island, Illinois, Kansas,
and southern California, north to Newfoundland, Hudson Bay region,
and British Columbia; winters from South Carolina, southern Illinois,
and northern California south to South America.

2 16. Little Black Rail (Por?ana jamaicensis) . L. 5;
B.6. Ads. Head, breast, and belly slate; back blackish
brown barred with white; nape reddish brown. Notes.
Probably, kik-kik-kik, queeah, or kik-ki-ki-ki, ki, queeah,
or variants. (Brewster.)

Range.— "Temperate North America north to Massachusetts, north-
ern Illinois, and Oregon: south to West Indies and Guatemala." (A.
O. U.) Probably breeds throughout its North American range (Con-
necticut, Illinois. Kansas).

98

Gallinules and Coot.

218. Purple Gallinule (Iononn's martinica), L. 13.
Ads. Crown-plate bluish, bill carmine tipped with
greenish; back shining green; below purplish blue;
under tail-coverts white. Yng. Above browner;
below with white; no red on bill.

Range.— Tropical and subtropical America; breeds only in eastern
North America north to southern Illinois and South Carolina, strays
to Maine and Wisconsin; winters from southern Florida south to
South America.

219. Florida Gallinule {Gallimda galeata) . L.

13.5. Ad. Crown-plate red, bill red tipped with
greenish; legs green with a red ring; back olive-brown;
flanks slate streaked with white. Yng. Crown-plate
smaller with bill brownish; no red on legs; below
grayish. Notes. An explosive chuck and many loud
and varied calls suggesting a disturbed brooding hen,
the squawking of a struggling hen, etc.

Range.— Temperate and tropical America; breeds locally north to
Maine, Montreal, Minnesota, and northern California; winters from
Gulf States and California southward.

22 1. American Coot (Fulica americana). L. 15.
Toes with scallops. Ads. Bill whitish; crown-plate
and two spots on bill brownish; head and neck black;
rest of plumage slate. Yng. Whiter below, browner
above, crown-plate smaller. Notes. An explosive
cuck and noisy cackling notes.

Range.- North America; breeds in the interior (chiefly northward)
north to the Mackenzie and on Pacific coast to British Columbia;
winters from British Columbia and Gulf States south to Central
America and West Indies.

QO

Order IX. SHORE BIRDS.
limicol^e.

Family 1. PHALAROPES. Phalaropodid^e. 3 species.

Family 2. AVOCETS AND STILTS. Recurvirostrim. 2
species.

Family 3. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC. Scolopacim:. 33
species, 2 subspecies.

Family 4. PLOVERS. Charadriid^e. 9 species, 2 subspecies.

Family 5. SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. Aphrizid^e. 4
species.

Family 6. OYSTER-CATCHERS. H^ematopodid.e. 3 species.

Family 7. JACANAS. Jacanid^e. 1 species.

The Phalaropes are swimming Snipes. The Northern and Red
Phalaropes, both of which have well-developed lobes or scalloped webs
on their toes, except when nesting, live at sea a hundred miles or more
off shore, where they find an abundance of food in small forms of ma-
rine life. The Wilson Phalarope is a bird of the interior and conse-
quently, is far less aquatic than the remaining species of the family;
nevertheless it readily takes to water, swimming buoyantly and grace-
fully.

Contrary to the general rule, the female Phalarope is larger and
more brightly colored than the male and this difference in size and
plumage is accompanied by similarly unusual habits; the female tak-
ing the place of the male in the Phalarope household. The female of
necessity lays the eggs, but they are hatched by the male alone, who it
is said, cares for the young, also without the assistance of his mate.

The Avocets and Stilts are wading Snipes. The Stilts secure their
food by quick thrusts of the bill, but the Avocets use their singular, up-
turned member in a more interesting manner. When in water two or
three inches deep, the bill is dropped below the surface, until the
curved lower mandible evidently touches the bottom; then walking
rapidly, or even running, the bill is swung from side to side and the
bird thus explores the mud in its search for food, which, when it is felt,
is picked up in the usual way.

Many of the members of the family Scolopacidse are probing Snipe.
The Woodcock, Wilson Snipe, and Dowitcher are good examples.

100

Shore Birds.

Their bill is long and sensitive and they can curve or move its tip
without opening it at the base. When the bill is thrust into the mud
the tip may therefore grasp a worm and it thus becomes a finger as
well as a probe.

Though not ranked as song birds, many of the Snipes and Plovers have
pleasing calls and whistles and in the breeding season they become
highly musical or indulge in singular vocal performances.

The song of the Bartramian Sandpiper would attract the attention of
the least observant and the singular aerial evolutions of the Snipe and
Woodcock lend an unusual interest to the study of these birds in the
spring. The Pectoral Sandpiper was observed by Nelson in Alaska, in
May, to fill its oesophagus with air dilating the skin of the neck and
breast and forming a sack as large as the body. Then in the air or on
the ground the bird produced a series of hollow booming notes, con-
stituting its love song.

The Plovers have shorter, harder bills than the true Snipe and sev-
eral of our species frequent the uplands rather than muddy shore or
tidal flats.

The Turnstones are true shore birds. Their home with us is on the
seacoast where they feed along the beach turning over shells and
pebbles in their search for food.

The Oyster-catchers are also strictly maritime. They frequent bars
left bare by the tide and, it is said, use their stout bills to force open
mussels, oysters, or other bivalves left exposed by the water. This
belief, however, does not appear to rest on careful, definite observation.

The Jacana belongs to a small family of birds with representatives
throughout the tropics. All its members are remarkable for the length
of their toes, the wide extent of which enable these birds to walk over
aquatic vegetation. So, for instance, I have seen them running over
small lily leaves which, sinking slightly beneath the surface, made the
birds appear to be walking on the water.

The Limicolse, as a rule, nest on the ground. The Phalaropes,
Snipes, and Plovers lay four eggs, the Oyster-catcher three, the Jacanas,
it is said, four in some species to ten in others. The eggs of all are
proportionately large and pointed or pear-shaped and are usually thick-
ly marked with dark spots. The young are born covered with down
and leave the nest just after hatching.

101

Shore Birds.

222. Red Phalarope (Crymophilus fulicarius). L.
8.10; B. 9. Bill heavy, wider than deep. Ad. 9.
Below entirely reddish brown; cap black, back black
and buff. Ad. c?. Similar, but smaller; crown and
back streaked with brown, black, and buff. Yng.
Resemble <j\ but upper tail-coverts plumbeous, un-
derpays white. Winter. Crown and underparts white,
hindneck black, back gray. Notes. A musical clink,
clink. (Nelson.)

Range.— "Northern parts of northern hemisphere, breeding in the
Arctic regions and migrating south in winter; in the United States
south to the Middle States. Ohio Valley, and Cape St. Lucas; chiefly
maritime " (A. O. U.)

223. Northern Phalarope (Thalaropus lobatus).
L. 7.7; B. .8. Bill short, slender, sharply pointed.
Ad. $. Breast rufous; above slaty gray mixed with
ochraceous on back. Ad. <j\ Smaller, less rufous
on throat; above blackish streaked with rusty. Yng.
Underparts and forehead white; crown sooty; back
blackish streaked with straw-color. Winter. Upper-
parts gray mixed with white; underparts white.
Notes. A low chippering, clicking note.

Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds from Labrador and northern
British America north to Greenland and Alaska: winters apparently
south of United States where it is known as a migrant chiefly off the

coasts.

224. Wilson Phalarope (Steganopus tricolor).
L. 9.5; B. 1.3. Bill long. Ad. $. Sides of neck
black and chestnut; crown and back gray. Ad. <j\
Smaller; chestnut and black much less and duller;
crown and back blackish, latter sometimes with ru-
ous. Yng. Below white; crown and back black
margined with ochraceous; nape brownish gray.
Winter. Above gray, upper tail-coverts white; below
white. Notes. A soft, trumpeting yna,yna.

Range. North America, chieflv in the interior; breeds from north-
ern Illinois (rarely), Minnesota and Central California, north to latitude
55 : winters south of United States to southern South America.

283. Turnstone {Arenaria interpres). Similar to
283.1 but larger, W. 6., and upperparts in ad. with
black prevailing. Yng. Blacker than young of 283.1.

Range.— Eastern hemisphere, in America, only in Greenland and
Alaska.

283.1. Ruddy Turnstone {Arenaria morinella).
L. 9.5; W. 5.7. Ads. Reddish brown prevailing in
upper surface. Yng. Above and breast grayish
brown margined with buffy, throat, abdomen, rump
and long upper tail-coverts white as in ad.; shorter
upper tail-coverts black. Notes. When flying, a loud
twittering note. (Nuttall.)

Range. — Nearly cosmopolitan; breeds in Arctic regions; winters in
America south of United States to Patagonia.

288. Mexican Jacana {Jacana spinosa). L. 8.
Toes over 1.5. Ads. Chestnut and black; wings
mostly greenish. Yng. Forehead, line over eye, and
below white. Above grayish brown, sometimes with
rump chestnut, nape black. Notes. A harsh, rapidly
repeated eep, eep, eep.

Range.— Central America and Mexico north to Lower RioGrande
Valley, Cuba and Haiti.

J 02

Shore Birds.

225. American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana).
L. 16.5; B. 3.7. Ads. Head and neck rufous; belly
white; wings black and white. Yng. and Ads. in winter.
Similar, but head and neck grayish or whitish.
Notes. A rather musical, loud plee-eek hurriedly repeat-
ed.

Range. — North America west of Mississippi; breeds from northern
States, central California and rarely Texas, north in the interior to
latitude 54 ° : winters from southern California and western Gulf
States to Central America and West Indies; casual on Atlantic coast.

264. Long-billed Curlew (Numenius longirostris).
L. 24; B. 6., longest among our Snipe. Ads. Above
black and buffy; tail barred buffy and black; below
buffy, neck and breast finely streaked with dusky.
Yng, Similar, but buff deeper.

Range.— North America; breeds on Atlantic coast from Florida to
North Carolina; in interior north to Manitoba and British Columbia:
later strays casuallv to Newfoundland and Ontario; winters from
Gulf States and southern California southward.

265. Hudsonian Curlew (Numenius hudsonicus).
L. 17; B. 3.7. Ads. Less buff than No. 264; above
dark grayish brown and brownish gray; tail barred
with same; below white, breast streaked; sides barred
with blackish.

Range.-North America: breeds in Arctic regions; winters south of
south of United States to South America.

266. Eskimo Curlew {Numenius borealis) L. 13.5;
B. 2. Ads. Tail barred with grayish brown and
black; above blackish and buffy; below buff y,the breast
thickly streaked; sides barred with blackish.

Range.- Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters
south of United States to South America; migrates chiefly through
interior.

103

Shore Birds.

226. Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus).
L. 15; Tar 4.10. Ad. tf. Forehead, lower back,
and underparts white; crown, hindneck, upper back,
and wings black. Ad. 9. Similar, but upper back
and scapulars grayish brown. Yng. Similar to $,
but brown and black feathers lightly margined with
buffy. Notes. A sharp, rapidly uttered ip-ip-ip when
flying; a hoarse k-r-r-r-r-ing note when on the ground.

Range.— Temperate and tropical America; breeds north to Gulf
States, (locally and rarely in Mississippi Valley to Minnesota) and
California; winters from southern California and West Indies to
northern South America; rare east of Mississippi except in Gulf
States.

286. American Oyster-catcher (Hcematopus pallia-
tus). L. 19. Ads. Base of tail and longer upper
tail-coverts white, shorter coverts and all back black-
ish brown; white in wings conspicuous in flight.
Yng. Similar but feathers above with buffy margins.
Notes. A sharp eep, eep.

Range.— Temperate and tropical America: breeds on sea roasts
only, north to Virginia and western Mexico; winters south of United
States to South America; casual north to Nova Scotia.

286.1. Frazar Oyster-catcher {Hcematopus fra-
%ari). Similar to No. 286, but darker above, black
breast passing into white belly through a mottled
black and white band; upper tail coverts with brown
markings.

Range. -"Lower California (both coasts), north to Los Coronados
Islands." (A. O. U.)

287. Black Oyster-catcher (Hcematopus bachmani).
L. 17. Ads. Black. Yng. Somewhat browner.
Notes. A musical, piping whistle.

Range.— "Pacific coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to
La Paz, Lower California,"

104

Shore Birds.

228. American Woodcock {Pbilohela minor). L. n.
Ads. Below ochraceous-rufous; no bars; forehead
slaty crown black with rusty bars; back mixed
black, rusty and slaty. Notes. A nasal peent or paip\
a whistling of wings and a twittering whistle.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds locally from Florida to
Labrador and Manitoba, but chiefly northward; winters from southern
New Jersey and southern Illinois to Gulf States.

230. Wilson Snipe (Gallinago delicata) . L. 11.2.
Ads. Throat and belly white or whitish; breast rusty
buff indistinctly streaked; sides barred: above streaked
black and cream-buff; tail black and rusty; outer
feathers barred black and white Notes. When tak-
ing flight several sudden, hoarse scaipes; a tremulous,
penetrating bleating, thought to be produced by air
rushing through the birds wings; a kfik-kuk-kuk.
(Brewster.)

Range.— North America; breeds from northern New England (rare-
ly Connecticut) , northern Illinois and northern California north to
Labrador, Hudson Bay, and Alaska; winters from California, southern
Illinois, and South Carolina to northern South America.

26 I . Bartramian Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda).

L. 11. 5. Outer primary barred black and white.
Ads. Above black, ochraceous, and brownish gray;
breast and sides with dusky arrowheads; throat and
belly whitish. Yng. Similar, but more buffy. Notes.
Call, a soft, bubbling whistle; song, a prolonged,
mournful, mellow whistle, "cbr-r-rr-r-ee-e-e-e-e-e-oooo-o-

Range.— North America chiefly interior; breeds locally from Kansas
and Virginia to Alaska and Nova Scotia; winters south of United
States to South America.

262. Buff-breasted Sandpiper (Ttyngites subruflcol-
lis). L. 8.5. Inner border of inner web of primaries
beautifully speckled with black and white. Ads.
Above black widely margined with grayish brown;
below ochraceous-buff; a few black spots. Yng.
Above blackish brown, finely and evenly margined
with whitish; below much as in adult.

Range. "North America especially in the interior; breeds in the
Yukon district and the interior of British America north to the Arctic
coast; south in winter as far as Uruguay and Peru." (A. O. U.)

281. Mountain Plover (Podasocys montana). L. 9.
No black on breast. Ads. Lores and crown-band
black, above grayish brown washed with pale rusty.
Yng. Similar, but no black, rusty wash deeper. Win-
ter. Same as last but rusty paler.

Range.— Western United States; breeds from Kansas to North
Dakota; winters westward to California, south to Lower California
and Mexico; accidental in Florida.

105

Shore Birds.

23 1. Dowitcher (Macrorbampbus grisens) L. 10.5;
B. 2.1, pitted at tip. Ads. Rump, tail, under
wing-coverts, and axillars barred black and white;
above black margined with rusty; rump, white; below
reddish brown, spotted and barred with black. Yng.
Similar, but breast gray tinged with rusty; belly white.
Winter. Above gray, breast gray mixed with dusky,
belly white.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds chiefly north and north-
west of Hudson Bay; winters from Florida to northern South Amer-
ica.

232. Long-billed Dowitcher {Macrorbampbus scolo-
paceus). B. 2.1 to 2.9. Similar to preceding but
larger, bill longer; in adult spring plumage more barred
below. Notes. A lisping, energetic musical, peet-peet;
pee-ter-wee-too\ wee-too repeated. (Nelson.)

Range. — "Western North America, breeding in Alaska to the Arctic
coast, migrating south in winter through western United States (in-
cluding Mississippi Valley) to Mexico, and less commonly along At-
lantic coast." (A. O. U.)

233. Stilt Sandpiper (Micropalama bimantopus).
L. 8.2; tarsus long, 1.6. Ads. Entire underparts and
upper tail-coverts white barred with black; tail not
barred. Yng. Resembles ad. but below white, breast
lightly streaked; rump white no bars. Winter. Simi-
lar to yng. but back gray.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds within Arctic Circle; win-
ters from Florida to South America.

234. Knot (Tringa camitus*). L. 10.5; B. 1.3.
Upper tail-coverts with black bars and loops; tail
feathers without bars narrowly margined with white.
Ads. Mixed black, gray and reddish brown above,
reddish brown below. Yng. Above gray, margined
with cream-white and black; below white; breast
lightly streaked. Winter. Similar, but above gray.

Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds within Arctic circle; winters
from Florida to South America: migrates chiefly along the coasts,
rare on Pacific coast of United States.

244. Curlew Sandpiper {Erolia ferruginea). L. 8;
B. 1.5, slightly curved. Ads. Below chestnut-rufous,
above rusty and black. Yng. Above brownish gray
margined with whitish; back blacker below white.
Winter. Above plain brownish gray; below white.

Range.— "Old World in general; occasional in Eastern North
America and Alaska." (A. O. U.)

106

Shore Birds.

235. Purple Sandpiper {Arquatella maritima).
L. 9. Ads. Above black, margined with rusty and
cream-buff; below white, breast and sides heavily
marked with black. Winter. Head, neck, and breast,
slaty; back blacker, margined with slaty; central sec-
ondaries largely white.

Range.— "Northern portions of the northern hemisphere; in North
America chiefly the northeastern portions, breeding- in the high north,
migrating in winter to the Eastern and Middle States (casually to
Florida) , the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley." (A. O. U.)

236. Aleutian Sandpiper {Arquatella conesi). L. 8.5.
Similar to No. 23 s, but ad. and yng. with more
ochraceous; in winter grayish margins to back lighter
and wider. Notes. When flying, a low, clear, musi-
cal tweo-tweo-tweo', when feeding, clu-clu-clu. (Nelson.)

Range. — "Aleutian Islands and coast of Alaska, north to Kowak
River, west to Commander Islands, Kamchatka." (A. O. U.)

256. Solitary Sandpiper {Helodromas solitarius).
L. 8.4. Under wing-coverts, axillars, and all but
middle tail-feathers barred black and white. Ads.
Above fuscous with a faint greenish tinge; head and
neck streaked, back spotted with whitish; below white;
throat and breast distinctly streaked with dusky. Yng.
Fewer spots and streaks above; breast markings fused.
Winter. Practically no white markings above.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Northern States
' (rarely and sporadically) northward; little known of breeding habits;
winters south of United States to South America.

256a. Western Solitary Sandpiper (H. s. cinnamom

eus). Similar to No. 256, but spots above buffy, es-
pecially in fall; inner margin of outer primary speckled
black and white.

Range.- Western North America; breeds in British Columbia (ex-
act breeding range unKnown) ; winters south of United States.

263. Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macular ia). L.

7.5. Ads. Below white thickly spotted with black;
above brownish gray with a faint greenish lustre,
lightly marked with black. Yng. Similar above but
faintly margined with dusky and buff; below white,
breast grayer; no black marks. Winter. Same but no
margins above. Notes. Teet-weet, repeated.

Range. — North America, north to Hudson Bay; breeds throughout
its North American range; winters from southern California and West
Indies to South America.

284. Black Turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala) .
L. 9. No rusty; lower back, longer upper tail-coverts
and base of tail white; shorter upper tail-coverts black.
Ads. Above and breast brownish black; belly white.
Yng. Browner margined with whitish. Winter.
Same as Yng, but no margins. Notes. A sharp, weet,
weet, too-weet. (Nelson.)

Range. — "Pacific coast of North America from Point Barrow, Alas-
ka to Santa Margarita Island, Lower California; breeding from Alas-
ka to British Columbia. " (A.O.U.)

107

Shore Birds.

237. Pribilof Sandpiper (Arquatella ptilocnemis).
L. 10. Ads. Similar to No. 236 above but croww
much lighter; breast with a black patch. Yng. Re-
semble adult above but breast grayish indistinctly
streaked and with a pale buff band; belly white.
Winter. Similar to yng. but slaty gray above.

Range.— "Breeding in the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, and migrat-
ing to coast of adjacent mainland south of Norton Sound." (A.O.U.)

243a. Red-backed Sandpiper (Telidna alpina pa-
cifica). L. 8; B. 1.5; slightly curved. Ads. Belly
black; back chiefly rusty. Yng. Breast buffy, light-
ly streaked with dusky; belly white spotted with black;
back black, rusty, and buff. Winter. Above brown-
ish gray; below white; breast grayish, indistinctly
streaked.

Range.— North America; breeds in Arctic regions and winters from
Gulf States and California to South America.

246. Semipalmated Sandpiper (Ereunetes pusillus).
L. 6.3; B. .6 to .8. Toes webbed at base. Ads.
Above brownish gray and black; little or no
rusty; below white, breast indistinctly streaked. Yng.
Above with rusty and whitish margins; below white,
breast grayish no streaks. Winter. Above brownish
gray with black shaft streaks; below white. Notes,
weet-weet.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters
from Gulf States to South America.

247. Western Sandpiper {Ereunetes occidentalism .
Similar to preceding but bill longer .8 to 1.2; ads. more
rusty above, breast streaks more distinct, and more
numerous. Notes. Call, a soft weet-weet; song, uttered on
the wing, "a rapid, uniform series of rather musical
trills." (Nelson.)

Range, — North America, chiefly west of Mississippi Valley; breeds
in Arctic regions; winters from Gulf States to South America.

248. Sanderling (Calidris arenaria). L. 8. Three
toes, tarsus scaled. Ads. Above rusty, black and
grayish; below white, breast spotted with black and
washed with rusty. Yng. Nape grayish, back black,
feathers with two white or yellowish white terminal
spots; below silky white. Winter. Above brownish
248. gray with dusky shaft streaks; below silky white.

Range. — "Nearly cosmopolitan, breeding in Arctic and Sub-
Arctic regions, migrating, in America, south to Chili and Patagonia."
(A. O. U.)

108

Shore Birds.

238. Sharp-tailed Sandpiper (Actodromas acumin-
ata). L. 8.7. Tail feathers pointed. Ads. A white
line over eye; breast buff streaked with blackish.
Yng. Crown as in ad., back black and rusty; below
white, breast buffy, no streaks. Winter. Back gray-
ish brown streaked with blackish; below as in yng.,
but breast grayer and with indistinct streaks, Notes.
A soft metallic pleep-pleep. (Nelson.)

Range.— "Eastern Asia, and coast of Alaska, migrating south to
Java and Australia." (A. O. U.)

239. Pectoral Sandpiper (Actodromas maculata).
L. 9. Ads. Middle tail-feathers longest, pointed,
blackish margined with rusty; above black and rusty;
below white, breast thickly streaked; upper tail-coverts
Hack. Yng. and in winter much the same. Notes. Call,
a grating whistle; song, a hollow, resonant, musical
too-u, repeated eight times, made after filling esopha-
gus with air until it is puffed out to size of the body.
(Nelson.)

Range. — North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters south of
United States to South America; rare on Pacific coast.

240. White-rumped Sandpiper (Actodromas fusci-
collis). L. 7.5. Longer upper tail-coverts white. Ads.
Breast white, distinctly spotted or streaked. Yng. More
rufous above; breast less distinctly streiked. Winter.
Brownish gray above; similar to yng. below.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds in the interior north of
Hudson Bay; winters south of United States to southern South Amer-
ica; rare on Pacific coast.

241. Baird Sandpiper (Actodromas bairdii).
L. 7.5. No rusty in plumage. Ads. Longest upper
tail-coverts blackish] breast buffy, faintly streaked.
Yng. Similar, but back conspicuously margined with
whitish. Winter. Above "buffy grayish brown," no
white margins.

Range. — Interior of North America; breeds in the Arctic regions and
winters south of United States to southern South America.

242. Least Sandpiper (Actodromas minutilla). L. 6.
Smallest of our Sandpipers. Ads. Above black, buff
and rufous; below white breast lightly streaked. Yng.
Similar, but breast less distinctly streaked. Winter.
Above brownish gray, often streaked with black, be-
low white. Notes. Peep-peep.

Range. — North America; breeds from Sable Island and Magdalens
northward; winters from Gulf States and California south to South
America.

109

Shore Birds.

249. Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa). L. 18; B. 4;

slightly recurved. Tail barred, cinnamon and black;
under wing-coverts cinnamon with more or less fine
black markings. Ads. Above black and ochraceous;
below buffy white finely and uniformly barred with
black. Yng. Similar, but with no or with but few
bars below.

Range. — North America; breeds in the interior from western Min-
nesota, rarely Iowa and Nebraska northward; winters south of United
States to Central America and West Indies.

250. Pacific Godwit (Limosa I apponicabaueri). L.16.
B. 3.7, slightly recurved, tail barred black and white;
under wing-coverts black and white. Ads. "Head,
neck and lower parts, plain cinnamon color." (Ridgw.)
Winter. Above black, grayish and rusty, former pre-
vailing; below white; throat streaked, elsewhere wjth
irregular, black bars. Notes. "A loud ringing kii-wezo,
repeated."

Range. — "Shores and Islands of the Pacific Ocean, from New Zea-
land and Australia to Kamchatka and Alaska. On the American coast
recorded south of Alaska only from La Paz, Lower California." (A.
O. U.)

251. Hudsonian Godwit (Limosa hcemastica).
L. 15; B. 3.2, slightly recurved. Under wing-coverts
dusky; upper tail-coverts black and white; tail black at
end, white at base. Ads. Above black, rusty and
grayish, below chestnut-red barred with blackish and
faintly tipped with white. Yng. Similar, but below
buffy whitish, breast grayer. Winter, Similar below
but above brownish gray.

Range.— Eastern North America chiefly interior; breeds in Arctic
Reeions; winters south of United States to South America.

270. Black-bellied Plover (Squatarola squatarola).
L. 11. Hind-toe present, small. Ads. Above black
and white, no yellowish; below black. Yng. Above
grayish brov/n spotted with white and some yellowish;
below white. Winter. Similar to preceding but near-
ly uniform brownish above.

Range. — Northern Hemisphere; breeds in Arctic Regions, winters in
America from Florida to Brazil.

272. American Golden Plover (Charadrius domini-
cus). L. 10.5; W. 7. No hind-toe; axillars dusky.
Ads. Above conspicuously spotted with yellow; be-
low black, sides of breast white. Yng. Duller above,
below grayish white with dusky marks and yellowish
wash. Winter. Similar but no yellow below. Notes.
Call, a plaintive too-lee-e; song, a marvelously har-
monious succession of notes. (Nelson.)

Range.— Western Hemisphere; breeds in Arctic Regions; winters
from Florida to Patagonia, rare on Pacific coast.

272a. Pacific Golden Plover (C. d.fulvus). Simi-
lar to No. 272 but wing shorter, 6.5; yellow richer.

Range. — "Breeding from northern Asia to the Pribilof Islands
and coast of Alaska, south in winter through China and India to
Australia and Polynesia." (A. O. U.)

110

Shore Birds.

254. Greater Yellow-legs {Totanns melanolencus).

L. 14; B. 2.2. No rusty; upper tail-coverts mostly
white; tail barred with black and white or gray. Ads.
Above black margined with whitish; below white and
black. Yng. Above grayish margined with whitish;
below white, breast lightly streaked. Winter. Simi-
lar but white margins less conspicuous. Notes. A
whistled wheu, tvheu-wheu-wheu-wheu-wheu-wheu, wheu-
wheu.

Ringe. — North America; breeds from Minnesota, rarely northern
Illinois, and Anticosti northward; winters from Gulf State and Cali-
fornia to southern South America.

255. Yellow-legs (Totanns flavipes). L. 10.7;
B. 1.4. Similar in color to preceding but smaller in
size.

Range. — North America; breeds rarely in upper Mississippi Valley
hut chiefly north of latitude 55° ; winters from Gulf States to southern
South America; rare on Pacific coast.

258. Willet (Symphemia semipalmata). L. 15;
W. 8; B. 2.1. Primaries black with a broad white
band; upper tail-coverts mostly white. Ads. Above
brownish gray, black, and a little buff; below white
heavily marked with black and slightly washed with
buff. Yng. Above brownish gray margined with
buffy; below white, breast lightly streaked with dusky.
Winter. Similar, but above plain brownish gray.
Notes. Song, pilly-will-witlet, repeated.

Range. Eastern North America; breeds from Florida to southern
New Jersey, later strays casually to Maine; winters from Gulf States
to South America.

258a. Western Willet (5. s. inornata). Similar to
No. 258 but slightly larger. W. 8.5; B. 2.4. In sum-
mer above paler, less heavily marked with black both
above and below. Yng. and Winter. Indistinguish-
able in color from No. 258.

Rinee — Western United States; breeds from Texas to Manitoba;
•winters from southern California and Gulf States southward. A rare
migrant on Atlantic coast from South Carolina to Florida.

259. Wandering Tatler (Heteractitis incanus). L.
11. Tail-coverts plain slaty gray. Ads. Above plain
slaty gray; below white barred with slaty gray. Yng.
Above slaty gray more or less margined with whitish;
breast and sides slaty gray; throat and belly white.
Winter. Similar, but no white margins above.

Range.— Pacific coast; breeds from British Columbia northward;
winters south to Hawaiian Islands and Galapagos.

282. Surf Bird (Aphri^a virgata). L. 10; B. 1.
Upper tail-coverts and base of tail-feathers white.
Ads. Above black, slaty, and rusty. Yng. Above
slaty margined with whitish; breast barred slaty and
whitish; belly white spotted with slaty. Winter. The
same, but no whitish margins.

Range. — "Pacific coast of America, from Alaska to Chili." (A. O.

U.)

Ill

Shore Birds.

273. Killdeer (Oxyechus vociferus). L. 10.5. Rump
and upper tail-coverts rusty. Ads. Above grayish
brown and rusty; below white with two black rings.
Notes. A noisy kildee, kildee.

Range.— North America, north to Newfoundland, Manitoba and
British Columbia; (rare on North Atlantic coast); breeds locally
throughout its range; winters from Virginia, Lower Mississippi Valley
and California south to South America.

274. Semipalmated Plov er {/Egialitis semipalmata).
L. 6.7. Web between bases of inner and middle toes.
Ads. One black ring around neck; a white ring in
front of it. Yng. Similar, but black parts brownish;
back margined with whitish. Winter. Same as last
but no whitish margins.

Range. — Breeds from Labrador northward; winters from Gulf
States to Brazil.

275. Ring Plover {/Egialitis hiaticula). L. 7.5.
No webs between toes. Similar to 274 but larger, bill
yellow at ba^e, black or brown bands wider.

Range. — '.'Northern parts of Old World and portions of Arctic Amer-
ica, breeding on the west shore of Cumberland Gulf." (A. O. U.)

277. Piping Plover {/Egialitis meloda). L. 7; B.
short, .5. Very pale above. Ads. Above ashy,
crown and sides of breast black; no rusty. Yng. Sim-
ilar, but black replaced by ashy gray. Notes. A short
plaintive, piping whistle, repeated.

Range. Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia to Newfound-
land; winters from Florida southward.

277a. Belted Piping Plover {/E. m. circumduct a).
Similar to No. 277 but black on sides of breast meeting
to form a breast band.

Range. — Mississippi Valley; breeds from northern Illinois and Ne-
braska north to Lake Winnipeg, east to Magdalen and Sable Islands;
winters from Gulf southward; casual migrant on Atlantic coast.

278. Snowy Plover {/Egialitis nivosa). L. 6.5.
No complete ring. Ads. Black on crown; ear-coverts
and sides of breast black. Yng. The same, but no
black; above margined with whitish. Winter. Same
as last but no whitish margins.

Range. — Western United States east to Texas and Kansas; breeds
from Indian Territory and southern California northward; winters
from Texas and southern California southward.

280. Wilson Plover (Oc/ithodromus wilsonius).
L. 7.5; B. .8. No black on hind-neck. Ad. <$. One
black breast-and crown-band; some rusty about head.
Ad. $ . Similar but black areas brownish gray. Yng.
Same as last, but above margined with whitish.
Winter. No whitish margins.

Range. — Tropical and temperate America; breeds north to Virginia,
Gulf States, and Lower California; winters southward to Brazil;
casual north to Nova Scotia.

112

Order X. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, BOB-WHITES, Etc

GALLINAE.

Family 1. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, etc. Tetraonim. 21
species, 22 subspecies.

Family 2. TURKEYS, PHEASANTS, etc. Phasianid^e. 1 species.
3 subspecies.

Family 3. CURASSOWS and GUANS. Cracid^e. 1 species.

The members of the family Tetraonidae are usually placed in three
subfamilies as follows: (1.) Perdicinse, containing the true Quails-
and Partridges of the Old World and with no species in America. (2.)
Odontophorinse, including the Bob-whites and so-called 'Quails' and
'Partridges' of the New World, and with no species in the eastern
hemisphere. (3.) Tetraoninse, the Grouse, with representatives in
the northern parts of both hemispheres. All the members of the first
two families have the legs bare, while the Grouse have the legs, and
often even the toes, more or less feathered.

The application of different names to the members of this family, in
various parts of the country, often make it uncertain just what species
is referred to under a given title. Our Bob-white, for example, is a
'Quail' at the north and a 'Partridge' at the south. As a matter of fact
it is, strictly speaking, neither a true Quail nor Partridge but a member
of a family restricted to America.

Again, the Ruffed Grouse is a 'Partridge' at the north and a
'Pheasant' at the south, whereas in truth it is neither one nor the
other. So far as the application of these local names goes, it is to
be noted that where the Bob-white is called 'Quail' the Grouse is
called 'Partridge' and that where it is called 'Partridge' the Grouse is
known as 'Pheasant'.

All the Tetraonidae are ground-inhabiting birds, and their plumage
of blended browns, buffs and grays brings them into such close har-
mony with their surroundings that, as a rule, we are unaware of the
presence of one of these birds until, with a whirring of short, stiff,
rounded wings it springs from the ground at our feet. It is this habit
of 'lying close,' as sportsmen term it, in connection with their excellent
flesh, which makes the members of this family the favorites of the
hunter and epicure and only the most stringent protective measures
will prevent their extinction as their haunts become settled.

113

Grouse, Partridges, Bob-whites, etc.

With the Ptarmigan this harmony in color is carried to a remarkable
extreme, the birds being white in winter and brown, buff and black in
summer; while during the early fall they assume a grayish, neutral
tinted plumage to bridge over the period from the end of the nesting
season, in July, to the coming of the snow in September.

The Tetraonidae all nest on the ground, laying usually from ten to
twenty eggs. The young, like those of their relative, the domestic
fowl, are born covered with downy feathers and can run about shortly
after birth.

The Turkey is the only wild member of the Phasianidse in
this county, but the family is well-represented in the domesticated
Chickens, Peacocks, and Pheasants, all of which have descended from Old
World ancestors. Our domesticated Turkey is derived from the Wild
Turkey of Mexico, which was introduced into Europe shortly after the
Conquest and was thence brought to eastern North America. It differs
from the Wild Turkey of the eastern United States chiefly in the color of
the tips of the upper tail-coverts. These are whitish in the domesticated
Turkey, as they are in the Mexican race from which it has descended,
and rusty brown in the Eastern Wild Turkey.

Besides the five races of Wild Turkey described beyond, another
species of Turkey is found in America. This is the Honduras or Yu-
catan Turkey, now largely confined to the peninsula of Yucatan. It is
not so large as our bird, but is even more beautifully colored, its plum-
age being a harmonious combination of blue, gray and copper.

Ring-necked and 'English' Pheasants have been introduced into
various parts of the United States, and in Oregon and Washington and
in the east, on various private game preserves, they have become
naturalized. The true English Pheasant {Phasianus cclchicus) is be-
lieved to have been introduced into England from Asia Minor probably
by the Romans. Unlike the Ring-necked Pheasant {Phasianus torquat-
us) it has no white collar. The last named species, however, has also
been introduced into England where it freely interbreeds with the ear-
lier established English Pheasant and individuals without at least a
trace of white on the neck are now comparatively rare.

The Curassows and Guans are tropical American birds, only one
species reaching the southern border of the United States. They are
arboreal in habit and form an interesting link between the Partridges,
etc. and the Pigeons.

114

{

Bob-whites and Partridges.

289. Bob-white; 'Quail;' 'Partridge' (Colinus vir-
ginianus). L. 10. Ad. tf. Throat, forehead and line
over eye white. Ad. $. Throat, forehead and line
over eye buff. Notes Song, a ringing, whistled
Bob-white or buck-wheat-ripe; calls, a conversational
quit-quit and a whistled where-are-vou and Vm here,
repeatedly uttered when the individuals of a flock are
separated.

Range. — Eastern North America, resident from southern Dakota,
southern Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Vermont, New
Hampshire and Maine, south to Georgia and western Florida; west to
South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas.
"'Introduced at various points in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Idaho,
California and Washington." (A. O. U.)

289a. Florida Bob-white (C. v. floridanus). Sim-
ilar to No. 289, but smaller, L. 8.5, and much darker;
black bars below more numerous.

Range. — Florida; typical only in southern half of peninsula,
grading into No. 289 in northern and western parts of the state.

289b. Texan Bob-white (C. v. texanus). Similar
to No. 289, but brown and buff areas paler; black bars
below wider.

Range. — Texas, except western part, rarely to western Kansas,
south to Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, Mexico.

291. Masked Bob-white (Colinus ridgwari). L. 9.
Ad. o 7 *. Throat black; breast and bellv reddish brown.
Ad. 9- Resembles 9 of No. 289b. Notes. Song, Bob-
white; call, when the birds are scattered, hoo-we.
(H. Brown.)

Range.— Northern Sonora, Mexico, north to Pima County, Arizona.

296. Mearns Partridge (Cvrtonvx monteipimce

■mearnsi). L. 9. Ad. <$. Sides with numerous,
large, crowded white spots. Ad. 9- Pinkish brown,
above streaked with buffy and marked with chestnut
and black, below with a few broken black bars. Notes.
A low, murmuring whine; a clear dsiup-chiur; when
alarmed, chuk-chuk-chuk. (Bendire.)

Range. — Northern Mexico,
and southern Arizona.

western Texas, southern New Mexico

115

Partridges.

292. Mountain Partridge (Oreortyxpictus). L. u.
Ads. Hindhead and nape same color as back; inner
margins of tertials buff. Notes. Song, an explosive
whistle ending in a throaty tone; call, a rapidly re-
peated cuh-cuh-cuh-cuh, and a sharp pit-pit.

Range.— Pacific coast from Santa Barbara, California, north to south-
ern Washington.

292a. Plumed Partridge (O. p. plumiferus). Hind-
head, nape, and foreback same color as breast; inner
margins of tertials white.

Range.— Sierra Nevada (both slopes), east to Panamint Mountains,
and to Mount Magruder, Nevada; south in the coast ranges from San
Francisco Bay to Lower California (Campos). (A. O U.)

292b. San Pedro Partridge (O. p. confinis). Sim-
ilar to No. 292a, but upperparts much grayer, the
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts being gray very
slightly tinged with olive; bill stouter. (Ridgway. )

Range.— San Pedro Mountains, Lower California.

293. Scaled Partridge (Callipepla squamata). L.
10. Ads. Belly without chestnut patch; breast and
foreback grayish blue edged with black; back brown-
ish gray. Notes. A nasal pe-cos* pe-cos* (Bailey.)

Ringe. — "Tableland of Mexico, from the Valley of Mexico, north to
central and western Texas, Santa Fe, New Mexico and southern Ari-
zona." (A. O. U.)

293a. Chestnut-bellied Scaled Partridge (C. s.

casta no gastris). Similar to No. 293, but tf with chest-
nut patch on belly; $ with belly much rustier than in
9 of No. 293.

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, northwest to Eagle Pass, Texas;
south into northeastern Mexico.

294. California Partridge (Lophortvx calif ornica) .
L. 10. Ad. (j\ Above olive-brown; belly patch chest-
nut. Ad. 9- Plumes shorter; throat whitish streak-
ed with dusky; no distinct chestnut patch on belly.
Notes. Song, a pheasant like crow and a crowing, em-
phatic sit-right-down' , sit-right- down? ; calls, a sharp
pit -pit pit, and a note like that of a young Robin.

Range. — "Coast region of California south to Monterey, introduced
in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia." (A. O. U.)

294a. Valley Partridge (L. c vallicola). Similar
to No. 294, but much grayer above; sometimes plain
bluish gray without brown tinge.

Range. — "From western and southern Oregon, except near the
coast, south through western Nevada and the interior of California to
Cape St. Lucas." (Bendire.)

295. Gambel Partridge (Lophortyx gambelii).
L. 10. Ad. J*. Throat, forehead and belly patch
black; hindhead chestnut. Ad. $. Similar, but throat
grayish buff; forehead gray; no black on belly; hind-
head brownish; crest smaller. Notes. Song, yuk-kae-ja*

Range.— "Western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah,
southern Nevada, southern California in the Colorado Valley and
south into northwestern Mexico." (A. O. U.)

116

Grouse.

297. Dusky Grouse (TDendragapus obscurus). L.
<^\ 20; 9, 18. Ad. cf. Gray tail-band over one inch
wide on middle feather; below grayish slate; above
blackish with fine rusty and grayish markings. Ad.
9- With more white below; foreback regularly barred
with buffy; middle tail-feathers irregularly barred with
buff or grayish; terminal gray band finely marked with
black. Notes. A loud, ventriloquial, hooting or boom-
ing.

. Range. — "Rocky Mountains, from central Montana and southeastern
Idaho to New Mexico and Arizona; east to the Black Hills, South Da-
kota and west to East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada." (A. O. U.)

297a. Sooty Grouse (D. o. fuliginosus). Similar
to No. 297, but slightly darker, gray band on central
tail feather less than one inch wide.

Range. — "Northwest Coast Mountains.from California to Sitka. east
to Nevada, western Idaho and portions of British Columbia." (A.O.U.)

297b. Richardson Grouse (D. o. richardsonii).
Similar to No. 297a, but no tail band, or, if showing
indistinctly from above, not visible from below.

Range. — "Rocky Mountains, especially on the eastern slopes, from
central Montana, northern Wyoming and southeastern Idaho, into
British America to Liard River." (A. O. U.)

298. Hudsonian Spruce Grouse (Canachites cana-
densis). L. 15. Ad. c?. Tail-feathers tipped with
brown; foreback margined with bluish gray. Ad. 9-
Above, bases of feathers more or less barred with rusty
especially on foreback; throat and breast barred with
rusty and black; belly as in male. Notes. A drumming
sound produced by the beating of the wings, f Ben-
dire.)

Range. — Labrador and Hudson Bay region.

298b. Alaska Spruce Grouse (C. c. osgoodi). Ad.
($. Similar to Ad. $ of No. 298c, but margins to
feathers of foreback brownish ashy. Ad. 9- Similar
to Ad. 9 of No. 298c, but paler, barred with buff in-
stead of rusty.

Range. — Alaska.

298c. Canada Grouse (C. c. canace). Ad. cT-
Similar to Ad. $ of No. 298. Ad. 9- Similar to Ad.
9 of No. 298, but above more rusty, rusty bars deep-
er and more conspicuous, showing throughout upper
surface and on flanks.

Range. — Northern Na v England, northern New York, New Bruns-
wick, Nova Scotia and Quebec west to northern Minnesota.

299. Franklin Grouse (Canachites franklinii) . Re-
sembles No. 298, but tail without brown tips, some-
times tipped with white.

Range. — "Northern Rocky Mountains.from northwestern Montana to
the coast ranges of Oregon and Washington, and northward in British
America, reaching the Pacific coast of southern Alaska(latitude 6o° )."
(A. O. U.)

117

Grouse and Ptarmigan.

300. Ruffed Grouse; 'Partridge;' 'Pheasant' (Bon-

asa umbellus). L. 17. Ad. tf. Prevailing color
above rusty brown; tail rusty or gray. Ad. £. Sim-
ilar but neck-tufts smaller. Notes. The male pro-
duces a drumming sound by rapidly beating its wings;
the female utters a cluck and when defending her brood,
a singular low whining sound.

Range.— Eastern United States from Minnesota, southern Ontario,
southern New Hampshire and southern Vermont, south to Virginia
and along the Alleghanies to Georgia; west to northwestern Arkansas.

300a. Canadian Ruffed Grouse (B. u. togata).
Similar to No. 300, but slightly grayer above; tail
generally gray; bars on breast and belly darker and
better defined.

Range. — Spruce forests of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine,
northern New Hampshire, northern Vermont and south to higher
mountains of Massachusetts and northern New York; west to eastern
slope of coast ranges of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia;
north to James Bay.

300b. Gray Ruffed Grouse (B. u. umbelloides).
Similar to No. 300a, but grayer; prevailing color of
upper-parts, including crown, gray; tail always gray.

Range. — Rocky Mountains, from Colorado north to latitude 65 ° in
Alaska, east to Mackenzie and poplar woods of western Manitoba.

300c. Oregon Ruffed Grouse (B. u. sabini) Sim-
ilar to No. 300, but much darker, prevailing color of
upper parts rusty brown; tail always rusty brown.

Range.— Pacific coast ranges from Cape Mendocino, California,
north to British Columbia.

304.? White-tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus).
L. 13. Tail white. Ad. rf, Summer. Breast ibarred,
black and white. Ad. 9, Summer. Above black
barred with rich buff; below rich buff barred with
black. Ads., Fall. Above and breast rich buff fine-
ly vermiculated with black. Ads., Winter. Entirely
white. Notes. When about to fly and at the begin-
ing of flight a sharp cackle like that of a frightened
hen. (GrinnellJ

Range.— "Alpine summits of Rocky Mountains; south to New
Mexico; north into British America (as far as Fort Halkett, Liard
River); west to higher ranges of Oregon, Washington, and British
Columbia." (Bendire.)

304a.? Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan (L. I. penin-
sularis). Similar to No. 304, but in summer buff
markings much paler; in fall, colors much grayer.

Range.— Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.

118

Ptarmigan.

30 1. Willow Ptarmigan {Lagopus lagopus) . L.15.
Bill large, more than .4 deep at base; tail black, nar-
rowly tipped with white. Ad. tf Summer. Throat and
upper breast rusty brown. Ad. $ Fall- Rustier and
more finely marked above. Ad. 9 Summer. Above
black barred with buff and tipped with white; below
buff barred with black; middle of belly whitish. Ad.
9, Fall. Much like fall male. Ads., Winter. White,
tail black tipped with white; no black before eye.
Notes. Song, kti-M-ku-M while ascending five or ten
yards in the air; a hard rolling kr-r-r-r when descend-
ing. (Nelson.)

Range. — Arctic Regions; in America breeding south to Lat. 5s °
in winter migrating south to Lat. 50 ; recorded once from Pe-
nobscot Co., Maine, and once from Manchester, Mass.

301a. Allen Ptarmigan (L. I. alleni). Similar to
No. 301, but 9 more finely marked; shafts of primaries,
at all seasons, strongly black spreading to the web of
the feather.

Range. — Newfoundland.

302. Rock Ptarmigan {Lagopus rupestris). L. 14.
Bill less than .4 deep at base; tail black. Always to
be known from No. 301 by its smaller bill. Ad. <$
Summer. Above irregularly barred and mottled with
gray and rusty buff; below barred black and white and
rusty buff. Ad. tf Fall. Above minutely speckled
black, gray and buff, the prevailing color being gray-
ish brown. Ad. c? Winter. White, lores and tail
black. Ad. 9 Summer. Above black barred with
rusty and margined with whitish; below rusty barred
with black and tipped with whitish. Ad. $ Fall.
Like fall J*. Ad. 9 Winter. Like winter rf but no
black before eye.

Range. — North America from Gulf of St. Lawrence and higher
mountains of British Columbia north to Arctic Regions (except
northern Labrador) west through Alaska to Aleutian Islands.

302a. Reinhardt Ptarmigan {L. r. reinhardti).
Ad. c? Summer. Similar to No. 302, but "less regu-
larly and coarsely barred above" (Ridgw.) Ad. 9
Summer. Resembles 9 of No. 302. Ads. Fall. Much
grayer than No. 302 in fall. Ads. , Winter. Like No.
302 in winter. Notes. When courting the male utters
a growling kurr-kurr. (Turner.)

Range. — Northern Labrador north to Greenland.

302b. Nelson Ptarmigan {L. r. uelsoui). Ad. tf,
Summer. Ground color of upperparts deep umber-
brown, very finely and densely vermiculated; chest
barred with bright tawny brown and black. Ad. 9 ,
Summer. Similar to 9 of No. 302. (Ridgw.)
Range. — Unalaska, Aleutian Islands.

119

Ptarmigan.

302c. Turner Ptarmigan (L. r. atkhensis). Light-
er in general hue than 302a 1 and without black blotch-
es on upperparts. (Elliot.) Ad. $, Summer. "Ground
color of upperparts pale raw-umber brown, mixed
with pale grayish; chest and neck barred with pale
brownish ochre and black." Ad. ?, Summer. Ground
color of upperparts rusty, mixed with pale grayish
buff, narrowly and irregularly barred with black; chest
and neck coarsely barred with rusty and black.
(Ridgw.)

Range. — Atka, Aleutian Islands.

302d. Townsend Ptarmigan (L. r. towmendi). Ad.
<3\ Summer. Above, breast and flanks raw umber
finely vermiculated with black on back; with black
blotches on head, neck and upperpart of back and wings.
Ad. 9, Summer. Above ochraceous, bbtched and
barred with black; lighter below. (Elliot.)

Range. — Kyska and Adak, Aleutian Islands.

302.1 Everman Ptarmigan (Lagopus evermani). L.
13.9. Ad. c?, Summer. Above and breast black
slightly marked with rusty. Ad. $, Summer. Entire
body plumage, ochraceous, blotched and barred with
black and above tipped with white or ochraceous; be-
low black bars wider and no white tips. (Elliot.)

Range. — Attu, Aleutian Islands.

303. Welch Ptarmigan {Lagopus zvelchi). L. about
14. Bill and tall as in No. 302; plumage grayer than
in No. 302. Ad. c?, Summer. Above black finely and
irregularly marked with wavy lines of buff and white.
Ad. 9 , Summer. Above black finely and irregularly
barred with buffy, grayish and white.

Range. — Newfoundland.

120

Prairie Hens and Grouse.

305. Prairie Hen (Tympanuchus americanns) . L.
18. Underparts with distinct brown and white bars of
about equal width. Ad $. A neck-tuft of ten or
more rounded feathers. Ad. ?. Neck-tufts much
smaller; whole tail barred. Notes. Song, a loud
"booming."

Range. — "Prairies of Mississippi Valley; south to Louisiana and
Texas; east to Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan and Ontario;
west through eastern portions of North Dakota, South Dakota, Ne-
braska, Kansas and Indian Territory; north to Manitoba; general
tendency to extension of range westward and contraction eastward;
migration north and south in Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri." (A.
O. U.)

305a. Attwater Prairie Hen (T. a. attwateri).
Similar to No. 305, but smaller and darker; neck-tufts
proportionately wide; tarsus not fully feathered.

Range. — Southwestern Louisiana and eastern Texas.

306. Heath Hen (Tympanuchus cupido) . Similar to
No. 305, but smaller; scapulars more broadly tipped
with buff; neck-tuft of less than ten feathers; obtusely
pointed; axillars barred with dusky.

Range. — Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts.

307. Lesser Prairie Hen {Tympanuchus pallidicinc-
tus). Similar to No. 305, but smaller, more buffy
above; brown bars below narrower than whitish
spaces between them. Notes. Doubtless the same as
those of No. 305.

Range.— Southwestern parts of Kansas and western Indian Terri-
tory, western (and southern?) Texas. (Bendire.)

308. Sharp-tailed Grouse (Pedicecetes phasianellus) .
L. 17. Breast feathers with internal V shaped loops;
no neck-tufts. Ads. Prevailing color above black;
narrowly barred with rusty and margined with paler.

Range — Interior of British America, east to Rocky Mountains,
about James Bay (Moose Factory) and the west shore of Hudson
Bay, northern Manitoba, north at least to Fort Simpson, Mackenzie
River, northwest territory. (Bendire.)

308a. Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse (P. p. co-

lumbianus). Similar to No. 308, but prevailing color
above buffy.

Range. — "Northwest United States; south to northeastern Cali-
fornia, northern Nevada and Utah; east to Montana and Wyoming,
west to Oregon and Washington; north, chiefly west of Rocky
Mountains, through British Columbia to central Alaska (Fort Yukon)"
(Bendire.)

308b. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse {P. p. camp-
estris). Similar to No. 308a, but more rusty. Notes.
Song, a bubbling crow, a rattling of tail-feathers, and
stamping of feet. Calls, when disturbed, each, cack,
cack; a soft clear whistle and a grunt of alarm. (Seton. )
Call of mother to young and of young in reply a gut-
tural, raucous croak. (Grinnell.)

Range — "Plains and prairies of United States, north to Manitoba;
east to Wisconsin and northern Illinois; west to eastern Colorado;
south to eastern New Mexico." (Bendire.)

121

Grouse, Turkeys and Chachalaca.

309. Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Ad,
c?, L. 29; Ad. 9, L. 22. Similar to c?> but smaller,
throat whiter; breast barred black and whitish. Notes.
When courting, low, grunting, guttural sounds; when
alarmed, a sort of cackle, kak, kak. (Bendire.)

Range. — "Sage regions of the Rocky Mountain Plateau, and west
chiefly within the United States, but north to Assiniboia and the dry
interior of Eritish Columbia; east to North Dakota, South Dakota.
Nebraska and Colorado; south to northern New Mexico, Utah and Ne-
vada; west in California, Oregon and Washington, to the Sierra Ne-
vada and Cascade Range." (A. O. U.)

Pheasant (Phasianus torquatus P. colchicus). An Introduced
species, see remarks on page 114

310. Wild Turkey {Meleagris gallopavo silvestris).
$ Ad. L. about 48; upper tail-coverts and tail tipped with
rusty chestnut;white bars in primaries entire, crossing the
webs of the feathers. Notes. Similar to those of the
domesticated Turkey.

Range.— Eastern United States from Pennsylvania south to central
Florida; west to Nebraska and northeastern Texas.

310a. Merriam Turkey (M. g. merriami). Similar
to No. 310, but tail and upper tail-coverts tipped with
whitish.

Range. — "Mountains of southern Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona
and western Texas; and northern Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico."
(Bailey.)

310b. Florida Wild Turkey (A/, g. osceola). Sim-
ilar to No. 310, but smaller; primaries with narrow
broken bars not reaching across feather.

Range. — Southern Florida.

3 I Oc. Rio Grande Turkey (M. g. intermedia). Tips
of upper tail-coverts and of tail rusty buff intermediate
in color between those of Nos. 310 and 310a.

Rang". — "Lowlands of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico."
(A. O. U.)

311. Chachalaca {Ortalis vetula maccalli). L. 21.
Ads. Above olive-brown; tail blacker, all but middle-
feathers bordered with whitish; belly brownish. Notes.
A loud, trumpeting cha-cha-laca, repeated a number of
times.

Range. — Tropical portions of eastern Mexico, from Vera Cruz north
to Lower Rio Grande Valley.

122

Order XI. PIGEONS AND DOVES.

COLUMB^E.

Family 1. PIGEONS and DOVES. Columbia. 13 species, 3
subspecies.

Pigeons are distributed throughout the greater part of the globe, but
their center of abundance appears to be in the Malay Archipelago,
where about one hundred and twenty of the some three hundred
known species are found. One hundred or more species have been
described from the New World but only twelve of these inhabit North
America.

The various races of domestic Pigeons, 'Pouters,' 'Fantails,' etc. are
descendants of the Rock Dove of Europe, modified in form and habit
through the selection by the breeder or 'fancier.'

Pigeons build a flimsy, platform nest of twigs and lay two white
eggs. Both sexes incubate, one relieving the other at certain hours
each day. The young are born naked and are fed by regurgitation,
on 'Pigeons' milk,' the parent thrusting its bill into the mouth of its
young and discharging therein food which has been softened in its own
crop.

Some species of Pigeons nest in isolated pairs, others in large colo-
nies, but it is the habit of many species to gather in large flocks after
the nesting season.

The Wild or Passenger Pigeon, once so abundant in this county, was
found in flocks throughout the year. Alexander Wilson, the 'father of
American Ornithology' writing about 1808, estimated that a flock of
Wild Pigeons seen by him near Frankfort, Kentucky, contained at
least 2,230,272,000 individuals. Audubon writes that in 1805 he saw
schooners at the wharves in New York city loaded in bulk with Wild
Pigeons caught up the Hudson River, which were sold at one cent each.

As late as 1876 or 1877 there was a colony of nesting Wild Pigeons
in Michigan, which was twenty-eight miles long and averaged three or
four miles in width, and in 1881 the birds were still so abundant in
parts of the Mississippi Valley that the writer saw thousands of birds,
trapped in that region, used in a Pigeon match near New York City.

Today, however, as a result of constant persecution, the Wild Pigeon
is so rare that the observation of a single individual is noteworthy.

123

Pigeons and Doves.

312. Band-tailed Pigeon {Columba fasciata). L.
15. Ad. tf. Tail-band ashy above, whiter below;
a white nape-band; tail square. Ad. 9. Similar, or
in some specimens, nape band absent; pinkish of crown
and breast dingy. ^ Notes. An owl-like hooting, some-
times a calm whoo-hoo-/?oo, wkoo-hoo-hoo, at others a
spirited hoop-ah-whoo, and again whoo-ugh. (Bailey.)

Range.— "Western United States from Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific; north to Washington and British Columbia; south to Mexico
and the highlands of Guatemala; distribution irregular, chiefly in
wooded mountain regions. " (A. O. U.)

3 12a. Viosca Pigeon (C. f.vioscce). Similarto No.
312, but paler, more clearly bluish slate above,- pink of
crown and breast with a grayish bloom.

Range. — Cape Region of Lower California.

313. Red-billed Pigeon {Columba flavirostr is) . L.
15. Ads. No tail-band; wings, tail, and belly slate;
head and neck purplish pink; no iridescent markings.
Notes. A fine, loud, coo-whoo-er-zvhoo.

Range. — Costa Rica migrating north to southern Texas, New Mex-
ico and Arizona.

3 I 4. White-crowned P igeon( Columba leucocephala) .
L. 13.5 Ad. c?. Crown white; body slate; lower
hindneck iridescent; nape maroon. Ad. $. Much
paler; crown ashy.

Range, — Greater Antilles and islands about Anegada Channel,
coast of Honduras, Bahamas and certain Florida Keys.

124

Pigeons and Doves.

315. Passenger Pigeon, Wild Pigeon {Ectopistes
migratorius). L. 16. Outer tail-feathers chestnut at
base of inner web. Ad. J*. Chin, whole head, and
lower back bluish slate. Ad. $. Browner above,
breast brownish ashy; neck feathers less iridescent.
Notes. An explosive, squeaky, squawk.

Range.— Formerly eastern North America north to Hudson Bay;
now exceedingly rare, less so in the upper Mississippi valley than
elsewhere.

316. Mourning Dove, Carolina Dove {Zenaidura

macroura). L. u.8. Outer tail-feathers slate color at
base of inner web. Ad. J*. Chin whitish; sides of
head buff y; a black ear mark. Ad. $. Similar but
paler, breast more ashy brown, neck-feathers less
iridescent. * Notes. Coo-o-o-ali,coo-o-o-coo-o-o-coo-o-o.

Range.— North America, breeding from West Indies and Mexico
north to southern Maine, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and British
Columbia; winters from southern New York, southern Illinois, Kansas
and southern California southward.

317. Zenaida Dove (Zenaida ^enaida) . L. io.
Ad. o 7 *. Tail short, without white markings; all but cen-
tral pair of feathers tipped with ashy blue; secondaries
tipped with white. Ad. 9. Similar but pinkish of
crown and underparts brownish; neck feathers less
iridescent. Notes. Resemble those of No. 316, but
are louder and deeper.

Range. — Greater Antilles, coast of Yucatan and Bahamas, north in
April to Florida Keys.

318. White-fronted Dove (Lefitotila fuhiventris

brachyptera) . L. 12. No black ear-mark; under wing-
coverts rusty chestnut. Ad. tf. Forehead whitish;
all but central pair of tail-feathers tipped with white.
Ad. 9. Forehead dingier; breast brownish ashy;
neck feathers less iridescent. Notes. A short, soft

Range.— Central America and Mexico, north in February to valley
of Lower Rio Grande.

125

Pigeons and Doves.

319. White-winged Dove (Melopelia leucoptera).
L. 12. Wing-coverts, externally, widely margined
with white; large black ear marks. Ads. All but cen-
tral pair of tail-feathers bluish slate with a black band
and whitish tip. Notes. A loud, crowing cooker ee-
cookeree-coo-ree-coo, crow-co-er-coo, crow-co-er-coo.

Range.— Southern border of United States from Texas to Arizona*
south to Lower California and Central America, Cuba and Jamaica,
casual at Key West, Florida.

320. Ground Dove; Mourning Dove {Columbigal-
lina passerina terrestris). L. 6.7. Smallest of our
Doves. Ad. rf. Forehead and underparts deep vina-
ceous pink; hindhead and nape ashy blue margined
with dusky; base of bill coral, tip black. Ad. ?.
Forehead and breast brownish gray; breast feathers
with dusky centers and margins. Notes. A soft,
crooning coo.

Range.— Atlantic and Gulf States north to northern North Carolina,
west to eastern Texas; more common near coast.

320a. Mexican Ground Dove (C. p>. pallescens).
Similar to No. 320, but forehead and underparts much
paler; back grayer.

Range. — Texas to southern California and south to Central America.

320b. Bermuda Ground Dove (C. p. bermudiana).
Similar to 320a, but smaller and paler; bill wholly
black. (Bangs and Bradlee.)

Range. — Bermuda.

32 1. Inca Dove {Scardafella inca). L. 8. Ads.
Tail long, outer feathers tipped with white; plumage
above and below margined with dusky, giving a scaled
appearance.

Range. — Southern Texas (San Antonio), southern Mexico and
southern Arizona south to Lower California and Central America.

322. Key West Quail-Dove {Geotrygon chrysia).
L. 12. Ads. A white line below eye; belly white;
back rich rusty with beautiful, metallic, purplish, green
and blue reflections; tail rusty with no white.

Range.— Cuba, Hayti, Bahamas and, rarely, Florida Keys.

322.1. Ruddy Quail-Dove {Geotrygon montana).
L. 11. Ad. c?. No white line below eye; breast dull
pinkish; belly deep buff; back rich rusty with purplish
reflections, tail rusty without white. Ad. 9. Above
olive-brown with greenish reflections; below rusty
buff.

Range. — Mexico south to Brazil; West Indies; casual at Key West
Florida

323. Blue-headed Quail Dove (Staminas cyanocep-
hala). L. 12. Ads. Crown and sides of throat dull
blue; middle of upper breast black with white bars
and pinkish tips; belly rusty brown, lower back as in
No. 316. Notes. A hollow sounding bu-ub, the first
syllable long, the second short. (Gundlach.)

Range. — Cuba, and rarely Florida Keys.

126

Order XII. VULTURES, HAWKS, AND OWLS.

RAPTORES.

Family 1. AMERICAN VULTURES. Cathartic. 3 species.

Family 2. FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, etc. Falconim:. 33
species, 13 subspecies.

Family 3. BARN OWLS. Strigid^:. 1 species.

Family 4. HORNED OWLS. Bubonid^. 19 species, 20 sub-
species.

In the Raptores we have a group of birds of great value to man but
whose services for the most part, are so little appreciated that, far from
protecting these birds, we have actually persecuted them.

The Vultures, it is true, are given credit for their good work as
scavengers and they are protected both by law and by public sentiment.
Every one knows that a living Vulture is infinitely more useful than a
dead one. As a result throughout countries inhabited by these birds
they are usually both abundant and tame, entering the cities to feed
in the streets with an assurance born of years of immunity from harm.

But how differently their kin of the family Falconidae act in their
relations to man! 'Wild as a Hawk' has become an adage. These
birds are universally condemned. To kill one is a commendable act.
Every ones hand is raised against them. In some localities a price
has actually been set upon their heads.

A fondness for chickens, it is alleged, is the chief crime of Hawks,
and in popular parlance all Hawks are 'Chicken Hawks' and as such
are to be killed on sight.

Naturalists have long been aware that only one of our common
Hawks habitually preys upon poultry while most of our species, by
feeding largely on meadow mice, are actually beneficial. It was not,
however, until this matter received the attention of the Biological
Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture, that the
economic status of Hawks, as well as of Owls, was placed on a sound
scientific basis. In Dr. A. K. Fisher's report on the food of Hawks
and Owls, issued by the Biologic Survey in 1893, the results of
the examination of the contents of several thousands stomachs of these
birds is tabulated. It is stated, for example, that only three out of
two hundred and twenty stomachs of the so-called 'Chicken' or Red-

127

Vultures, Hawks, and Owls.

shouldered Hawk contained the remains of poultry, while mice were
found in no less than one hundred and two, and insects in ninety-two.

That the Sparrow Hawk is also wrongly named is clear from a study
of its food, only fifty-four out of three hundred and twenty stomachs
examined containing remains of birds, while insects were found in two
hundred and fifteen.

As a matter of fact, among our commoner Hawks, the Cooper and
Sharp-shinned are the only ones feeding largely on birds and poultry,
and if the farmer will take the pains to ascertain what kind of Hawk it
is that pays unwelcome visits to his barn-yard, he will be spared the
injustice of condemning all Hawks for the sins of one or two.

Feeding after sunset, when the small mammals are most active,
Owls are even more beneficial than Hawks. The Great Horned Owl,
it is true, has an undue fondness for poultry, but the bird is generally
so rare near thickly populated regions that on the whole it does com-
paratively little harm.

Fortunately, it is those Owls which are most common in settled
regions which are of most value to man. Thus, our little Screech Owl
feeds chiefly on mice and insects. Only one of the two hundred and
fifty-five stomachs examined by Dr. Fisher contained the remains of
poultry while mice were found in ninety-one and insects in one hundred.
Of the Short-eared or Marsh Owl, seventy-seven out of one hundred
and one stomachs contained mice remains, and the same injurious
little rodents were found in eighty-four out of one hundred and seven
stomachs of the Long-eared Owl.

The bones and hair of the small mammals eaten by Owls are rolled
into oblong pellets in the stomach and are ejected at the mouth.
These pellets may often be found in large numbers beneath the roosts
in which Owls pass the day. In 200 such castings of the Barn Owl Dr.
Fisher found the remains of 454 small mammals of which no less than
225 were meadow mice.

Hawks build large, bulky nests of sticks placing them usually well up
in large trees, and lay, as a rule, four eggs which are generally whitish,
blotched with brown. The Marsh Hawk is an exception. Its nest
built largely of grasses, is placed on the ground in marshes and the
eggs, often numbering six and rarely eight, are bluish white unmarked.

The Owls nest in holes in trees or banks, or, in some instances, an
old Hawk or Crow nest may be occupied. The eggs usually number
three to five and are always pure white.

128

Vultures and Osprey.

324. California Vulture {Gymnogyps calif or nianus) .
L. 44-55; Ex. 8 1-2 to nearly 11 feet. (Ridgw.) Ads.
Head and neck orange, blue, and red, unfeathered;
feathers around neck and on underparts narrow and
stiffened; greater wing-coverts tipped with white;
under wing-coverts white.

Range. — "Coast ranges of southern California from Monterey Bay,
south to Lower California and east to Arizona" (Bailey). Recorded
from Burrard Inlet, British Columbia (Fannin).

325. Turkey Vulture; Turkey Buzzard (Cathartes

aura). L. 30; T. 11. Ads. Head and neck red un-
feathered; brownish black; no white in plumage; bill
whitish. Notes. A low hissing sound when disturbed.

Range. — Western Hemisphere from central and northeast New
Jersey, central Illinois, northern Minnesota, the Saskatchewan region
and British Columbia, south to Pataeonia: winters from southern
New Jersey, southern Illinois and southern California southward.

326. Black Vulture; Carrion Crow (Catharista

urubu). L. 24. T. 8. Ads. Head and neck unfeath-
ered, black, plumage black; under surjace of wings silvery.
Notes. A low grunting sound when disturbed!

Range.— Tropical America, north, as a resident to North Carolina,
southern Illinois and southern Kansas; west to the Plains, soutn to
northern South America, strays as far north as Maine and South Da-
kota.

364. American Osprey; Fish Hawk {Pandion halia-
etus carolinensis) . L. 23. Nape white; feet large; no
bars on primaries. Ad. rj~. Below white with few or
no spots on breast. Ad. 9. Simihr, but breast with
numerous grayish brown spots and streaks. Notes.
Loud, plaintive, whistles.

Range.— America; breeds from Florida, Texas and Lower California,
north to Labrador, Great Slave Lake and northern Alaska; winters
from South Carolina and Lower Mississippi Valley to northern South
America.

129

Kites and Marsh Hawk.

327. Swallow-tailed Kite (Elanoides forjicatus) . L.
24. Ads. Back, purplish black, wings and tail blue-
black. Notes. A shrill, keen, e-e-e or we-we-we. (Ben-
dire.)

Range.— Middle America; summers north to Virginia, central Illi-
nois, northern Minnesota, Manitoba and Dakota; west to central Kan-
sas, rarely to Colorado; winters in Central and South America.

328. White-tailed Kite {Elanus leucurus). L. 15.5.
Ads. Shoulders black; back and middle tail-feathers
ashy gray; rest of tail-feathers, forehead and underparts
white. * Yng. Upperparts with rusty. Notes. A plain-
tive, musical whistle. (Barlow.)

Range. — Middle America north to South Carolina, southern Illinois,
Indian Territory, western Texas, Arizona and central California;
south to Argentine Republic; rare east of the the Mississippi.

329. Mississippi Kite (Ictmia mississippiensis) . L.
14. Ads. Head, ends of secondaries, and underparts
bluish gray; back bluish slate; tail black without bars.
Yng. Head streaked black and white; back blackish,
tipped with rusty; tail with three or four broken white
bars; underparts buffy, streaked with rusty and
blackish.

Range.— Middle America; breeds north to South Carolina, southern
Illinois and Kansas; winters in tropics.

330. Everglade Kite; Snail Hawk (Rostrhamits so-
ctabilis). L. 18. Longer upper tail-coverts and base
of tail white. Ads. Slaty black; end of tail with
brownish and whitish bands. Yng. Above blackish
brown tipped with rusty; below mottled rusty, black-
ish and buff.

Range. Tropical America north to southern Florida and eastern
Mexico; south to Argentine Republic.

7 331. Marsh Hawk; Harrier {Circus hudsonins).
L. c?, 19; 9, 22. Upper tail-coverts and base of tail
white. Ad. tf. Above gray or ashy; underparts with
rusty spots. Ad. 9, and Yng. Above brownish
black with more or less rusty, particularly on the nape;
below brownish rusty with black streaks on breast.
Notes. A peevish scream and peculiar clucking or
cackling. (Preston.)

Range.— North America; breeds locally north to about latitude 6o° ;
winters from southern New York, northern Illinois, northern Kansas,
Colorado and British Columbia south to Central America.

130

Hawks.

I

332. Sharp-Shinned Hawk (Accipter velox) . L. <j\
•ii. 2; ?, 13.5; T. cf, 5.5; 9, 7. Tail s?«ar<? at end.
Ads. Above slaty gray; crown darker; below barred
white and rusty brown. Yng. Above blackish brown
lightly margined with rusty; below white streaked
with brown. Note the relatively long tail in this and
the two following species. Notes. Cac-cac-cac.
(Ralph.)

Range.— North America; breeds throughout its range but chiefly
northward; winters from Massachusetts and Vancouver Island south-
ward.

%

333. Cooper Hawk {Accipiter cooperii). L. o**
15.5; 9, iq; T. J\ 7.7; 9, 9. Similar in color to No.
332, but tail rounded; adult with crown blacker. Notes.
A cackling or chattering. (Bendire. )

Range. — North America; breeds from southern Mexico north to
British America; winters from Massachusetts, Lower Mississippi Val-
ley and Oregon southward.

334. American Goshawk {Accipiter atricapillus) .
L. cT, 22; 9, 24; T. cJ\ 10; 9, 11. 5. Ads. Above
blui>h slate; crown darker; a whitish line over the eye
to the nape; below finely marked with gray and white.
Yng. Above blackish brown, rusty and buff; below
buffy white streaked with blackish.

Range.— North America; breeds chiefly north of United States;
■winters south to New Jersey, rarely Virginia, Illinois, Missouri and
Kansas; west to Oregon.

334a. Western Goshawk {A. a. striatulus). Simi-
lar to No. 334, but Ad. dark plumbeous above, mark-
ings on lower parts heavier and darker. Stripes on
lower parts of Yng. broader and blacker. (Ridgw.)
Notes. A shrill scream and a frequently repeated
keeah or kreeah. (Bendire.)

Range.— "Western North America; north to Sitka, Alaska; south to
California; east to Idaho. Breeds in the Sierra Nevada south to
latitude 38 °." (A. O. U.)

346. Mexican Goshawk (Asturina plagiata). L.
17. Ads. Above slaty gray; below barred slaty-gray
and white. Yng. Above blackish brown with rusty
markings, particularly on wing-coverts; longer upper
tail-coverts white with black spots or bars; tail brown-
ish with numerous black bars; below whitish with
large elongate spots. Notes. A peculiar piping note
uttered while hovering in the air. (Bendire.)

Range.— Middle America, from Panama north, in March, to Mexican
border of United States.

131

Hawks.

335. Harris Hawk {Tarabuteo unicinctus harrisi)
L. J*, 19; 9,22. Longer upper tail-coverts, base and
tip of tail white. Ads. Shoulders, thighs and under
wing-coverts, reddish brown; under tail-coverts white.
Yng. Similar but streaked below with rusty, buff and
black; legs barred with white. Notes. A long, harsh,
Buteo-like scream. (V. Bailey.)

Range.— Middle America from Panama north to southern Texas,
rarely Mississippi and iouthern California.

337. Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo borealis). L. J 1 , 20;
9,23. Four outer primaries notched. Ads. Tail
rusty brown with a black band, sometimes broken,
near its tip; below buffy white, a band of spots across
the belly; legs usually without bars. Yng. Tail gray-
ish brown with a rusty tinge and numerous blackish
bars; upper tail-coverts barred black and white; below
less buffy than in adult; legs more often barred. Notes.
A shrill whistle, suggesting the sound of escaping
steam.

Range.— Eastern North America, west to the Great Plains, north to
about latitude 60 ° ; breeds throughout its range; winters from Mass-
achusetts, Illinois and South Dakota southward.

337a. Krider Hawk (B. b. hriderii). Similar to
No. 337, but nearly or wholly white below. Ads.
Usually without black tail band.

Range. — "Great Plains of United States from Minnesota to Texas:
east irregularly or casually to Iowa and northern Illinois." (Bendire).

337b. Western Red-tail (B. b. calurus). Very
variable in color. Ads. Sometimes sooty brown
above and below with more or less rusty; in light phase
resembles No. 337, but tail averages paler and some-
times has more than one bar; the underparts are deeper
and legs are usually barred with rusty. Yng. Similar
to Yng. of No. 337, but markings below heavier;
flanks more barred.

Range. — Western North America from Rocky Mountains to Pacific:
north to British Columbia, south to central America; generally resi-
dent.

337d. Harlan Hawk (B. b. harlani). Ads. Above
sooty brown; tail closely mottled with blackish, rusty
and whitish; below varying from white, more or less
spotted on belly to sooty brown. Yng. Similar, but
tail barred with blackish, gray, rusty or whitish.

Range. — "Gulf States and Lower Mississippi Valley, north (cas-
ually) to Kansas. Iowa, Illinois and Pennsylvania; east to Georgia,
and Florida." (Bendire).

132

Hawks.

"

339. Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus). L.
(^,18.3; 9,20.3. Four outer primaries notched. Ads.
Lester wing-coverts bright reddish brown. Yng. Be-
low whitish streaked with brownish; lesser wing-cov-
erts less reddish; primaries with rusty buff. Notes. A
loud screaming kee-yer, kee-yer.

Range. — Eastern United States to Oklahoma, eastern Kansas,
eastern Nebraska and Minnesota, north to Maine, south to northern
.Florida; generally resident.

339a. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk (B. I. allent).
Smallerthan No. 339. (W. d\ 11.) Ad. Much
grayer above, no rusty on back, much paler below.

Range. — Florida north along coast to South Carolina; west along
coast to eastern Texas.

339b. Red-bellied Hawk (B. I. elegans). Similar
to No. 339, but rusty of breast usually unbroken.
Young with lower parts deep brownish or dusky pre-
vailing; less buff on primaries. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Pacific coast from Lower California north to British
Columbia; east rarely to Colorado and western Texas.

342. Swainson Hawk {Buteo swainsoni) . L. J\ 20.
Three outer primaries notched. Ad. tf. Breast patch
rusty brown. Ad. 9- Breast-patch grayish brown.
Dark phase. Brownish black more or less varied with
rusty; tail obscurely barred. Yng. Below rich rusty
buff with elongate black spots. Notes. Pi-tick, pi-tick,
frequently repeated. (Bendire.)

Range.— "Western North America from Wisconsin, Illinois, Ar-
kansas and Texas to the Pacific coast; north to Arctic regions and
south to Argentine Republic, casual east to Maine and Massachu-
setts. Breeds nearly throughout its North American range." (A. O.

U.)

\ 343. Broad-winged Hawk {Buteo platypterus) . L.
o 71 , 15.8; 9,16.7. Three outer primaries notched. Ads.
Tail with two whitish bands and a brownish tip; be-
low barred with rusty brown. Yng. No buff in prim-
aries; tail brownish with several black bars; below
whitish, streaked with blackish. Notes. A high,
sharp, keen, penetrating whistle.

Range.— Eastern North America, breeds west to Plains, north to
New Brunswick and Saskatchewan; winters from southern New
Jersey south to northern South America.

133

34*

343

Hawks and Caracara.

340. Zone-tailed Hawk {Buteo afybreviatus) . L. $>
19; $,21. Ads. 'IV.! with little if any white tip;
inner webs of all but nrrddle fe ithers w.th black and
white bars. Yng. Brow ner; tail grayish brown; white
on inner webs, with numerous blackish bars. Notes.
Not unlike those of Buteo borealis. (Belding.)

Range.— Tropical America north to southern Texas, southern Ari-
zona and southern California.

344. Short-tailed Hawk {Buteo bracbyurus). L.
17; T. 7. Ads. Above slaty gray, tail barred with
black and tipped with white; sides of breast ru>ty; rest
of underparts white. Dark phase. Blackish, forehead
whitish; tail lighter than back, barred with black.
Yng. Above blackish brown, below cream buff,
without black markings. Notes. Somewhat resemb-
ling the scream of the Red-shouldered Hawk, but more
prolonged. (Pennock.)

Range.— Tropical America, north to eastern Mexico; rare in Flori-

da.

345. Mexican Black Hawk (Urubitinga anthracina).
L. c5\ 19; 9,2i. Ads. Tail with a white tip and
broad white band across all the feathers. Yng. Above
brownish black, buff and ru>ty; below buff/ striped
with blackish; tail with several black and whitish bars.
Notes. Piping cries like the spring whistle of Numenius
longirostris. (Bendire.)

Range.— "Tropical America in general, north to central Arizona,
and the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas." (Bendire).

362. Audubon Caracara {Polyborus cheriway).
L. 22. Tail white with a black end and numerous
black bars. Ads. Breast and hindneck barred; belly
black. Yng. Crown, back, and belly dark brown;
hindneck, breast and belly streaked with buffy. Notes.
Generally silent, but sometimes utters a prolonged
cackling note. (B. F. Goss.)

Range.— Northern South America, north to southern Texas, south-
ern Arizona and Lower California; interior of southern Florida; resi-
dent.

363. Guadalupe Caracara {Tolyborus lutosus).
Resembles No. 362, but has rump and upper tail-cov-
erts dull brown, sh buff broadly barred with dull brown;
tail brownish buff with broad bars of grayish brown
bordered by narrower zigzag bars or lines of dusky;
terminal band less than 2.00 wide. (Ridgway.)

Range.— Guadalupe Island, west of Lower California.

134

Hawks.

34 1. Sennett White-tailed Hawk (Buteo albicauda-
tus sennetti). L. cf, 21; 9 , 23. T I iree outer primaries
cut. Ads. Grayish slate above. Yng. Above
brownish black; breast usually white, thro:\t blackish,
belly heavily marked with rusty and blackish; some-
times wholly black below; tail generally silvery gray,
white on inner webs with numerous indistinct blackish
bars. Notes. A cry much like the bleating of a goat
(Merrill. j

Range.— From southern Texas and Arizona south to Mexico."
(Bailey.)

347a. American Rough-legged Hawk {Archibuteo
lagopus sancti-johannis) . B. .j deep, smaller than in
No. 348. L. cT, 21; 9, 23. Legs feathered to the
toes. Ads. Basal half of tail white, end half barred
with black; belly with more or less black. Yng. No
black bars on end half of tail; buffier below, more
black on belly. Black phase. Black more or less
varied with brown and rusty as it approaches light
plumage of ad. or yng; but to be known by feathered
legs.

Range. — North America; breeds north of United States; winters
south to Virginia, Missouri and central California.

348. Ferruginous Rough-Leg {Archibuteo ferrugi-
neus). B. 1. deep, larger than in No. 347a; L. rf, 22;
$,24. Legs feathered to toes. Ads. Above rich
rusty streaked with black; legs rusty barred with
black; tail grayish sometimes washed with rusty.
Yng. Above blackish brown margined with rusty;
below white; breast with a few streaks; legs spotted;
tail with inner webs and base white; outer webs grayish.
Dark phase. Sooty brown more or less varied with
rusty; tail as in ad.

Range.— Western North America from the Plains (east North Da-
kota to Texas) , west to the Pacific and from the Saskatchewan region
south into Mexico; casually east to Illinois. Breeds from Utah, Colo-
rado and Kansas north to the Saskatchewan Plains." (A. O. U.)

355

17; 9

. Prairie Falcon (Falco 'mexicanus)
20. A blackish patch on the sides.

L. c?,

Ad. c?.
Above including middle tail feathers, grayish brown;
back with more or less concealed buffy bars. Ad. 9.
No buffy bars on back. Yng. Above margined with
rusty and whitish; head much as in ad. Notes. Kee,
kee, kee and a sort of cackle. (Bendire.)

Range. — "United States from the eastern border of the Plains to the
Pacific and from the Dakotas south into Mexico; casual east to Illi-
nois. Breeds throughout its United States range." (A. O. U.)

135

34-8v

355.

Eagles and Gyrfalcons.

349.

W0 JJ4b -

349. Golden Eagle [Aquila chrysaetos). L. rj 1 , 30-
355 9, 35-4o; Ex. rj\ 73-84; 9, 84-90. (Ridgw.) Legs
feathered to toes. Ads. Back of head and nape paler
than body; basal two-thirds of tail white. Yng. Base
of tail with broken grayish bars. Notes. A shrill,
kee-kee-kee, and, when alarmed, kiah-kiah repeated a
number of times. (Bendire.)

Range — Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America south
into Mexico; rare east of Mississippi, more common in Rocky Mount-
ains and mountains of Pacific coast.

352. Bald Eagle (Halieeetus leucocephalus). L. <^,
33; 9) 35; Ex. rj", 84; $, 89. Le^s not feathered to
toes. Ads. Head, neck and tail white. Yng. Head
and body blackish, more or less varied with white;
tail blackish mottled with white. Notes. Of the male,
a loud, clear cac cac-cac; of the female harsh and brok-
en. (Ralph.)

Range. — North America breeding locally throughout its range, more
frequently near the Atlantic coast; resident in United States.

35 2a. Alaska Bald Eagle (H. I. alascanus). Simi-
lar to No. 35^> but larger. W. J\ 23.8; 9, 24.6; T.
cf, 11. 5; 9, 12; Tar. <5\ 4.1; 9,3-7- (Townsend.)

Range. — Alaska.

353. White Gyrfalcon ( Falco islandus). L. tf, 22;
9, 24. Tarsus feathered in front nearly to toes; only
outer primary notched. Under tail coverts pure white.
Ads. Below white with few or no black markings.
Yng. Dark areas above larger, below with elongate
blackish spots.

Range. — Arctic regions, in America south in winter casually to
Maine.

354. Gray Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus). L. <^, 22;
9,24. Tarsus feathered in front nearly to toes; only
outer primary notched. Under tail coverts with dusky
margins. Ads. Crown usually more white than
dusky; above barred with blackish and grayish; below
white, breast streaked; sides and legs barred with
dusky. Yng. Above dark brown brown with broken
buffy bars and margins: tail with white and brown
bars of nearly equal width , below white everywhere
streaked with blackish.

Range. — Arctic regions; south in winter to the northern border of
the United States; casually as far as Kansas and Maine.

354a. Gyrfalcon (F. r. gyrfalco). Similar to No.
354, but head usually with more dusky than white;
back in ad. indistinctly barred with grayish. Yng.
With dark stripes of lower parts usually about equal in
width to white interspaces.

Range.— "Northern Europe and Arctic America, from northern Labra-
dor and coasts of Hudson Bay to Alaska" (Ridgw.); south in winter
casually, to northern border of United States as far as Long Island.

354b. Black Gyrfalcon (F. r. obsoletus). Similar
to No. 354, but much darker; above plain dusky with
few or no buffy markings; below dusky margined with
buffy, the former prevailing. Notes. A chattering
ke-a, ke-a, ke-a, blending into a rattling scream.
(Turner.)

Range. — Labrador; south in winter to northern New England; cas-
ually to Long Island.

136

Hawks.

356. Duck Hawk (Falco peregrinus anatum). L.
cT, 16; 9, 19. Sides of throat black. Ads. Above
bluish slate; below buffy. Yng. Above blackish
margined with rusty; tail with broken rusty bars and
whitish tip; below deep rusty buff streaked with black-
ish; under surface of wing uniformly barred. Notes.
Loud screams and noisy cacklings. (Bendire.)

Range. — Western Hemisphere; breeds locally from Southern States
to Arctic regions; winters from Northern States southward; more
common west of Rocky Mountains.

356a. Pea le Falcon (F.p. pealei). Ads. Crown
uniform with back; chest heavily spotted with blackish;
bars of remaining underparts very broad. (Ridgw.)

Range. — "Pacific coast region of North America from Oregon to the
Aleutian and Commander Islands, breeding throughout its ranee."
(A. O. U.)

357. Pigeon Hawk {Falco columbarius). L. rj\
Y0.5; ?, 13. Two outer primaries notched. Ad. tf.
Above slaty blue; middle tail feather with not more
than four black bands. Ad. 9 and Yng. Above dark
blackish brown; bars in middle tail feather five or less;
below more heavily barred than in <$.

Range. — North America, east of Rocky Mountains: breeds chiefly
north of United States from Rocky Mountains and westward: breeds
from Colorado and California north to Alaska; winters from Gulf
States, Colorado and California, south to northern South America.

357a. Black Merlin (F. c. suckleyi). Similar to No.
357, but much darker above and more heavily marked
below; bars on tail and under side of wing nearly ob-
solete.

Range.— Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka; east to
eastern Oregon and Washington.

358. Richardson Merlin {Falco richardsonii). Re-
sembles No. 357, but is paler and has the central tail
feather crossed by six light bars, counting the terminal
one.

Range. — Interior of North America from eastern border of Grea*
Plains west; rare west of Rockies; north to,at least, latitude 53 ° ; south
to Mexico.

359. Aplomado Falcon {Falco fusco-coerulescens) .
L. cf, 16; 9, 17.5. Middle of belly black. Ads.
Above slaty gray; breast buff, lower belly rusty. Yng.
Similar but grayish brown above, belly paler.

Range. — South and Central America north to southern border of the
United States.

360. Sparrow Hawk {Falco sparverius). L. 10;
l '9, 11. Ad. o 71 - Tail with one black bar; below

spotted. Ad. 9- Whole back barred; tail with num-
erous black bars; below streaked. Notes. A rapidly re-
peated killv-killj'-killy, usually uttered while on the
wing.

Range. — Eastern North America west to Rocky Mountains: breeds
from Gulf States to Hudson Bay; winters from southern Illinois and New
Jersey southward.

137

o£0.
female .

Hawks and Owls.

360?. Desert Sparrow Hawk. (F. s. phalcena). Simi-
lar to No. 360, but slightly larger and appreciably
paler. 9 with black bars above narrower; streakings of
underparts finer and more rusty. cf, L. 10.6; W. 7-55
T. 5.3: 9, L. 10.8; W. 7-7' T. 5^. (Mearns.)

R in ge.— "Western United States, north to ^astern British Columbia
and western Montana south, to Mazatlan in northwestern Mexico."
(A. O. U.)

360b. St. Lucas Sparrow Hawk (F. s. peninsularis) ,
SimihrtoNo. 360a, but paler; smaller than No. 360.
J\ W. 6.4; T. 4.5: 9. W. 7; T. 4.7. (Mearns.)

Range — Lower California (Cape Region only? )

365. Barn Owl; Monkey-faced Owl {Strix pratin*
cola). L. 18. No ear-tufts; eyes black. Ads. Above
gray and yellowish buff; below white more or less
washed with buff and spotted with black. Yng. More
buffy below. Notes. A sudden, harsh scream and a
screaming cr-r-r-r-e-e, repeated several times generally
when flying.

Range. — United States north to Long Island, (rarely Massachusetts) ,
soutu rn Ontario, Minnesota and Oregon; migrates slightly south
and winters south to Mexico.

3G6. American Long-eared Owl {Asio wilsomanus) .

L. 14.8. Ear-tufts long; eyes yellow. Ads. Above
varied with gray; belly barred. Notes. Usually silent
except during the breeding season when they utter a
soft toned, slow wu-hnnk, wu-hunk and alow, twittering,
whistling dicky, dicky, dicky. (Bendire.)

Ringe.— North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and
British Columbia south into Mexico.

jyiT. Short-eared Owl {Asio accipitrinus) . L. 15.5.
Ear tufts short; eyes yellow. Ads. No gray above;
brlly streaked. Notes. A shrill barking call like the
ki-yi of a small dog. (Lawrence. )

Range. — "Nearly cosmopolitan;" In America breeds locally from
Virginia, northern Mississippi Valley, and Dakotas northward; winters
from northern United States southward.

378. Burrowing Owl ( Speotyto cunicularia hypo gee a ) .
L. 10. Tarsi bare behind. Ads. Spotted above with
buffy; belly barred; chin and breast-patch white. Yng.
Less distinctly spotted above; belly without bars.
Notes. A mellow, sonorous coo-c-o-o; a chattering note
uttered when flying, and a short, shrill alarm-note,
t^ip-t^ip. (Bendire.)

Range.— Western North America from humid coast region east to
prairies of Mississippi Valley (western Nebraska, central Kansas,
western Minnesota); north to about line of Canadian Pacific R. R.;
south to Central America.

378a. Florida Burrowing Owl (5. c. floridana).
Similar to No. 378, but slightly smaller and whiter
throughout; spots above white with little if any buff;
tarsi nearly bare.

Range.— Interior of southern Florida.

138

Owls.

K

368. Barred Owl (Srrmum varium). L. 20. No
ear-tufts; eyes black. Ads. Head, back and breast
barred', toes feathered nearly if not quite to the nails. Notes.
A loud, sonorous wbdo-wkoo-whoo-too->whoa, io-whoo-ah;
a long-drawn, whoo-ah; rarely a wild scream; and when
two individuals meet, a remarkable medley of hoots
and ha-has.

Range. — Eastern North America except Gulf Coast; north to Nova
Scotia and Manitoba; west to Colorado; resident, except at northern
limit of range.

368a. Florida Barred Owl (S. v. alleni). Similar
to No. 368, but smaller, darker; black bars especially
on breast, wider; toes nearly if not quite bare.

Range.— Florida; north along coast to South Carolina; west along
coast to Texas.

368b. Texas Barred Owl (S. v. helveolum). Sim-
ilar to No. 368 in color, but with the toes bare as in
No. 368a.

Range. — Southern Texas.

369. Spotted Owl {Syrnium occidentale) . Resem-
bles No. 368, but has the head and neck spotted with
white; primaries with broad, whitish tips. Notes.
Probably similar to those of No. 368. (Bendire.)

Range. — Western United States from southern Colorado and New
Mexico, west to California, south to Lower California and Guanajuato,
Mexico.

369a. Northern Spotted Owl (S. o. caurinum).
Similar to No. 369, but darker; white markings small-
er; white spots on head and neck reduced to minimum;
white tips to primaries nearly obsolete. (Merriam.)

Range. — Western Washington and British Columbia.

370. Great Gray Owl (Scotiaptex nebulosa). L. 27.
No ear-tufts; eyes yellow. Ads. Above black finely
and irregularly marked with white; breast streaked;
feet feathered to toe-nails. Notes. Said to be a trem-
ulous, vibrating sound. (Fisher.)

Range.— North America; breeds north of Lat. 55 ° ; winters south to
northern border of United States casually as far as New Jersey, Ill-
inois, Minnesota, Idaho, and northern California.

37 1. Richardson Owl (Nyctala tengmalmi richard-
soni). L. 10. Ads. Above grayish brown with num-
erous white spots, particularly on head; feet feathered
to toes and usually with indistinct, dusky bars. Notes.
A musical, soft whistle. (Wheelright.) A peculiar
grating cry. (Nelson.) (See next page.)

Range. — Northern North America; breeds from Gulf of St. Lawrence
and Manitoba northward; winters south to northern border of
United States, casually to Massachusetts, Iowa, and Colorado; no
Pacific coast record (?).

139

Owls.

372. Saw-whet Owl; Acadian Owl (Nyctala acadica) .
L. 8. Ads. Above cinnamon brown; forehead with
many, hindhead with few streaks; back with white
spots; feet and legs less heavily feathered than in No.
371 and without dusky bars. Yng. Breast and back
cinnamon brown with few white markings; belly rusty
buff,unstreaked. Notes. A frequently repeated whistle;
sometimes high, sometimes low; generally begins slow
and ends rapidly; resembles noise of saw-filing.
(Ralph.)

Range.— North America; breeds from mountains of Pennsylvania.
Massachusetts (rarely) , northern New York, northern Illinois; and, in
Rocky Mountains, from Mexico northward; winters south to Virginia,
Kansas and central California.

372a. Northwest Saw-whet Owl (N. a. scotoea).
Similar to No. 372, but darker both above and below,
dark markings everywhere heavier; flanks, legs and
feet more rufescent. (Osgood.)

Range.— Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.

379. Pygmy Owl {Glaucidium gnoma). L. 7.
Top of head spotted. Ads. Above grayish brown;
spots whitish. Yng. No spots on head. Notes. A soft
cooing coohuhj coohuh, repeated a number of times.
(Bendire.)

Range.— "Timbered regions of western North America, from south-
ern Rocky Mountains in Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona," west to
California, Oregon, and Washington, except coast belt, south into
Mexico.

379a. California Pygmy Owl (G. g. calif or nicum) .
Similar to No. 379, but darker; spots above buff or
rusty.

Range. — Humid coast region from Monterey, California, north to
British Columbia.

379.1. H oski n Pyg my Owl ( Glaucidium hoskinsii ) .

Similar to No. 379a, but smaller and grayer, the fore-
head and facial disc with more white, the upperparts
less distinctly spotted. (Brewst.)

Range. — Southern Lower California.

380. Ferruginous Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium phalce-
uoides). L. 7. Top of head streaked. Ads. Above
varying from grayish brown marked with whitish to
plain reddish brown without marks; below white
streaked with grayish brown or reddish brown. Yng.
No streaks on head. Notes. A softly whistled coo re-
peated many times at intervals of about one second.

Range.— Tropical America; from Brazil north to Mexican border of
United States.

38 1. Elf Owl (Micropallas whitneyi). L. 6. Small-
est of our Owls. Ads. Above grayish brown, head
spotted; back barred with rusty; below mixed rusty,
white and grayish. Notes. A "tremulous cha-cha, cha-
cha, in different keys, sometimes low, sometimes dis-
tinct. (Bendire.)

Range.— Tableland of Mexico from Puebla north to Mexican border
of United States; Lower California, and (rarely) California.

140

Owls.

3 7 3. Screech Owl (Megascops asio). L. 9.4; W*
6.4; T. 3. Two color phases; with ear-tufts; eyes
yellow. Ad. Gray phase. Above buffy gray irreg-
ularly marked with black; below gray, white, rusty
and black. Ad. Red phase. Above bright rusty
brown with a few black streaks; below white streaked
with black and barred with rusty brown. Yng. Above
gray or rusty barred with black and white; below
white thickly barred with blackish. Notes. A fre-
quently repeated tremulous, wailing whistle; often
followed by a slower refrain-like call; a castanet-like
snapping of the mandibles.

Range.— Eastern North America from Florida north to New Bruns-
wick, Ontario and Minnesota, west to the Great Plains; resident.

373a. Florida Screech Owl (M. a. floridanus).
Smaller than No. 37$, W. 6.9; T. 2.8. Two color
phases. Similar to those of No. 373, but averaging
darker and more heavily marked below; especially in 373
red phase.

Range. — Florida, north along coast to South Carolina; west along
coast to Louisiana.

373b. Texas Screech Owl (M. a. mccalli) . Simi-
lar to No. 373, but smaller, W. 6.1; underparts, es-
pecially sides of belly, with more black bars; toes
barer. I have seen only a gray phase.

Range. - "From western and southern Texas across east border of
tablelands of Mexico." (Bailey.)

37 3c. California Screech Owl ( M. a. bendirei).
W. 6.6. A gray color phase only. Resembling No.
373, but somewhat darker above; less buff about the
nape; black streakings more regularly distributed; un-
derparts much as in No. 373b.

Range. — California and southern Oregon.

37 3d. Kennicott Screech Owl (M. a. kennicottii).
L. 10; \V. 7. 25. Ads. Sooty brown prevailing above;
blackish markings below nearly if not fully as wide as
white ones; darkest of our Screech Owls.

Range. -Pacific coast from Oregon to Sitka.

37 3e. Rocky Mountain Screech Owl (M. a. max-
icellice). W. 7. Similar to No. 373f above but paler;
pale grayish buff predominating; black markings
throughout much narrower and less numerous than in
No. 373g; palest of our Screech Owls.

373e.

Ranee.— "Foothills and adjacent plains of the east Rocky Moun-
tains from Colorado north to Montana" (.Bendire).

141

Owls.

373f. Mexican Screech Owl (M. a. cineraceus) .
A gray color phase only. Similar to No. 373b, but
much grayer above; buff markings of No. 373b almost
wholly absent; below black bars more numerous and
narrower than in No. 373b.

Range. — "New Mexico, Arizona, Lower California, and western
Mexico." (A. O. U.)

373g. Aiken Screech Owl {M. a. aikeni). A gray
color phase only. W. 6.5. Similar to 373f, but still
grayer; almost no buff above; black markings wider on
head, back, and underparts.

Range. — "Plains, El Paso County, Colorado, south probably to
central New Mexico and northeastern Arizona." (A. O. U.)

373h. MacFarlane Screech Owl (M.a.macfarlanei).
A gray color phase only. Ads. Of the size of kenni-
cottii, but with color and markings of bendirei. W. 7-2;
T. 3.8. (Brewst.)

Range. — "Eastern Washington and Oregon to western Montana
and probably intermediate regions, and north to the interior of
British Columbia." (Bailey.)

373.1. Spotted Screech Owl {Megascops trichopsis).
L. 7.7. Ads. Above mixed black, grayish brown and
buff; black prevailing on head; feathers of foreback
with buffy white spots on either side near the end;
below much as in No. 373f.

Range.— Southern Arizona and southward into northern Mexico.

373.2. Xantus Screech Owl (Megascops xantiisi).
W. 5.3. Ad. <j\ Above drab, back tinged with pink-
ish rusty and faintly vermiculated with reddish brown;
breast paler ashy faintly suffused with pinkish or
rusty; belly whitish; underparts finely barred with red-
dish brown and streaked with clove-brown. (Brewst.)

Range. — Cape Region of Lower California.

374. Flammulated Screech Owl {Megascops flam-
meola). L. 7. Ads. Ear-tufts small; eye surrounded
by rusty, then by gray; crown, nape and tips of scap-
ulars largely rusty; neck band rusty. (See p. 141.)

Range. — Mountains of Guatemala north to Colorado (n speci-
mens, 7 from Boulder County, Cook), west rarelv to California (2
specimens).

374a. Dwarf Screech Owl {M.f. idahoensis). Sim-
ilar to No. 374, but slightly smaller and paler, es-
pecially on underparts where ground color is white and
black markings are restricted.

Range.— Idaho, eastern Oregon and California (San Bernardino
Mountains, 3 specimens, Grinnell).

142

Owls.

<

37 5. Great Horned Owl {Bubo virginianas). c?,
L. 22; W. 15. Ads. Ears conspicuous; the feathers
nearly throughout the body rusty basally; facial disc
rich rusty. Notes. A loud, low, deep-toned zvhoo, hoo-
hoo-hoo, whooo-whooo, variable, but usually on the same
note; rarely a hair-raising scream.

Range. — Eastern North America; north to Labrador, south to Central
America; resident.

375a. Western Horned Owl (B. v. pallescens).
Smaller and paler than No. 375, W. 13.7; facial disc
washed with rusty.

Range. — Western United States, except Pacific coast region, east
to Great Plains; casually Wisconsin and Illinois north to Manitoba
and British Columbia; south to Mexico.

375b. Arctic Horned Owl (B. v. arctiais). Black
and white prevailing above; bases of feathers light
yellowish buff; below black and white with
little or no buffy; facial disc gray.

Range.— Interior of Arctic America, from Rocky Mountains east to
Hudson Bay; breeds north of Lat. 51 ; in winter straggles south-
ward to adjacent border of United States; rarely to Wyoming and
Nebraska.

375c. Dusky Horned Owl (B. v. saturates). Size
of No. 375b, but much darker; black bars below equal-
ling white ones in width; darkest bird of group.

Range. — "Pacific coast region from Monterey Bav, California,
north to Alaska; east to Hudson Bay and Labrador." (A. O. U.)

375d. Pacific Horned Owl (B. v. pacificus) . Some-
what smaller than No. 375b, W. 13.5; more like No.
375 in color but less rusty.

Range.— California, except humid coast region; east to Arizona.

375e. Dwarf Horned Owl CB. v. elachistus). Sim-
ilar to No. 375c, but very much smaller. W. cT, 12.8;
$, 13.4. (Brewster.)

Range.— Lower California.

376. Snowy Owl {Nyctea nyctea) . L. 25. Ad. <$.

White more or less barred with blackish. Ad. 2. Sim-
ilar, but more heavily barred.

Range.— Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America breeds
from Lat. 50 ° northward; winters south to northern United States;
straggles as far as Texas and California.

377a. American Hawk Owl (Surma ulula caparoch).
L. 15; T. 7.2 long and rounded. Ads. Above
brownish black, crown thickly spotted, scapulars con-
spicuously margined with white; chin blackish; belly
barred. Notes. A shrill cry generally uttered while
flying. (Fisher.)

Range.— Northern North America; breeds from Newfoundland and
northern Montana northward; winters south to northern L'nited
States, rarely to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois; rare on
Pacific coast.

143

Order XIII. PAROQUETS AND PARROTS.

PSITTACI.

Family 1. PARROTS and PAROQUETS. Psittacim:. 2 species.

Parrots are found throughout the warmer parts of the earth. About
one hundred and fifty of the some five hundred known species inhabit
America. The Carolina Paroquet, practically the only member
of this family found in the United States, since the Thick-billed Parrot
barely reaches our border in Arizona, was once an abundant bird
in the Southern States, but it is now restricted to a few localities in
Florida and possibly Indian Territory,

Order XIV. CUCKOOS, TROGONS, KINGFISHERS, Etc.

COCCYGES.

Family 1. CUCKOOS, ANIS, etc. Cuctjlim:. 5 species 2 sub-
species.

Family 2. TROGONS. Trogonid.e. 1 species.

Family 3. KINGFISHERS. Alcedinid^e. 2 species.

The Cuckoos are a group of world-wide distribution, but are more
numerous in the eastern than in the western hemisphere where only
thirty-five of the some one hundred and seventy-five species are found.
The habit of the European Cuckoo in placing its eggs in the nest of
other birds is well known. The American species, however, build
nests of their own though it is true they are far from well made struc-
tures. With the Anis one nest serves for several females who may de-
posit as many as thirty eggs, incubation and the care of the young
being subsequently shared by the members of this singular family.

Trogons are found in the tropics of both the Old and New Worlds.
They are quiet, sedentary birds inhabiting forests and feeding largely
on fruit. So far as is known they nest in hollow trees.

Only eight of the one hundred and eighty or more known King-
fishers are found in America, the remaining species being confined to
the Old World where they are most numerous in the Malay Archi-
pelago.

144

Parrots and Paroquets.

382. Carolina Paroquet {Conurus carolimnsis) . L.
12.5. Ads. Forehead and cheeks deep orange, rest of
head yellow. Yng. Forehead and loral region orange;
rest of head green like back; no yellow on bend of
wing. Notes. A sharp, rolling kr-r-r-r-r-r.

Range. — Formerly eastern United States, north to Maryland, Great
Lakes, and Iowa; west to Colorado, Oklahoma and eastern Texas;
now restricted to southern Florida and parts of Indian Territory.

382.1. Thick-billed Parrot {Rhynchopsitta pachy-
rhyncha). L. 16.5. Ads. Forehead, loral region,
stripe over eye, bend of wing and thighs red; greater
under wing-coverts yellow; rest of plumage green.

Range —Central Mexico north rarely to southern Arizona.

145

Cuckoos.

383. Ani (Crotophaga ani). Resembling No. 384,
but upper mandible without grooves. Notes. A com-
plaining, whistled oo-eeek, oo-eeek.

Range. — Eastern South America; north to West Indies and Ba-
hamas; rarely to southern Florida; accidental in Louisiana and Penn-
sylvania.

384. Groove-billed Ani {Crotophaga sulcirostris) .
L. 12.5; B. .7 high; the upper mandible with ridges
and furrows. Ads. Blue-black, many of the feathers
with iridescent margins.

Range.— Northwestern South America, north through Mexico to
Lower California and southeastern Texas; casually Arizona, Louisi-
ana, and Florida.

385. Road-runner (Geococcyx califomianus) . L. 23.
Toes two in front, two behind. Ads. Above glossy
olive-brown with whitish and rusty margins; tail
much rounded, outer tail-feathers tipped with white.
Notes. A soft cooing and a low chittering note produc-
ed by striking the mandibles together. Bendire men-
tions a note like that of a hen calling her brood.

Range.— Central Mexico north (rarely) to southwestern Kansas,
southern Colorado, and Sacramento Valley, California, rarely to
southern Oregon.

386. Mangrove Cuckoo (Coccy^us minor) . L. 13.
Ads. Underparts uniformly rich buff; above grayish
brown, crown grayer; ear-coverts black; tail black,
outer feathers broadly tipped with white.

Range.— Northern South America, north through Central America,
Mexico and Greater Antilles (except Porto Rico?) to Florida and
Louisiana; migrating south in fall.

386a. Maynard Cuckoo (C. m. maynardi). Simi-
lar to No. 386, but underparts paler, the throat and
forebreast more or less ashy white.

Range. — Bahamas and (eastern?) Florida Keys.

387. Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccy^us americanus).
L. 12.2. Ads. Below white; lower mandible largely
yellow; tail black, outer feathers widely tipped with
white. Notes. Tut-tut, tut-tut, tut-tut, tut-tut, cl-uck,
cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cow, cow, cow, cow,
cow, cow, usually given in part.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Florida to New
Brunswick and Minnesota; winters in Central and South America.

387a. California Cuckoo (C. a. occidentalis) . Sim-
ilar to No. 387, but somewhat grayer and larger; the
bill slightly longer, 1.05.

Range.— Western North America; north to southern British Col-
umbia; east to Western Texas; winters south into Mexico.

388. Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccy^us erythrophthal-
mus). L. 1 1.8. Ads. White below; bill black; tail,
seen from below, grayish narrowly tipped with white;
above, especially on crown, browner than No. 387.
Notes. Similar to those of No. 387, but softer, the cow
notes connected.

Range.— Eastern North America; west to Rocky Mountains; breeds
north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States to
Brazil.

146

Trogon and Kingfishers.

389. Coppery-tailed Trogon {Trogon ambiguus).

L. 12. Ad. cf\ Wing-coverts finely vermiculated; tail
coppery tipped with black; outer web and end of outer
feathers white, mottled with black. Ad. $ . Ear-cov-
erts gray; back grayish brown; middle tail-feathers
rusty brown tipped with black; breast brownish; upper
belly grayish; ventral region pink. Notes. Resemble
those of a hen Turkey. (Fisher.)

Range.— Southern Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande and Arizona.

390. Belted Kingfisher {Ceryle alcyon). L. 13.
Ad. 3. Breast-band and sides like back. Ad. ?.
Breast-band and sides rusty. Notes. A loud, harsh
rattle.

Range.— North America; breeds from Florida, Texas, and California
north to Arctic regions; winters from Virginia, Kansas, and southern
California south to northern South America.

391. Texas Kingfisher {Ceryle americana septen-
trionalis). L. 8.7. Ad. tf. Breast rusty brown; back-
greenish; a white collar. Ad. 9- Throat and breast
white, sometimes tinged with buffy; a breast and belly
band of greenish spots. Notes. When flying, a sharp,
rattling twitter; when perching, a rapid, excited ticking.

Range.— Tropical America, from Panama north to southern Texas.

147

Order XV. WOODPECKERS.

PICI.

Family 1. WOODPECKERS. PicrM. 24 species, 22 sub-
species.

The some three hundred and fifty known species of Woodpeckers are
distributed throughout the wooded parts of the world, except in Aus-
tralia and Madagascar, nearly one half of this number being found in
the New World. Feeding largely upon the eggs and larvae of insects,
which they can obtain at all seasons, most of the North American
species are not highly migratory but are represented in the more north-
ern parts of their range at all times of the year.

Woodpeckers nest in holes in trees generally excavated by them-
selves. The eggs, four to eight or nine in number, like those of most
birds that lay in covered situations, are pure white. The young are
born naked and are reared in the nest.

In few birds is the close relation between structure and habit more
strikingly illustrated than in the Woodpeckers. Their lengthened toes
placed two before and two behind (except in one genus) and armed
with strong nails enable them readily to grasp the bark of trees up
which they climb. Their stiffened, pointed tail-feathers are also of
assistance to them in retaining their position on tree trunks, serving as
a prop on which they may rest while chiseling out their homes or lay-
ing bare the tunnels of the grubs of wood boring beetles. For this
purpose they use their bill, a marvellously effective tool with which
some of the large Woodpeckers perform astonishing feats. I have
seen an opening made by a Pileated Woodpecker in a white pine tree,
twelve inches long, four inches wide, and eight inches deep, though
perfectly sound wood to reach the larvae at work in the heart of the
tree. The bill is also used as a musical instrument, the 'song' of
Woodpeckers being a rolling tatoo produced by rapid tappings on
some resonant limb.

As might be supposed the Woodpeckers are great of economic value.
Professor Beal states that at least two-thirds to three-fourths of the
food of our common Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers consists chiefly
of noxious insects.

148

Woodpeckers.

392. Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus princi-
palis). L. 20; B. 2.7, ivory white. Ad. tf. Crest
scarlet. Ad. ?. Similar to the J 1 , but crest black.
Notes. A sharp, penny trumpet-like yap-yap.

Range.— Florida west to eastern Texas; north to southern Miss-
ouri and Oklahoma; formerly north to North Carolina, Illinois, and
Indiana.

400. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker {Picoides arc
ticus). L. 9.5. Back shining black without white; toes
two in front, one behind Ad.tf. Crown yellow. Ad. $.
Crown black. Notes. A sharp, shrill, chirk, chirk.
(Hardy.)

Range. — "Northern North America, from the Arctic regions south to
northern United States, (New England, New York, Michigan, Minne-
sota and Idaho), and in the Sierra Nevadas to Lake Tahoe." (A. O.
U.)

401. American Three-toed Woodpecker {Picoides
americanus). L. 8.7. Back with white; toes two in
front, one behind. Ad. tf. Crown yellow; white bars
on back broken, detached not confluent. Notes. A
prolonged squealing, rarely uttered. (Turner.)

Range.— Northern North America; west to Rocky Mountains;
breeds from Maine, mountains of New Hampshire, northern New
York, and northern Minnesota northward; south i 1 winter, rarely to
Massachusetts, central New York, and northern Illinois.

401a. Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker (P. a.

fasciatus). Similar to No. 401, but white bars on back
confluent forming a more or le^s continuous white
patch.

Range. — "Alaska Territory; casual! v? south through western
British Columbia to northwestern Washington (vicinity of Mt.
Baker); east irregularly to Great Bear Lake and the Mackenzie
River Valley, Northwest Territory." (Bendire.)

40 I b. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker (P. a. dorsa-
lis). Similar to No. 401a, but larger. W. 5: bill
narrower. Notes. A harsh, nasal cry; a sudden,
sharp whip, whip, whip, (Mearns.)

Range.— "Rockv Mountain region from British Columbia and
Idaho south into New Mexico." (A. O. U.)

405. Pileated Woodpecker (Ceophlceus pileatus).
L. 17. W. 8.9. Ad. cj. Crown, crest, and streaks
on sides of throat red; sides of neck and patch on wing
white. Ad. 9. Forehead brownish, no red on sides of
throat. Notes. A sonorous cow-cow-cow, repeated slow-
ly many times and a wichew call when two birds meet;
both suggesting calls of the Flicker.

Range.— Southern United States north to South Carolina.

405a. Northern Pileated Woodpecker (C. p. abie-
ticola). Similar to No. 405, but slightly larger, W. 9;
T. 6.2.

Range.— Locally distributed throughout more heavily wooded
regions of North America, except in southern United States, north to
Lat. 63°.

149

Woodpeckers.

4

393. Hairy Woodpecker (Dryobates vil/osus). L.
9; W. 4.7 Outer tail-feathers white without terminal
black marks. Ad. cf. Wing-coverts spotted, under-
pays white; nape with a red band. Ad. 9- Similar
but nape band white. Notes. A sharp peek and a King-
fisher-like rattle.

Range. —Eastern United States from North Carolina to Canada.

393a. Northern Hairy Woodpecker (D. v. leucome-
las). Similar to No. 393, but larger; L. 10; W. 5.2.

Range.— British America north to Alaska.

393b. Southern Hairy Woodpecker (D. v. audu-
bonii). Similar to No. 393, but smaller; L. 8; W. 4.2.

Range.— South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to South Carolina.

393c. Harris Woodpecker (D. v. harrist). Simi-
lar to No. 393, but wing-ccverts usually without white
spots; underparts dirty, dusky, brownish.

Range.— Pacific coast from northern California to British Colum-
bia.

393d. Cabanis Woodpecker (D. v. byloscopus).

Similar to No. 393c, but whiter below.

Range.— California, east to Arizona.

393e. Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker (D. v.

monticola). Similar to No. 393c, but pure white below;
larger, size of No. 393a.

Range. — Rocky Mountain region from northern New Mexico north
to British Columbia.

393f. Queen Charlotte Woodpecker (D. v.picoideus)

Similar to No. 393c, but middle of back barred and
spotted with black; flanks streaked with black.
(Osgood.)

Range. — Queen Chirlotte Islands, British Columbia.

394. Southern Downy Woodpecker (Dryobates
pubescens). L. 6; W. 3.5. Outer tail-feathers white
with terminal black marks. Ad. $. Nape-band red;
smallest of group, underparts dingier than in No. 394c;
white of less extent; wing-coverts spotted. Ad. 9-
Similar but nape-band white. Notes. A sharp peek
and a rattle similar to that of No. 393, but not so loud.

Range. —South Carolina, Georgia, and Gulf States to Texas.

394a. Gairdner Woodpecker (D. p. gairdnerii).
Similar to No. 394b, but underparts sooty gray; the
darkest below of any form in the group.

Range.— Pacific coast from northern California north to British
Columbia.

394b. Batchelder Woodpecker (D. p. bomorus).
Similar to No. 394c, but wing-coverts with few or no
white spots, under tail-coverts without dusky streaks.

Ringe.— "Rocky Mountain region of the United States." (A. O.
U.)

394c. Northern Downy Woodpecker (D. p. median-
us). L. 6.5; W. 3.7. Similar to No. 394, but larger;
whiter below; white markings of greater extent.

Range. — Eastern North America south to South Carolina.

394d. Alaskan Downy Woodpecker (D. p. nelsoni).
W. 4. Similar to No. 394c, but still larger and whiter;
largest of the group.

Range.— Alaska.

150

Woodpeckers.

394e. Willow Woodpecker (D. p. turati). Simi-
lar to No. 394a, but smaller, W. 3.8. superciliary patch
and underparts whiter; tertials always more or less
spotted with white. (W. K. Fisher.)

Rangs. — "California, except: desert ranges and eastern slope of
Sierra Nevada, coast region north of Marion Co., and region north of
upper end of Sacramento Valley." (W. K. Fisher.)

395. Red-cockaded Woodpecker {Dryobates bore-
alts). L. 8.4. Sides of head and neck white bordered
by black below. Ad. tf. A nearly concealed red tuft
on either side of the hindhead. Ad. 9- Similar, but
no red on head. Notes. A loud, hoarse, yank, yank.

Range. - Southern United States; west to eastern Texas; north to
Virginia and Arkansas.

396. Texan Woodpecker (Dryobates scalaris bairdi).
L. 7.5. Outer tail-feathers barred to their base; nasal
tufts brownish. Ad. $ . All crown feathers tipped
with red; back barred; below brownish white, spotted
and streaked with black. Ad. 9 . Similar but top of head
wholly black.

Range.- Northern Mexico, north to Texas boundary. New Mexico,
southern Colorado, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and south-
eastern California.

396a. Saint Lucas Woodpecker (T>. s. Incasanus).
Similar to No. 396, but outer tail-feather barred with
black only on terminal half or less, except sometimes
■on inner web. (Ridgw.)

Range. — Lower California, north, rarely to Colorado Desert, Cali-
fornia.

397. Nuttall Woodpecker {Dryobates nuttallii).
L. 7.5. Below white only slightly soiled; outer tail-
feather barred only on end half. Ad. $ . Crown
black streaked with white; nape red. Ad. 9- Similar
but top of head entirely black, usually with a few
white spots. Yng. Top^ of head dull red. Notes. A
sharp qitee-quee-qnee-qiieep; a diminutive chittah. (Bail-
ley.) Loud rattling notes. (Henshaw.)

Range.— Northern Lower California, north locally, to southern
Oregon.

398. Arizona Woodpecker {Dryobates ari{onev).
L. 8.2. Above brown, below spotted. Ad. <j\ A red
nape band. Ad. ?. Similar but no red on nape,
brown of crown continuous with that of back. Yng.
Whole crown red.

Range.— Northwestern Mexico north to southern Arizona and
southwestern New Mexico.

399. White-headed Woodpecker {Xenopicus albo-
larvatns). L. 9. Whole head and part of wings
white. Ad. c?. Nape red. Ad. 9- Nape white.
Notes. A sharp, clear witt-witt; a rather silent bird.
(Bendire.)

Range — .Mountains of western United States from southern Cali-
fornia north to southern British Columbia; east to western Idaho and
western Nevada.

151

Woodpeckers.

402. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker ( Sphyrapicus varius).
L. 8.5; W. 4.8. Ad. tf. Crown and throat red; a
whitish band from eye to eye across nape; belly washed
with yellow; breast patch black Ad. 9. Similar, but
throat white; crown rarely black. Yng. Breast gray-
ish with internal dark rings or bars; crown dirty yel-
lowish margined with dusky; red feathers soon appear
on throat and crown. Notes. A clear ringing cleur re-
peated; a low snarling cry resembling mew of Catbird.
(Brewster.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts and
northern Illinois north to about Lat. 63 30'; south in Alleghanies
to northwest Georgia; winters from southern Illinois and southern
Virginia to Central America.

402a. Red-naped Sapsucker (5. v. nuchalis). Sim-
ilar to No. 402, but slightly larger. W. 5; the nape
band red; red of throat encroaching on black bordering
streaks; female the same but chin white.

Range. — Rocky Mountain region; breeds from Colorado and north-
eastern California (?), north to British Columbia; winters from south-
ern California south to northwestern Mexico.

403. Red-breasted Sapsucker (Spbyraptcus ruber),
L. 9. Ads. Crown, whole throat and breast dull red;
in other respects resembling No. 402. Notes. Jay or
cfiae, peeye, pinck, and peurr. (Bendire.)

Range. — Breeds in mountains from northern Lower California north
to southern Oregon.

403a. Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker (5. r.

notkensis). Similar to No. 403, but colors deeper, red
brighter; belly yellower.

Range.— Pacific coast region from Santa Cruz Mountains, Cali-
fornia, north to southern Alaska.

404. Williamson Sapsucker {Sphyrapicus thyroi-
dens). L. 9. Belly bright yellow; rump white. Ad. tf.
Above black; a red stripe on throat; lesser wing-cov-
erts white. Ad. ?. Crown and throat brownish;
back and lesser wing-coverts barred black and whitish.
Yng. Similar to $, but breast barred like sides. Notes.
A shrill butt-butt uttered when flying. (Bendire.) The
roll of this Woodpecker is not continuous, but is brok-
en or interrupted.

Range. — Higher mountain ranges of western United States; breeds
from northern New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California
north to Wyoming and southern British Columbia; winters from
southern California and western Texas into Mexico.

408. Lewis Woodpecker {Asyndesmus torquatus).
L. 11. Ads. Breast and a collar around the neck
gray; region about base of bill dark red; belly pinkish
red; above shining green black. Yng. No gray-
collar; crown suffused with red. Notes. A weak,
peeping twitter. (Lawrence). Generally a silent
bird.

Range.— Western United States: breeds from New Mexico, Arizo-
na, and southern California north to southern Alberta and British
Columbia; winters from southern Oregon aud Colorado south to
western Texas and southern California.

152

Woodpeckers.

406. Red-headed Woodpecker {Melanerpes erytbro-
ffpbalus). L. 9.7. Ads. Whole head and breast red:
end half of secondaries white. Yng. Whole head and
breast grayish streaked with blackish; back black
margined with grayish; end half of secondaries white
with black bars. Notes. A tree-toad-like kcr-r-ruck,
ker-r-ruck.

Range.— Eastern United States west to Rocky Mountains: breeds
from Florida and Texas north to New York and Manitoba; local and
irregular in northern parts of range; winters from Virginia, and oc-
casionally from New York, southward.

407. Striped-breasted Woodpecker (Melanerpes

formicvooriis). L. 9.5. Breast band streaked with wh ite\
rump white. Ad. tf. Forehead, white, crown, nape,
and breast-spot red. Ad. 9- Center of crown with a
black band of same width as white band on forehead.
Notes. A loud tchurr, tchurr.
Range.— Mexico north to southwest Texas and Arizona.

407a. Californian Woodpecker (M. f. bairdt).

Similar to No. 407, but black breast-band with white
only on its posterior margin.

Range.— Pacific coast region from northern California to southern
Oregon.

407b. Narrow-fronted Woodpecker (M. f. angust-

ifrons). Ad. tf. Similar to No. 407, but smaller, W.
5.2; the throat brighter yellow. Ad. $. With black
crown-band wider than white forehead band.

Range. — Cape Region of Lower California.

409. R^d-bellied Woodpecker (Centuruscarolinus).

L. 9.5. Center of belly reddish. Ad. J 1 . Top of
head and nape entirely red. Ad. 9- Nape red, crown
grayish, forehead tinged with red. Notes. A hoarse,
chub-chiih.

Range.— Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from
Florida and Texas to Maryland, Ontario, and South Dakota; winters
from Virginia and southern Ohio southward; casually north as far as
Massachusetts.

410. Golden-fronted Woodpecker (Centurus auri-
frons). L, 10.5; center of belly yellow. Ad. J*. Fore-
head yellow, crown-patch red, nape orange. Ad. 9 .
Forehead and nape yellow, crown entirely gray.
Notes. Loud and penetrating. (Bailey.)

Range. — Mexico, north to central Texas.

411. Gila Woodpecker (Centurus nropygialis). L.
10. Center of belly yellow. Ad. tf. Top of head
and nape sooty gray; a red-crown patch. Ad.Q. Top
of head and nape entirely sooty gray. Notes. Dcbiirr,
dcburr; when flying, a shrill huit like call-note of
Phainopepla. (Bendire.)

Range.— Northwestern Mexico, north to southwestern New Mexico,
and Lower California.

153

Woodpeckers.

412. Southern Flicker {Colaptes auratus). Small-
er than No. 412a, W. 5.6.

Range. — Southeastern United States north to South Carolina.

412a. Northern Flicker (C. a. luteus). L. 13; W.
6.4. Crown bluish gray; throat pinkish brown; a
scarlet nape-band; lining of wings and tail yellow. Ad.
tf. With black patches on the sides of the throat.
Ad. $. Without black throat patches. Notes. Aloud,
emphatic kee-yer; a low chuckle when taking flight; a
tceichew repeated and used only when two or more birds
are together; and a mellow cuh-cilh-cuh-cub, repeated,
doubtless a song.

Range. — Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains and
Alaska; rare on the Pacific coast; apparently hybridizing with No. 413.
at the western border of its range.

413. Red-shafted Flicker {Colaptes cafer collaris).
L. 13. No red nape band; crown brownish; throat
bluish gray; lining of wings and tail reddish. Ad. $.
Patches at side of throat red. Ad. $. No red throat
patches. Notes. Resemble those of No. 412.

Range. — Western United States, except northwest coast region;
east to the Rocky Mountain region; apparently hybridizing with No.
412 at the eastern border of its range.

413a. Northwestern Flicker (C. c saturatior).
Similar to No. 413, but much darker throughout, back
vinous-brown.

Range. — Pacific coast region; breeds from Oregon north to south-
ern Alaska; winters south to northwest California.

414. Gilded Flicker {Colaptes chrysoides). L. 12;
W. 5.7. Crown cinnamon; under surface of wings
and tail yellow. Ad. tf. No red band on nape: throat
bluish gray, its sides with a red patch. Ad. $. No
red on sides of throat. Notes. Resemble those of No.
412. (Bendire.)

Range.— "Central and southern Arizona from Lat. 34 to southern
Sonora, and Lower California south of Lat. 30 ° ." (A. O. U.)

4 1 4a. Brown Flicker (C. c. brunnescens). Simi-
lar to No. 414, but slightly smaller; upperparts darker.
(Anthony).

Range. — Lower California north of Lat. 30 ° .

415. Guadalupe Flicker {Colaptes rufipileus). Sim-
ilar to No. 413, but bill 1.6 or more, more slender,
wing averaging less than 6.2; crown cinnamon-brown;
rump vinaceous-white. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

154

Order XVI. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, AND HUMMING-
BIRDS.

MACROCHIRES.

Family 1. GOATSUCKERS. Caprimulgim. 6 species, 6 sub-
species.

Family 2. SWIFTS. Micropodid^, 4 species.

Family 3. HUMMINGBIRDS. Trochilid.e. 17 species.

The Goatsuckers are birds of the dusk and early morning. They
live chiefly on insects which they capture on the wing, their enormous
mouths being especially well adapted to this kind of hunting. Our
species build no nest but lay their two mottled eggs on the bare ground
or leaves. The young are hatched covered with down and can follow
their parents about long before they acquire the power of flight. Goat-
suckers are noted for their singular calls, most of the species uttering
loud, characteristic notes which, heard at night, are especially effective.

Swifts are birds of world-wide distribution; about half the seventy-
five known species being found in America. They are pre-eminently
birds of the air with wings so well developed that few birds can sur-
pass them in power of flight, but with feet so weak and small that
many species cannot perch as do most birds, but, when resting, cling to
a vertical surface and use their tail to aid their feet in supporting
themselves. Their nests are often marvels of architectural skill and
constructive ability. The eggs, four to six in number, are white.

Hummingbirds are found only in America where they range from
Patagonia to Alaska, but the larger part of the some five hundred
known species are found in the Andean region of Columbia and Ecua-
dor. Only one species is found east of the Mississippi, and nine
of our sixteen western species advance but little beyond our Mexican
border.

Hummingbirds nests are the most exquisite of birds' homes.
Their eggs, so far as is known, number two, and are pure white. The
young are born naked and, in the case of our Ruby-throat, at least,
spend about three weeks in the nest.

The notes of some tropical Hummingbirds are sufficiently varied to
be classed as songs but our species utter only sharp squeaks and ex-
cited chipperings.

155

Goatsuckers.

4 I 6. Chuck-will's-widow (Antrostomus carolinensis).

L. 12. Mouth bristles with fine, hair-like branches
near their base. Ad. <j\ End half of outer tail-
feathers white, rusty, and black on outer webs; chin chiefly
rusty; throat-patch buffy. Ad. ?. No white in tail.
Notes. A loudly whistled chuck-will' s-widow, repeated
many times.

Range.— South Atlantic and Gulf ^States; breeds north to Virginia
and Illinois: west to Kansas and central Texas; winters from southern
Florida southward.

417. Whip-poor-will (Antrostomns
9.7. Mouth bristles without branches.

voci ferns). L.

Ad. J 1 . Three
outer tail-feathers broadly tipped with white; white on
inner vane of outer feather 1.4 or more wide; throat
patch white; chin chiefly black. Ad. 9. Three outer
tail-feathers narrowly tipped with rusty buff; throat
patch rusty buff. Notes. A rapid, vigorous, whistled
wbip'poor-ziill, repeated many times.

Ranee. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Gulf States north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from
Gulf States southward.

417a. Stephens Whip-poor-will (A. v. macromy-
stax). Similar to No. 417, but slightly larger, W. 6.5;
mouth bristles much longer; male with throat-patch
rusty; white on inner web of outer feather less than 1.3
wide.

Range.— "Arizona, New Mexico, and
over mountains bordering tablelands
(Bailey.)

southwestern Texas, south
of Mexico to Guatemala."

418. Poor-will (Phalamoptilus nuttallii). L. 7.7.
Primaries rusty barred with black. Ad. rj". Three
outer tail-feathers evenly tipped with white; a large
white throat patch; plumage above suggesting in color
the wings of certain moths. Ad. 9. Similar, but tail-
tips buffy. Notes. Variously rendered poor-will, cow-
day, pearl-rob-tt, puir-tvhee-er.

Range. — Western United States: breeds from Kansas, Nebraska,
and Dakota west to eastern slope of Sierra Nevadas: north to Mon-
tana and British Columbia; winters from Mexican border southward.

4 18a. Frosted Poor-will (T. n. nitidus). Similar
to No. 418, but paler, the upperparts especially whiter,
more frosty.

Range. — "Texas to Arizona and from western Kansas south to
northern Mexico," (Bailey.) Lower Califort ia.

('P. ;/. califomicus).

4 18b. California Poorwill

Similar to No. 418, but darker.

Range.— Breeds on coast of California, north to Butte County;
winters from southern California southward.

156

Goatsuckers.

419. Merrill Parauque (Nyctidromus albicollis mer-
rilli). L. 12; T. 6.2. Outer tail-feather without
white. Two color phases, one gray, one rusty. Ad.
cT. Outer tail-feather black with sometimes a little
rusty, next feather white on inner web, third feather
white except at base. Ad. $. Outer tail-feathers
brownish with broken rusty bars; next two with white
at tip. Notes. A vigorous ker-whee-you repeated and
sometimes running into a whit-whit-whit, ker^whee-you.

Range.— Mexico north to southern Texas; winters chiefly south of
Rio Grande.

I

420. Nighthawk {Chordsilss virginianus). L. 10;
W. 7.8. Primaries blackish with a white bar and no
ru>ty spots; darkest of our Nighthawks. Ad. rj 1 .
Above black with white and buff markings; throat and
band near end of tail white. Ad. 9- Throat rusty, no
white band in tail. Notes. A nasal peent\ and in the
breeding season, a booming sound produced by diving
from a height earthward.

R -in ire. — Eistern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from
Fi >nda 10 LabraJor, west and northwest to northern California, British
Cu.umDia, and Alaska; winters south of United Stales.

420a. Western Nighthawk (C. v. henryi). Simi-
lar to No. 420, but markings above rusty and more
numerous; telly washed with rusty.

Range.— Wes'ern United States, east to the Plains, wintering south
of United States; exact distribution unknown.

420b. Florida Nighthawk (C. v. chapmani). Simi-
lar to No. 420, but smaller (L. 8.6; W. 7.1;) and
paler; white and buff markings above larger and more
numerous.

Range. Florida, west along Gulf Coast to eastern Texas; south in
winter to South America.

420c. Sennett Nighthawk {C.v. sennetti). Simi-
lar to No. 420b, but still paler, white and buff prevail-
ing on back and scapulars; palest of our Nighthawks.

Range.— Great Plains north to Saskatchewan;
Unitea States.

winters south of th<

42 1. Texan Nighthawk {Chordeiles acutipennis tex-
ensis). Wing quills with rusty spots; outer primary
shorter than one next to it; belly conspicuously washed
with rustv buff. Ad. rf. Throat-patch and band near
end of tail white. Ad. Q. No white band in tail.
Notes. A mewing call and a tapping accompanied by a
hamming sound. (Merrill.)

Range.— Central America; breeding north to southern Texas, south-
ern New Mexico, southern Utah, southern Nevada, and Lat. 38 ° in
California; winters south of United States.

157

Swifts.

422. Black Swift (Q'pseloides niger borealis). L. 7;
W. 6.5. Tail without spines, slightly forked. Ads.
Sooty black, paler below; a black spot before the eye;
forehead whitish. Notes. Generally silent. (Ben-
dire. )

Range. — Breeds from Central America north, in mountains of
western United States, to British Columbia; east to Colorado; winters
south of United States; more common in Pacific coast states.

423. Chimney Swift {Chcetura pelagica). L. 5.4;
W. 4.9. Tail with protruding spines. Ads. Above
sooty, rump and underparts paler; throat whitish.
Notes. A rolling twitter.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Florida to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States, to
Central America.

424. Vaux Swift (Chcetura vauxii). L. 4.5; W. 4.4.
Ads. Similar to No. 423, but smaller and somewhat
browner. Notes. Resemble those of No. 423, but are
less frequently uttered. (Bendire.)

Range.— Western United States; breeds on Pacific coast, locally,
north to British Columbia; east casually to Montana and Arizona;
winters south of United States to Central America.

425. White-throated Swift (Aeronautes melanoleu-
cus). L. 6.5. Tail forked, without spines. Ads.
Above sooty brownish black; breast, middle of belly
and flank patches white. Notes. A sharp, metallic
twitter.

Range. — Western United States; east to western Nebraska and
Black Hills; breeds in Rocky Mountains north to Montana; on Pa-
cific coast north to Lat. 38 ° ; winters south of United States to Cen-
tral America.

158

Hummingbirds.

426. Rivoli Hummingbird {Eugenes fulgens). L.
5.1. A small white spot behind eye. Ad. cf. Crown
purple, throat bright green, back bronzy green; tail
somewhat more bronzy. Ad. 9- Above bronzy green,
all but central tail-feathers with blackish ends and
narrow grayish tips; below grayish, all but throat
feathers green centrally. Yng. c> • Throat with more or
less green, belly and above more bronzy than in 9*

Range. — Nicaraugua, north in mountains to mountains of southeast-
ern Arizona.and southwest New Mexico; winters south of United
States.

429. Black-chinned Hummingbird (Trochilus alex-
andri). L. 3.5; W. 1.7. Ad. <J. Chin and upper
throat black, lower throat amethyst; tail forked,
feathers pointed. Ad. 9- Throat grayish white;
chin buffy; tail feathers more rounded, three outer ones
tipped with white. Yng. rf. Similar to ?, but throat
with dusky spots.

Range.— Western United States; breeds from San Antonio, Texas,
New Mexico, Arizona, and California north to Montana and British
Columbia; rare on Pacific coast north of southern California; winters
south of United States.

430. Costa Hummingbird (Calypte costce). L. 3.1.
No rusty in plumage. Ad. tf. Crown, throat and
lengthened neck-feathers amethyst, back dull green.
Ad. 9. Below grayish white; above grayish green;
outer tail-feathers gray at base, then black and at tip
white. Yng. <$. Similar to 9, but throat usually with
some amethyst spots; tip of outer tail-feather grayish.

Range.— Northwestern Mexico; breeds north throughout Lower
California, to southern California, northern Nevada, southwestern
Utah, and southwestern New Mexico; winters from Mexican border
southward.

437. Lucifer Hummingbird {Calothorax lucifer.)
L. 3.6; B. .8. Ad. J*. Throat purplish pink, feathers
at its side much lengthened; tail feathers very narrow,
the outer ones less than .05 in. wide on end half.
Ad. 9- Below nearly uniform rusty buff, above bronzy
green; tail-feathers white-tipped.

Range.— "From western Texas and southern Arizona south to the
city of Mexico and Puebla." (Bailey.)

440. Xantus Hummingbird {Basilinna xantusi).
L. 3.6. A white streak behind eye. Ad. tf. Chin,
forehead and cheeks black; throat green; tail rusty
brown. Ad. 9« Below uniform rusty, above green;
outer tail-feathers rusty brown.

north to Lat. 29 c

Range. — Lower California
Cape Region.

most common in

159

Hummingbirds.

42 7, Blue-throated Hummingbird (Caligena clem*
encice). L. 5.2. A white stripe behind, and a smaller
one before eye. Ad. cf. Throat blue; belly grayish;
back green; tail blue-black, outer feathers broadly
white tipped. Ad. £. Similar but throat dusky gray.

Range.- Southern Mexico north, in mountains to mountains of
southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona; winters south of
United States.

4 38. Reiffer Hummingbird (Arnaults t-acatl). L.
4.1. Ads. Above, throat and breast shining green;
belly grayish; tail square, rusty brown, narrowly mar-
gined with coppery. Yng. Similar but more rusty
above.

Range.— Northern South America; north, rarely, to Lower Rio
Grande Valley, Texas.

439. Buff-bellied Hummingbird {Ama^ilis cer-rim-
ventris chalconota) . Similar to No. 438, but belly rusty
grajy, tail forked and broadly margined with coppery
green.

Range.— Central America, north, in spring, to Lower Rio Grande
VaJiey, Texas.

440.1. White-eared Hummingbird (Basilinna leu-
cotis). L. 3.7. A white line behind eye. Ad. rj\
Chin, forehead and cheeks blue, throat and breast
green, tail blackish bronzy green. Ad. Q. Crown
rusty, back bronzy green, below gray spotted with
green; outer tail-feathers tipped with gray. Yng. fj\
Similar.

Range.— Nicaraugua north, in spring, through mountains to south-
ern Arizona.

441. Broad-billed Hummingbird {Iache lattrostris).

L. 4. Ad. cf. Above green; below darker; throat
purplish blue; tail darker. Ad. ?. Below gray; outer
tail-feathers green at base, then bluish black tipped
with gray. Yng. rj 1 . Similar to Ad. ?, but tail blue
black with faint gray tips; throat with metallic green
feathers.

Range. — Southern Mexico: breeds north through mountains to
southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico.

428. Ruby-throated Hummingbird {Trochilus col-
ubns). L. 3.5; W. 1.5. Ad. (J\ Throat ruby, chin
blackish; tail forked, the feathers pointed. Ad. ?.
Throat grayish, tail-feathers rounded, three outer ones
tipped with white. Yng. cT- Like $ but throat with
dusky spots. (See next page.)

Range.- Eastern North America, west to about Long, too : breeds
from Florida and eastern Mexico, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay
region; winters from southern Florida to Central America.

160

Hummingbirds.

431. Anna. Hummingbird {CalypU annce). L. 3.6.
Ad. tf. Crown and throat glittering purplish pink;
feathers at sides of throat much lengthened. Ad. 9«
Above green; below grayish washed with green; throat
usually with pink feathers; tail with a narrow white
tip. Yng. Similar but browner above.

Range. — Western United States, from northern Lower California
north to northern California; east to southern Arizona; south in winter
to Mexico; recorded from Guadalupe Island.

432. Broad-tailed Hummingbird ( Selasphorus platy-
cercus). L. 4. Ad. tf. Outer primary very narrow,
end sharp; crown green, throat pink) tail green above,
purplish below without white tips. Ad. 9. Outer
tail-feathers rusty at base, then black with a broad
white tip; middle feathers entirely green; above bronzy
green; throat feathers with dusky centers; sides rusty.

Range.— Rocky Mountains: west, rarely to eastern California;
north to southern Wyoming and Idaho; winters south of United States.

433. Rufous Hummingbird {Selasphorus ritfus).
L. 3.6. Ad. cj\ Next to middle pair of tail-feathers
notched near tip of inner web; back reddish brown some-
times washed with green. Ad. 9. Sides rusty, back
green, throat spotted with green and sometimes ruby,
outer tail-feathers rusty at base, then black and a
white tip, the feather more than .12 wide; middle tail-
feathers green at base, end black. Yng. tf. Similar to
9 but all tail-feathers rusty at base.

Range. -Western United States; breeds from the ffl£her mountains
of southern California and Arizona, north to Lat. 6i c in Alaska; dur-
ing migrations east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico,
and western Texas; winters in southern Mexico.

434. Allen Hummingbird {Selasphorus alleui) . L.
3.6. Ad. rP. Crown and back green, and tail rusty
tipped with dusky, no notch in tail-feathers; in other
respects like No. 433. Ad. $ and Yng. tf. Like the
same of No. 433, but outer tail-feather less than .12 in.
wide.

Range. Pacific coast, from Monterey, California, north to British
Columbia; migrates south through Arizona, and southern California
to Mexico.

435. Nlorcom Hummingbird (Atthis morcomi).
L. 2.9. Ad. ?. Above bronzy green; middle tail-
feathers bronzy green tinged with rusty on basal half;
rest of tail-feathers rusty brown, then green, then black
and tipped with white; below white, sides rusty,
throat spotted with bronze-green. (Ridgw.) Male
unknown.

Range. Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, (known from one
specimen.)

43 6. Calliope Hummingbird (Stellula calliope).
L. 3. Ad. cf. Throat purplish pink, white at base
showing through; above green. Ad. £. Sides rusty,
throat with green spots, above green, outer tail-feathers
gray at base, then black, then white in nearly equal
amounts. Yng. $ . Similar to 9.

Range. — Mountains of western United States; breeds north to
Montana, Idaho, and British Columbia; west to eastern Oregon and
eastern California; winters south of United States; rare on Pacific
coast of United States.

161

Order XVII. PERCHING BIRDS.

PASSERES.

Family 1. FLYCATCHERS. Tyrannim:. 32 species, 7 sub-
species.

Family 2. LARKS. Alaudid^e. 1 species, 13 subspecies.

Family 3. CROWS AND JAYS. Corvid^e. 21 species, 14 sub-
species.

Family 4. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. Icterim:. 18
species, 14 subspecies.

Family 5. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. Fringillidje. 87
species, 92 subspecies.

Family 6. TANAGERS. Tanagrid^e. 4 species, 1 subspecies.

Family 7. SWALLOWS. Hirundinid^e. 9 species, 2 subspecies.

Family 8. WAXWINGS. Ampelid,e. 3 species.

Family 9. SHRIKES. Laniid.e. 2 species, 3 subspecies.

Family 10. VIREOS. Vireonid.e. 13 species, 10 subspecies.

Family 11. WARBLERS. Mniotilttd.£. 55 species, 18 subspecies.

Family 12. WAGTAILS. Motacillim:. 3 species.

Family 13. DIPPERS. Cinclim. 1 species.

Family 14. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. Troglodytid^e. 26
species, 24 subspecies.

Family 15. CREEPERS. Certhiid.e. 1 species, 4 subspecies.

Family 16. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. Parim. 21 species,
20 subspecies.

Family 17. KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. Sylviid.e:.
7 species, 3 subspecies.

Family 18. THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. Turdid^e. 13
species, 14 subspecies.

The North American members of the Order PASSERES are placed
in two Suborders, the Clamatores, or so-called Songless Perching Birds,
which includes all the Flycatchers, and the Suborder Oschtes, or Sing-
ing Perching Birds , which includes all our remaining Perching Birds.
While the Flycatchers are therefore technically classed as songless
birds, it does not follow that they have no songs. Sing they do, but
because of the less developed condition of their voice-producing organ,
they cannot give utterance to the longer and more musical songs of
the Oscines, which are supplied with a better musical instrument.

162

Perching Birds.

The Flycatchers, (Family Tyrannidce) number somewhat over
three hundred and fifty species, and are found only in America, where
they are most abundant in the tropics. Feeding almost exclusively on
insects, those species which visit the United States are of necessity
migratory, not more than half a dozen of the thirty species which nest
with us, remaining in the United States during the winter, and these
are found only on our southern borders.

Flycatchers as a rule, capture their prey on the wing. When perch-
ing, their pose is usually erect and hawk-like. They often raise their
crown feathers, which in many species are somewhat lengthened, a
habit giving them a certain big-headed appearance.

Flycatchers are most useful birds. The food of the Kingbird, for
example, a species which is erroneously believed to destroy honey bees,
has been found to consist of 90 per cent, insects, mostly injurious spe-
cies, while only fourteen out of two hundred and eighty-one stomachs
contained the remains of honey bees; forty of the fifty bees found be-
ing drones.

The true Larks, (Family A laudidce) are chiefly Old World birds, the
Skylark being the best known member of the Family. In America we
have only the Horned or Shore Larks, one species of which shows so
much climatic variation in color throughout its wide range, that no less
than thirteen subspecies or geographical races of it are recognized in
the United States.

The Horned Lark is a bird of the plains and prairies and is less
common in the Atlantic States than westward. Like the Skylark it
sings in the air, but its vocal powers are limited and not to be com-
pared with those of its famous relative.

The Crows and Jays, (Family Corvidcz) number about two hundred
species of which some twenty-five inhabit the western hemisphere.
To this family belong the Raven, Rook, Magpie and Jackdaw, all birds
of marked intelligence; and our Crows and Jays are fully worthy of
being classed with these widely known and distinguished members of
their family.

The Crows and Jays, by varying their food with the season, are rare-
ly at loss for supplies of one kind or another and most species are repre-
sented throughout their ranges at all times of the year. In the more
northern parts of their homes, however, some of these birds are

163

Perching Birds.

migratory, and Crows, as is well known, gather in great flocks during
the winter, returning each night to a roost frequented, in some
instances, by two or three hundred thousand Crows.

While the Crows and Jays are technically 'Song Birds' their voices
are far from musical. Nevertheless they possess much range of
expression and several species learn to enunciate words with more
or less ease.

The Starlings, (Family Sturnidce) are Old World birds represented
in America only by the European Starling which was introduced into
Central Park, New York City, in 1890 and is now common in the sur-
rounding country.

The Blackbirds, Orioles, and Meadowlarks, (Family Icteridce) number
about one hundred and fifty species and are found only in the New
World. The Blackbirds are most numerous in North America, where,
migrating in vast armies and often living in large colonies, they be-
come among the most characteristic and conspicuous of our birds.

The Orioles are most numerous in the tropics, where some thirty
species are known. Apparently all of them are remarkable as nest
builders, the large Cassiques, nearly related, great yellow and black
birds, weaving pouches three and four feet long, several dozen of
which, all occupied, may be seen swinging from the branches of a
single tree.

The Finches, Sparrows, Grosbeaks, etc., (Family Fringillidtz) number
nearly six hundred species, a greater number than is contained in any
other family of birds. They are distributed throughout the world,
except in the Australian region, some ninety odd species inhabiting
North America.

Varying widely in color, the Fringillidse all agree in possessing
stout, conical bills, which are of service to them in crushing the seeds
on which they feed so largely.

The streaked, brownish Sparrows, often so difficult of identification-,
are usually inhabitants of plains, fields, or marshes, where they are
rendered inconspicuous by their dull colors. The more gayly attired
Grosbeaks, Buntings, Cardinals, etc., frequent trees or bushy growths,
where their plumage either harmonizes with their surroundings or
where they have the protection afforded by the vegetation.

Most of the members of this family are good singers, some of them

164

Perching Birds.

indeed being noted for their powers of song. They are less migratory
than insect-eating birds and some species are with us at all seasons.
Their abundance, musical gifts, and constant presence render them,
from the field student's point of view, highly important members of
the great class Aves.

From an economic standpoint the Fringillidse are no less deserving
of our esteem. Some species are of incalcuable value as destroyers
of the seeds of noxious weeds. Fifteen hundred seeds have been
found in the stomach of one Snowflake or Snowbunting, and it has
been estimated by Professor Seal, of the Biological Survey of the
United States Department of Agriculture, that during the winter
season, in the single State of Iowa, where his studies were made,
Tree Sparrows devour no less than 875 tons of weed seeds, chiefly
of the ragweed.

The Tanagers, (Family Tanagridcc) are found only in the New
World, where they are most numerously represented in the tropics.
As a family they are remarkable for the brilliancy of their colors; the
common, but mistaken idea that most tropical birds are brightly clad
being in no small part due to the abundance of Tanagers and beauty of
their plumage.

Only fiv r e of the some three hundred and fifty known species reach
the United States and these are migratory, coming to us in the spring
and returning to the tropics in the fall. Tanagers, as a rule, are not
possessed of much vocal ability, our species ranking high in their fam-
ily as songsters, the notes of many species being far less musical.

Like most gaily costumed birds the plumages of many Tanagers un-
dergo striking changes in color with age and season. The male of our
Scarlet Tanager, for example, is olive-green with black wing-coverts
during his first winter, the scarlet plumage not being acquired until the
following spring. It is worn, however, only during the nesting season
after which the less conspicuous olive-green dress is again acquired,
the wings and tail, however, remaining black.

Swallows, (Family Hirundinidce\ are of world-wide distribution, and

ight be expected in birds possessing such remarkable powers of

flight, many of the species have unusually extended ranges. Our Barn

Swallow, for example, is found throughout North America in summer,

and in the winter it migrates as far south as southern Brazil.

Birds of the air, the aerial habits of Swallows are reflected in their

165

Perching Birds.

long wings and small, weak feet; while their small bills and broad,
widely opening mouths indicate their manner of feeding.

In spite of their poor equipment of tools, Swallows take high rank
as nest builders, and it is interesting to observe that although the birds
are structurally much alike, their nests often differ widely in character.
Compare for instance, the mud-made dwellings of the Barn and Cliff
Swallows with the tunelled hole of the Bank Swallow and one realizes
how little the character of a bird's home may depend on the structure
of it's builder.

The food of Swallows, remarks Professor Beal, "consists of many
small species of beetles which are much on the wing, many species of
diptera (mosquitoes and their allies), with large quantities of flying
ants and a few insects of similar kinds. Most of them are either inju-
rious or annoying, and the numbers destroyed by Swallows are not
only beyond calculation, but almost beyond imagination."

The true Waxwings, (Family Ampelidce) number only three species
with representatives in the northern parts of both hemispheres. Their
notes, as a rule are limited to a few unmusical calls, which, with our
Cedar Waxwing, are usually uttered when the bird is about to fly.

Waxwings are found in small flocks during the greater part of the
year and roam about the country as though they were quite as much at
home in one place as in another, provided food be plenty. Small fruits,
chiefly wild ones, constitute their usual fare, but they also feed on
insects, the injurious elm beetle being among their victims.

The Shrikes, (Family Laniida) are represented in America by only
two species, the remaining two hundred or more members of this family
being found in the Old World. Shrikes are noted for their singular habit
of impaling their prey on thorns or similarly sharp-pointed growths,
or occasionally they may hang it in the crotch of a limb. This proceed-
ing enables them to tear it to pieces more readily, for it will be observ-
ed that while Shrikes have a hawk-like bill, their feet are comparatively
weak and sparrow-like and evidently of no assistance to them in dis-
secting their food.

Our Northern Shrike, or Butcherbird, feeds chiefly on small birds
and mice, while the southern species, or Loggerhead, is a great de-
stroyer of grasshoppers and he also eats lizards and small snakes.

The Vireos, (Family Vireonidce) number fifty species, all American.

166

Perching Birds.

They search the foliage carefully for leaf-eating insects and their
eggs, and examine the crevices in the bark for eggs of the injurious
wood-boring insects. They are therefore unusually beneficial birds.

Bearing a general resemblance in size and color to many of the
Warblers, Vireos are sometimes confused with members of that family.
They are, however, as a rule, more deliberate in their motions and not
such active flutterers as are many of the Warblers. They are also
more musical, all the Vireos having characteristic songs, which if not
always highly musical, are generally noticeable, pronounced and unmis-
takable.

The nests of all our Vireos are pendant, deeply cup-shaped struct-
ures usually hung between the forks of a crotch, to the arms of which
they are most skilfully woven.

The Warblers, (Family Mniotil tides) like the Vireos are distinctly
American birds, indeed they may be called characteristic North Amer-
ica birds since most of the one hundred odd species are found north of
Mexico. Between thirty and forty species of these active, beautiful
little creatures may be found in the course of a year at a single local-
ity in the Eastern States and they therefore constitute an exceedingly
important element in our bird-life. Most of them come in May at the
height of the spring migration, when the woods often swarm with them
as they flit from limb to limb in pursuit of their insect food. The larg-
er number of them pass onward to their northern homes and in Sep-
tember they return to us in increased numbers.

The beauty of their plumage, the briefness but regularity of their
visits, the rarity of certain species, combine to make the Warblers es-
pecially attractive to the field student and their charms are heightened
by the difficulty with which many of them are identified. Study them
as we may there are still species which have escaped us.

By far the larger number of Warblers may be described as flutterers
that feed agilely about the terminal branches, (genera Dendroica and
Helminthophila)\ others are true flycatchers, so far as feeding habit is
concerned, (genera Setophaga and Wilsonia,) while others still feed in
the undergrowth or on the ground, (genera Geothlypis and Seiurus).
Insects constitute almost their entire fare and they are among our
most beneficial birds.

Most of the Wagtails (Family Motacillidce) , are inhabitants of the

167

Perching Birds.

Old World, only three of the sixty odd species being found in this
country. Our Pipit or Titlark is our best known, most widely distrib-
uted species.

Like other members of its family it has the habit of wagging or tip-
ping its tail both when walking (for it should be noted that these birds
are ground-inhabiting and walkers) and at rest.

The Dippers (Family Cinclidce) though numbering only twelve
species are distributed throughout the larger part of the world from
the Andes of South America to the mountains of Alaska, Europe, Asia
and Africa.

Everywhere they are haunters of streams, usually dashing mountain
torrents, over and under which they seem equally at home. Darting
into the rushing waters they fly beneath the surface or feed on the
bottom with perfect ease, their thick, dense plumage evidently forming
a waterproof covering. "Their nests are great balls of moss often
placed so near some boiling cascade as to receive frequent showers of
spray. The opening, however, is at the side, and the eggs and young
are well protected by an effective roof.

The Wrens, Thrashers, and Mockingbirds, (Family Troglodyiidte)
form two well defined subfamilies. The Wrens, (Subfamily Troglody-
tince) number about one hundred and fifty species all but a dozen of
which are confined to America. The Thrashers and Mockingbirds,
(Subfamily Mi-mines) number some fifty species, all of which are con-
fined to America.

As their dull, neutral colore would lead us to suppose, both Wrens
and Thrashers are inhabitants of the lower growth rather than of the
tree-tops, and while they may seek an eWited perch whence to deliver
their song, their food is secured and their time consequently largely
passed near or on the ground.

Few families of birds contain so many noted musicians, nearly every
member of this family being a singer of more than i s al ability.

The Creepers, (Family Certhiid<z) number twelve ^cics, only
one of which is found in America. This, however fu..- .e range

and, presenting more or less climatic variation in color, is .cognized
under several subspecific names. Its habits, nevertheless, ire much
"the same everywhere. It climbs the trees of the mountai (exico

or of California with the same ceaseless energy it shows ine.

The sharply-pointed, stiffened tail-feathers of the ; ei ire of

evident use to it as it ascends trees and pauses here tnd h ••"" r < • pick

1(58

Perching Birds.

out an insect's egg from the bark. The same type of tail feather is
shown by Woodpeckers, an excellent illustration of similar structure
accompanying similar habits in birds not at all closely related.

The Nuthatches and Titmice, (Family Paridcz) , like the Wrens and
Thrashers, belong in two well marked Subfamilies; The Nuthatches,
(Subfamily Sitting) number about twenty species, only four of which
inhabit America; the Titmice, (Subfamily Parintz) number some seven-
ty-five species, of which thirteen are American.

Nuthatches are tree-creepers, but climbing up or down with equal
ease, their tail is not employed as a prop, and consequently shows no
special development of pointed or stiffened feathers. Their toes,
however, are long, and their nails large and strong, evidently giving
them a firm grip on the burk of trees.

The Chickadees are generally resident birds and, as a rule, whatever
species we find in a given locality are apt to be there throughout the
year. We therefore become better ■ acquainted with some of these
birds than with others which are with us only a short season. This is
especially true of our eastern Black-capped Chickadee, which comes
familiarly about our homes in winter to partake of the feast of nuts and
suet which we spread for him at that season.

Feeding largely on the eggs or larvae of insects particularly injurious
to trees, the Nuthatches and Titmice are of great value to men.

The Kinglets, Gnatcatchers, and Old World Warblers, (Family Syl-
viid<z) number about one hundred and twenty-five species, which are
divided among the following well-defined subfamilies: The Kinglets,
(Subfamily Regulina) seven species, three of which are American; the
Gnatcatchers, (Subfamily Poliop tilina) some fifteen species, all Amer-
can; the Old World Warblers, (Subfamily Sylviin<z) about one hundred
species, all Old World except one which inhabits the Bering Sea coast
of Alaska.

The Kinglets are small, olive green birds which may be mistaken for
Warblers but, aside from structural differences not evident in the field,
they may be known by their smaller size, greater tameness, and habit
of nervously flitting their wings at frequent intervals. One of our
species, the Ruby-crown, possesses a remarkably loud, clear, and musi-
cal r^ng, a surprising performance for so tiny a songster. Kinglets
build large nests of moss and feathers and lay as many as ten eggs.

The Gnatcatchers are small, slender, grayish birds which once well
-een will not be confused with other species. The Gnatcatchers, like
the Kinglets, are architects of more than usual ability, building a nest
beautifully covered with lichens.

169

Perching Birds.

The Thrushes, (Family Turdidce) are variously classified by different
ornithologists, but under the ruling of the American Ornithologists'
Union they are grouped in the same family with the Bluebird, Solitaires,
and Stonechats. This family numbers about three hundred species,
of which about one-half are true Thrushes (Subfamily Turdince). The
members of this subfamily are, as a rule, fine singers, many of them
being among the best known song birds, and from a musical point of
view the group, as a whole, is usually given the first place among birds.
If, however, all the fifteen known species of Solitaires sing as well
as the four species it has been my privilege to hear, I am assured that
no one would dispute their claim to the highest rank which can be
awarded singing birds.

In the succeeding pages, the five hundred and fifty odd species and
subspecies included in the preceeding families of the Order Passeres
are grouped according to some obvious color character in order to
facilitate their identification in life. A satisfactory arrangement of this
kind is out of the question. Lines sharply separating the groups pro-
posed do not exist and some species appear to fit in one section as well
as in another. Nevertheless, it is hoped that in most instances, the
system will be found to serve the purpose intended. Under its ruling
our Perching Birds are grouped as follows:

1. With red markings.

2. With blue markings.

3. With orange or yellow markings.

4. With reddish brown or chestnut markings, chiefly in the form of

patches or uniformly colored areas.

5. Brownish, generally streaked birds.

6. Dull, inconspicuously colored birds, without prominent markings.

7. Gray, black, or black and white birds.

While the first object of the bird student is to learn to name birds I
would again urge him to acquaint himself with at least the arrange-
ment of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading struct-
ural characters, (see page 2.)

Having identified a bird, its family may always be determined by re-
ferring to its number in the systematic list of birds at the end of the
book; and the more important characters of its Order and Family will
be found in the synopsis of Orders and Families beginning on page 9.

170

Perching Birds Marked With Red.

607. Louisana Tanager (Tiranga ludoviciana) . L.
7.5. Ad. c?. Yellow; back, wings, and tail black, head
more or less red. Ad. 9. Above olive-green, head
rarely red-tinged; below dusky greenish yellow; wings
and tail brownish edged with greenish, two yellowish
white wing-bars. Yng. cf. Like 9 , but head and
rump greener, underparts yellower. Notes. Call, clit-
tuck; song, resembles that of No. 608.

Range.— Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific;
breeds from Arizona to British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Cen-
tral America.

608. Scarlet Tanager (Piranga erythromelas). L.
7.4. Ad. (j\ Scarlet; wings and tail black. Ad. $.
Olive-green, yellower below, wings and tail blackish
brown, no wing-bars. Yng. $. Like 9, but brighter,
wing-coverts black. Ad. <J , Winter. Like Yng. 8, but
wings and tail black. Notes. Call, chip-churr; song, a
rather forced whistle, suggesting a Robin's song, but
less musical, Look-up, way-up, look-at-me, tree-top; re-
peated with pauses.

Range.— Eastern United States, west to the Plains: breeds from
Virginia and southern Illinois north to New Brunswick and Manitoba;
winters in Central and South America.

609. Hepatic Tanager (Piranga hepatica). L. 7.8.
Bill large. Ad. <$. Vermilion, back grayish;tail dull red.
Ad. 9 . No wing-bars; above grayish olive; crown and
tail greener; below dusky yellow. Yng. tf. Like 9
and variously intermediate between it and ad. <j\
Notes, Call, clut-tuck; song, like that of No. 608, but
somewhat more robin-like.

Range.— From Guatemala north in spring to New Mexico and Ari-
zona; winters in Mexico and Central America.

610. Summer Tanager {Tiranga rubra) L. 7.5;
W.3.8. Ad. $. Rosy red. Ad. 9. Olive-yellow
above, dusky saffron below. Yng. $. Variously in-
termediate between Ad. tf and 9- Notes. Call,
chicky-tucky-tuck; song, resembles in form that of No.
608 but is more musical and less forced.

Range.— Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from
Florida and western Texas north to southern New Jersey, southern
Illinois, and Kansas; winters in Central and South America.

610a. Cooper Tanager (P. r. cooperi). Similar
to No. 610, but larger; W. 4; bill more swollen, colors
paler.

Range. — "Breeds from southwestern Texas to the Colorado Valley,
California, and from Arizona and New Mexico to northwestern Mexico;
south in winter to western Mexico; casually to Colorado."

171

Perching Birds Marked With Red.

593. Cardinal {Cardinalis cardinalis). L. 9; W.
3.7; T. 4.1. Ad. tf. Forehead with a well-defined
black band; feathers of back (except in worn plumage)
tipped with olive-brown or olive-gray. Ad. 9 . Above
olive-brown; crest, wings and tail dull red edged with
olive-brown; throat and region at base of bill gray;
breast buffy, sometimes tinged with red; belly whiter.
Notes. Call, a sharp, insignificant tsip; song, a rich,
sympathetic whistle, whe-e-e-you, whe-e-e, hurry-hurry-
hurry, quick-quick-quick, and other notes.

Range. — Eastern United States; resident from northern Florida and
eastern Texas north to southern New York and Iowa.

593a. Arizona Cardinal (C c. superbus). Largest
of our Cardinals, L. 9.5; W. 4; T. 4.9. Ad. J*.

Paler, more rosy, than No. 593; margins to back
feathers usually gray; black on forehead usually sep-
arated by base of culmen. Ad. 9. Gray above like
No. 593c, but breast richer, much as No. 593d; gray of
throat more restricted and often confined to the chin.

Range. — Southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico.

593b. Saint Lucas Cardinal (C. c. igneus). Simi-
lar to No. 593a, but smaller; W. 3.6; T. 4; J* with
even less, sometimes almost no black on forehead; ?
paler; gray on chin and about base of bill less defined.

Range.— Southern Lower California.

593c. Gray-tailed Cardinal (C. c. canicaudus). W.
3.7. Ad. r?. Red bright as in No. 593d, but black on
forehead narrower, usually separated by base of cul-
men. Ad. $. Grayer than $ of No. 593, the edgings
of wings and tail usually gray without an olive tinge.

Range.— Texas, except western and northeastern parts, and north-
eastern Mexico.

593d. Florida Cardinal (C. c. Jloridanus) . Smaller
than No. 593, W. 3.4; cT averaging deeper red; $
darker and richer in color, particularly on breast.

Range. — Southern half of Florida.

594. Arizona Pyrrhuloxia {Tyrrlmloxia sinuata).
L. 9; W. 3.6; T. 4.1. Ad. c?. Gray; in fresh plumage
washed with brownish; crest, wings and tail externally
dull red; under wing-coverts, center of breast and of
belly, throat, and region about base of bill, rosy red.
Ad. 9 . Usually little or no red about bill or on under-
parts. Notes. Call, several flat, thin notes; song,
a clear, straight whistle. (Bailey.)

Range.— Northwestern Mexico, north to western Texas, southwest-
ern New Mexico, and Arizona.

594a. Texas Cardinal (P. s. texana). Similar to
No. 594, but bill larger; upperparts averaging slightly
grayer; red before eyes averaging duskier.

Range. —Northeastern Mexico, north to southern Texas.

594b. Saint Lucas Pyrrhuloxia {P. s. peninsulce).
Similar in color to No. 594, but decidedly smaller, with
the bill larger; W. 3.4; T. 3.7. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California.

172

Perching Birds Marked With Red.

5 15. Pine Grosbeak {Pinicola enucleator leucura).
L. 8.5; W. 4.6. Ad. (f. Rosy red in varying amounts;
belly gray; wings, tail and center of back feathers
blackish brown; two white wing-bars. Ad. $. Gray,
head and rump greenish; breast tinged with greenish.
Yng. tf. Like 9, but with head and rump reddish.
Notes. Song, sweet; in winter strong and cheery; in
spring tender and plaintive. (Chamberlain.)

Range. — Northeastern North America; breeds from New Brunswick
and northern New England northward: winters south, irregularly, to
southern New England, Ohio, and Manitoba, and casually to District
of Columbia and Kansas.

515a. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak (P. e. mon-
tana). Similar to No. 515b, but decidedly larger, W.
4.8, and coloration slightly darker; the adult male with
the red of a darker, more carmine hue. (Ridgw. )

Range.— "Rocky Mountains of United States, from Montana and
Idaho to New Mexico." (Ridgway.)

5 15b. Califoria Pine Grosbeak (P. e. californica).
Similar to No. 515, but <$ with red much brighter;
feathers of back plain ashy gray without darker centers;
9 with little if any greenish on rump.

Range.— Higher parts of "Central Sierra Nevada, north to Placer
County and south to Fresno County, California " (Grinnell.)

5 1 5c. Alaskan Pine Grosbeak (P. e. alascensis).
Similar to No. 515, but decidedly larger with smaller or
shorter bill and paler coloration, both sexes having the
gray parts of the plumage distinctly lighter, more ashy.
(Ridgw.)

Range. "Northwestern North America except Pacific coast, breed-
ing in interior of Alaska; south, in winter, to eastern British Colum-
bia, Montana (Bitterroot Valley), etc." (Ridgway.)

5l5d. Kadiak Pine Grosbeak (P. e. flammula).
Similar to No. 515, but with much larger, relatively
longer and more strongly hooked bill; wings and tail
grayish brown instead of dull blackish.

Range. — "Kadiak Island and south on the coast to Sitka, Alaska.''
(Ridgway.)

521. American Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra minor).
L.6.i;W. 3.4; B. .66. Tips of mandibles crossed.
Ad. cJ*. Red, more or less suffused with greenish or
yellow. Ad. 9* Olive-green, rump and underparts
yellower. Yng. Resemble Ad. $. Notes. Calls,
when feeding, a conversational twittering; louder and
more pronounced when flying; song, sweet, varied and
musical, but of small volume.

Range.— Northern North America, chiefly eastward; breeds from
northern New England (in Alleehenies from Georgia > north and west
to Alaska; winters south irregularly to Virginia and Nevada; casually
to South Carolina and Louisiana.

521a Mexican Crossbill (L. c. stricklandi). Simi-
lar to No. 521, but larger; W. 4; B. .78.

Range. — "Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, west to the Sierra
Nevada, and south through New Mexico, Arizona and the tablelands
of Mexico to Guatemala." (A. O. U.)

173

Perching Birds Marked With Red.

522. White-winged Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera).
L. 6. Tips of mandibles crossed. Ad. tf. Rose-
pink; middle of back black; wings with two white bars.
Ad. 9« Olive-green and dusky; rump and under-
pays yellower; wings with two white bars. Yng. Like
Ad. 9' Notes. Resemble those of No. 521.

Range. — Northern North America; breeds from northern New
England, northern New York and northern Michigan northward;
winters south irregularly to Virginia, Illinois, British Columbia, and
Nevada.

,\595. Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Zamelodia ludovicia-
rtajT L. 8. Ad. <j\ Black; rump, belly, tips of
inner vanes of outer tail-feathers and patch in wing
white; under wing-coverts and breast rose. Ad. $.
Under wing-coverts saffron; above streaked brown and
black; below whitish streaked with blackish; a white
line over eye\ two white wing-bars. Yng. tf. Resem-
bles 9> but under wing-coverts rose-, breast more or
less rose-tinged. Notes. Call, a sharp, steely peek;
song, a rich, fluent, joyous carol.

Range. — Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from
northern New Jersey, northern Ohio, and northern Indiana (and
south in Alleghanies to North Carolina), north to Nova Scotia and
Manitoba; winters in Central and South America.

5 I 7. Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureas). L. 6.2;

W. 3.2. Bill swollen and rounded; nostrils large,
partially covered by projecting, grayish, bristly feath-
ers; tail slightly forked. Ad. <$. Dull rose, head and
rump brightest; back brownish; lower belly white.
Ad. 9. Above grayish brown, slightly edged with
whitish and brownish ashy; below white streaked with
dark brownish; a more or less distinct whitish stripe
over the eye. Yng. Resemble Ad. 9- Notes. Call,
creak, creak, and a querulous whistle; song, a sweet,
rapidly flowing warble. (Seepage 175.)

Range. Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
northern New Jersey, the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern
Illinois northward; winters from the northern States to the Gulf of
Mexico.

5 17a. California Purple Finch (C p. californicus).
Similar to No. 517, but tf duller and darker; 9 decided-
ly olive greenish above. (See page 175.)

Range.— Pacific coast region; breeds in the mountains of Califor-
nia; west of the Sierra north to British Columbia; winters from cen-
tral Oregon to southern Arizona.

174

Perching Birds Marked With Red.

5 18. Cassin Purple Finch {Carpodacus cassini). L.
6.5. Ad. <$. Similar to Ad. c? of No. 517 and No.
517a, but back much blacker, streaks more sharply
defined; crown as bright but appearing like a cap; be-
low much paler. Ad. 9. Similar to Ad $ of No.
517a, but larger and more sharply streaked with black,
both above and below. Notes. Resemble those of
No. 517.

Range.— Western United States, east to the eastern base of the
Rockies, west to the Pacific; breeds in the mountains from New
Mexico north to British Columbia.

5 19. House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis).
L. 6.1; W. 3.1. Ad. cj*. Throat, breast, forehead, line
over eye, and rump, bright rose-red; back grayish
brown tinged with red; bellv white, streaked with
brownish. Ad. ?. Above brownish gray obscurely
streaked with brownish, no olive tint; below white
streaked with brownish. Ad. rj 1 in Winter. Red
areas dull purplish pink tipped with grayish. Yng.
Resemble Ad. $. Notes. Call, nasal, in chorus,
chattering; song, a musical cheery, varied warble, re-
minding one of that of No. 517, but recognizably diff-
erent.

Range.— Western United States, east to the Plains, west to the
Pacific, and from northern Mexico north to southern Wyoming and
Oregon.

5 19b. St. Lucas House Finch (C. m. ruberrimus).
Similar to No. 519, but smaller, W. 2.8; red more ex-
tended, always showing in males on under tail-coverts.

Range,— Southern Lower California.

5 I 9c. San Clemente House Finch (C. m. dementis)
Similar to No. 519, but wing and tail averaging short-
er, the bill decidedly, and feet slightly larger; colora-
tion somewhat darker. W. 3; B. .48. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Santa Barbara Island, California; Todos Santos Island,
Lower California.

520. Guadalupe House Finch {Carpodacus amplus).
Similar to No. 519, but red deeper; back dark brown
without red suffusion.

Range.— Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

520.1 San Benito House Finch (Carpodacus mc-
gregori). Similar to No. 519, but much larger with
relatively shorter wings and tail; above much grayer
and more distinctly streaked; red areas paler, more
flesh-colored, often dull yellow; W. 3.2; T. 2.5; B. .5.
(Ridgw.)

Range.— San Benito Island, Lower California.

175

Perching Birds Marked With Red.

527. Greenland Redpoll (Acanthis hornemannii) .
L. 6.1; W. 3.3. A red crown-patch. Ad. tf. Rump,
lower breast, sides and belly white, generally unstreaked;
breast and rump sometimes faintly tinged with pink.
In winter. Throat, breast, and above washed with
buff. Ad. £• Similar to o 7 *, but no pink on breast or
rump, sides sometimes lightly streaked.

Range. — Breeds in Greenland; winters south to Labrador.

527a. Hoary Redpoll {A. h. exilipes). Similar to
No. 527- but smaller and darker; rump still white, but
with sides more apt to be streaked; L. 5; W. 3; T. 2.3;
B. .3.

Range.— Breeds in Arctic regions; in America, winters south irreg-
ularly to Massachusetts, Ontario, northern Illinois, and Michigan.

528. Redpoll {Acanthis linaria). L. 5.3; W. 2.8;
T. 2.3. B. .36. Crown-cap red. Ad. <$. Above
blackish brown edged with yellowish brown and some
whitish; rump heavily streaked with blackish edged
with whitish and tinged with rose; breast rose; sides
heavily streaked. Ad. ?. Similar, but no pink on
rump or breast. Yng. <$• Like female. Notes. Call
like that of Goldfinch or Siskin and chit\ song like
that of American Goldfinch but distinct. (Minot.)

Range. — Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in Amer-
ica, winters south to northern United States, irregularly to Virginia.
Alabama, Kansas, Colorado, and northern California.

528a. Holbcell Redpoll (A. I. holbcellii). Similar
to No. 528, but larger, the bill longer; W. 3.2; T. 2.3;
B. .38.

Range. — Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in Amer-
ica, winters south, casually to northern United States, [Quebec, On-
tario, and Massachusetts.)

528b. Greater Redpoll (A. I. rostrata). Similar to
No. 528, but larger, above darker; L. 5.5; W. 3.2; T.
2.5; B. .35; depth at base, .28.

Range.— "Southern Greenland in summer, migrating south in
winter, through Labrador to (sparingly) the northern border of the
United States, (New England, lower Hudson Valley, northern Illinois,
etc.) , and west to Manitoba." (Ridgway.)

749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet {Regulus calendula).
L. 4.4. A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. Ad. $. A
more or less concealed vermilion crown-patch; back
olive-green; underparts soiled whitish more or less
tinged with buffy; two white wing-bars. Ad. 9 and
Yng. Similar, but no crown-patch. Notes. Call, a
wren-like cack; song, a surprisingly loud, rich, musical,
varied, flute-like whistle.

Range.— North America; breeds from the northern border of the
United States northward and south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizo-
na and on the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from South Car-
olina and Oregon southward to Central America.

749a. Sitkan Kinglet (R. c. grinnelli) . Similar to
No. 749, but more olive-green above, more buffy below.

Range. — Pacific coast; breeds in southern Alaska; winters south-
ward to California.

176

Perching Birds Marked With Red.

750. Dusky Kinglet (Regulus obscurus). Similar to
No. 749, but above sooty olive. Ad. <j\ With crown-
patch pinkish or purplish vermilion-red. (Ridgw.)
(See page 176.)

Range. — Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

—European Goldfinch {Carduelis carduelis) . L. 5.50.
Feathers at base of bill red; crown and neck-stripe
black; back brownish; wings with a yellow band;
inner webs of tail-feathers tipped with white; below
white tinged with brownish. Notes. Call, twit; song,
< 'sweet and varied." (See page 176.)

Range. — Introduced in this country near Hoboken, N. J., in 1878;
now not uncommon near New York City.

443. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (Muscivora forfica-

ta). L. 14.5. Ad. <$. Above gray, back washed

with red or yellow; crown-patch red. Ad. 9 . Similar,

but tail shorter, red less bright, back grayer. Notes.

Loud, harsh, chattering notes uttered on the wing.

Range. — Central America and Mexico: breeds through Texas north
to southern Kansas and western Louisiana, and winters south to Cen-
tral America; accidental in Florida and as far north as Connecticut
and Hudson Bay.

47 1. Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyocephalus rubineus
mexicanus). L. 6. Ad. rj\ Crown and underparts
red; back grayish brown. Ad. $. Above brownish,
below white, breast streaked with dusky, belly red or
yellow. Yng. $. Similar to $ but spotted with red
below and on crown. Notes. A shrill rt-brid, ^i-bree,
uttered while the bird hovers twenty or thirty feet up
in the air. (Bendire.)

Range.— Central America and Mexico, breeding north to southern
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southwestern Utah (rarely) ;" winter vis-
itant to southern California." (Grinnell.)

688. Painted Redstart (Setophaga picta). L. 5.4.
Ads. Black; center of breast and belly deep red, patch
in wings and outer tail-feathers white.

Range— Mexican plateau north to southwest New Mexico and Arizona

690. Red-faced Warbler (Cardellina rubrifrons).
L. 5.2. Ads. Forehead, face, throat and sides of neck
red, crown and ear-coverts black, nape band and rump
whitish; back gray; no white in wings or tail. Notes.
A prolonged, very clear, whistled song. (Scott.)

Range. — From Guatemala north over the Mexican Plateau to south-
era Arizona and western New Mexico.

177

Perching Birds Marked With Red.

498. Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phamiceus).
L- d\ 9-5; W. 4-7; B. .88; depth at base, .5. Ad. tf.
Black, in winter more or less tipped with rusty; lesser
wing-coverts scarlet; median wing-coverts buff, tips in
summer whitish. Ad. $. Above brownish black,
widely margined with buffy and rusty; below whitish
heavily streaked with black; throat tinged with orange
or yellow; lesser wing-coverts tinged with red. Yng.
cT. Similar to Ad. c?, but heavily margined with rusty
above and less so below; lesser wing-coverts duller and
narrowly edged with black. Notes. Call, chut, chuck,
a reedy cack; song, a chorus song, a liquid kong-quer-ree;
alarm note a shrill chee-e-e-e-e. The notes of this species
are subject to much variation with locality, but I find
it impossible to express on paper differences perfectly
apparent when heard.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf of Mexico north
to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern
Illinois southward.

498a. Sonoran Red-wing {A. p. sonoriensis) . Sim-
ilar to No. 498, but larger, bill more slender; 9 paler,
streaking below browner. W. ?, 4-8; B .95; depth at
base .5.

Range.— Lower Colorado Valley in California and Arizona, southern
Arizona and south over coast plain of Sonora; Cape St. Lucas.

498b. Bahaman Red-wing {A. p. hryanti). Simi-
lar to No. 498, but bill slightly longer, the female
streaked below with brownish instead of black.

Range. — Bahamas and southern Florida.

498c. Florida Red-wing {A. p. floridanus). Simi-
lar to No. 498, but smaller, the bill longer and more
slender; cm W. 4.2; B. .9; depth at base .4.

Range.— Florida, except extreme southern portion; west along
Gulf coast to Texas.

498d. Thick-billed Red-wing (A. p. fortis). Simi-
lar to No. 498, but larger, bill shorter and proportion-
ately thicker. W. 55 B. .8; depth at base .5.

Range. — Breeds on Mackenzie River, Athabasca, and other interior
districts of British America; during migrations Great Plains, from
Rockies to Minnesota, Iowa, western Illinois, northern Kentucky, and
southwest to western Texas and Arizona. (Ridgway.)

498e. San Diego Red-wing {A. p. neutralis). Sim-
ilar to No. 498a, but slightly smaller, the 9 with
streaks below wider. W. 4-7; B. .95; depth at base .5.

Range.— Great Basin region from southern British Columbia south
to Mexico, western Texas, to southern California and northern Lower
California; in winter as far east as Brownsville, Texas. (Ridgway.)

49 8f. Northwestern Red-wing (A. p. caurinum).
Similar to No. 498, but slightly larger, bill somewhat
longer and more slender, the 9 with median wing-
coverts deeper buff, the $ much darker, streaks be-
low wider, darkest $ of group. W. 4-8; B. .9; depth
at base .45.

Range.— Pacific coast from north California to British Columbia;
south in winter to southern California.

178

Perching Birds Marked With Red,

499. Bicolored Blackbird (Agelaius gubernator
califomicus). Ad. tf. Similar to No. 498, but median
wing-coverts darker and broadly tipped with black,
concealing as a rule, their brownish bases. Ad. £.
Very different from 9 of No. 498; above and below
blackish slightly edged with rusty. Notes. Similar in
character to those of No. 498, but with easily recogniz-
able differences. (See page 178.)

Range.— Pacific coast; breeds from northern Lower California
northward, west of Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges, to Washing-
Ion; migratory at north part of range.

500. Tricolored Blackbird {Agelaius tricolor).
Ad. cf . Similar to No. 408, but glossier, lesser wing-
coverts darker, median wing-coverts white; in winter
black more or less edged with grayish brown; median
wing-coverts dingy. Ad. $. No rusty; above black-
ish edged with grayish; below black bordered with
whitish. Notes. "Said to be quite different'' from
those of No. 498. (Bendire.) (See page 178.)

Range.— Northern Lower California north to southern Oregon; local
in valleys of interior.

523. Aleutian Leucosticte {Leucosticte griseonucba).
Like No. 524a, but much darker, breast chestnut-
chocolate; larger, W. 4-4.

Range. — Islands of Bering Sea (resident); In winter, Shumagin
Islands, lower portion of Aliaska Peninsula and Kadiak Island.

524. Gray- crowned Leucosticte (Leucosticte tephro-
cotis). L. 6.7; W. 4.1. Ad. <$. Reddish brown
more or less tipped with grayish; rump, upper tail-
coverts, lesser wing-coverts, outer edges of primaries,
and lower belly tipped with pink; forecrown black;
hindhead gray; cheeks down to blackish throat brown.
Ad. $. Similar but duller. Yng. Nearly uniform
"brownish; margins of primaries showing some
pink. Notes. A quick alarm note, qui, qui. (Silloway.)

Range. — Western United States: breeds in higher parts of Sierra
Nevada of California, from Mt. Shasta south to Mt. Whitney, and on
"White Mountains (Grinnell) ; north in Rocky Mountains to British
Columbia; in winter east to Manitoba, Colorado, and Nebraska.

524a. Hepburn Leucosticte (L. t. littoralis). Sim-
ilar to No. 524, but cheeks gray like hindhead; throat
often grayish.

Range. — Higher mountains of Washington and British Columbia;
nortn to Alaska; winters south to Colorado and, on Pacific Coast, as
far north as Kadiak Island.

525. Black Leucosticte (Leucosticte atrata). Simi-
lar to No. 524, but brown replaced by brownish black
in Ad. rj\ or dusky slate brownish in Ad. ? and Yng.

Range. — Breeds on higher mountains of Idaho and Wyoming;
winters south to Colorado and Utah.

526. Brown-capped Leucosticte {Leucosticte aus-
tralis). Resembles No. 524, but little or no gray on
hindhead, the black of forehead passing gradually into
brown of nape and back.

Ranp-e. — Breeds in mountains of Colorado at about 12000 feet alti-
tude, winters at lower altitudes and south to New Mexico.

179

Perching Birds Marked With Blue.

599. Lazuli Bunting {Cyanospi^a amoena). L. 5.5.
Ad. tf. Two white wing-bars; breast cinnamon,
throat and upperparts light blue; back blacker. In
winter more or less tipped w'th rusty. Ad. 9. Middle
wing-coverts tipped with whitish', above grayish brown
with generally a blue tinge, strongest on rump and
le-ser wing-coverts; below whitish, breast buff. Yng.
Like 9, but browner, no blue. Notes. Suggest those
of the Indigo Bunting.

R^nge. — Western United States, east to western Kansas; breeds
north to Montana and British Columbia; winters in Mexico.

600. Varied Bunting {Cyanospi^a versicolor). L.
5.5. Ad. tf. Reddish purple, crown and rump blue,
nape red. Ad. 9- Above brownish gray; below
whitish washed with buff; a slight tinge of blue on
rump, wings and tail. Much like 9 of No. 598, but
less brown above and no streaks below. Yng. Re-
semble 9-

Range. — Mexico; breeding north to southern Texas and southern-
Arizona; winters south of United States.

600a. Beautiful Bunting (C. v. pulchra). Similar to
No. 600, but slightly smaller, rump more purple,
throat with less red.

Range. — Southern Lower California.

601. Painted Bunting; Nonpareil (Cyanospi^a
ciris). L. 5.4. Ad. J\ Below red, rump duller,
back green, head dark blue. Ad. 9- Bright, shining
olive-green above; greenish yellow below. Yng. tf.
Like 9 ; second year variously intermediate between
Ad. c? and 9' Notes. Resemble those of the Indigo
Bunting but possess less volume.

Range. — Southern United States; breeds north to North Carolina,,
southern Illinois, and Kansas, and west to southern Arizona; win-
ters in Mexico and Central America.

654. Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica
c^vrutescens). L. 5.2. A white patch or spot at base of
primaries. Ad. tf. Throat and sides black; belly
white; above dark grayish blue; outer tail-feathers
with white. Ad. ?. Grayish olive-green; below
yellowish white; a narrow white line over eye; white
wing-patch small, sometimes barely showing above
coverts; tail with a bluish tinge. Yng. r^. Like Ad. rjf,
but greenish above; black areas smaller and tipped
with whitish. Notes. Call, a sharp, characteristic
chip; song, usually, %wee-%wee-$wee in an ascending
scale.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from northern Connecticut,
mountains of Pennsylvania, southern Michigan, and northern Min-
nesota, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in Central
and South America.

654a. Cairns Warbler (D. c. cairnsi). Similar to
No. 654, but c? darker, the back with more or less
black; 9 darker and duller.

Range. — Breeds in higher portions of southern Alleghenles; winters
south of United States,

180

Perching Birds Marked With Blue.

658. Cerulean Warbler {Dendroica ccerula). L. 5.
Ad. tf. A gray-blue breast band; above bright gray-
blue streaked with black; wing-bars and spots in tail
white. Ad. $ and Yng. tf. Above blue-gray washed
with greenish, below yellowish white; a whitish line
over eye. Notes. Call, a warbler lisp and tchip of the
Myrtle Warbler; song resembling that of Parula
Warbler. (Brewster.) (See page 180.)

Range. — Mississippi Valley, breeding- north to Minnesota and east
to Cayuga County, New York, Maryland, and West Virginia; gener-
ally rare east of Alleghanies; migrates south through Texas and
winters in Central and South America.

597. Blue Grosbeak (Guiraca ccerulea). L. 7; W.
3.4. Ad. rj\ Deep, dark blue, back blacker and
sometimes with brownish edgings; lesser wing-coverts
broadly, greater wins-coverts narrowly tipped with
cnestnut. In winter more or less tipped with brown-
ish above and below. Ad. 9. Above grayish brown,
deepest on head; below grayish white washed with
buffy: wing-bars buff. .Some specimens show more or
less blue, particularly about head. Yng. $. Like $,
but browner. Notes. Call, a strong, harsh, ptchick;
song, a beautiful but feeble warble, somewhat like
that of Purple Finch and with a slight resemblance to
that of Rose-breasted Grosbeak. (Ridgw.)

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf north to
Maryland and southern Illinois; winters south of United States into
Mexico and Central America; casually north as far as Maine and
Quebec.

597a. Western Blue Grosbeak {G. c. la^ula). Sim-
ilar to No. 597, but larger, W. 3.6; male brighter blue;
back blacker; tips of wing-coverts paler, those of greater
coverts usually decidedly paler than those of lesser
coverts and averaging wider than those of No. 597.
Female averaging paler, less brown.

Range. — Western United States; breeds from Mexico north to
Kansas, southern Nebraska, Colorado, and northern California;
•winters in Mexico and Central America.

K 598. Indigo Bunting {Cyanospi^a cyanea). L. 5.4.
Nx) white wing-bars. Ad. <^. Deep blue, darkest
on head. In winter brown, paler below, more or less
mixed with blue. Ad. £. Above brown; below
whitish washed with brown with a suggestion of streaks;
lesser wing-coverts and margins of tail-feathers usually
tinged with blue. Yng. Similar to 9 but below more
streaked; browner, and generally without blue tinge.
Notes. Call, a sharp pit; song, a tinkling, unsympa-
thetic, rapid warble, July, July, summer-summer 1 s here;
morning, noontide, evening, list to me.

Range. — Eastern United States, west to the Plains, casually to Col-
orado; breeds north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters in Central
America.

181

Perching Birds Marked With Blue.

766. Bluebird( Sialia sialis ) . L . 7. Ad. $ . Above,
including wings and tail, bright blue; throat and breast
rusty brown, belly whitish. Ad. 9. Above grayer,
below paler. In winter specimens of both sexes have
upperparts tipped with rusty. Notes. Call, tur-wee y
tur-wee\ song, a rich and sweet but short warble.

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States to
Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from southern New England and
southern Illinois southward

766a. Azure Bluebird (5. 5. a^urea). Similar to
No. 766, but breast paler, upperparts less deep, more
cerulean.

Range. — Mountains of eastern Mexico north to southern Arizona.

767. Western Bluebird (Sialia mexicana Occident alis) .
L. 7. Ad. c^. Above bright blue, foreback with more or
less rust-brown, but rarely wholly chestnut; throat
Hue, breast rust-brown, belly bluish gray. Ad. ?.
Above grayish blue; rust on foreback faintly indicated;
throat bluish gray, breast paler than in rj". Notes.
Call, suggests that of No. 766, but is louder and
wilder.

Range. — Pacific coast region from northern Lower California north
to British Columbia, east to western Nevada and casually, during mi-
grations, to New Mexico. (Ridgway.)

767a. Chestnut-backed Bluebird (S. m. bairdi).
Similar to No. 767, but foreback wholly rust-brown.

Range. — Rocky Mountain region from Wyoming south into Mexico.

767b. San Pedro Bluebird (5. m. anabelce).
Rust-brown of back and breast greatly reduced in ex-
tent, usually wholly wanting or barely indicated on
back, and divided into two patches on breast by back-
ward extension of blue of throat; W. 4-2. (Ridgw.)

Range. — San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California.

768. Mountain Bluebird {Sialia arctica). L. 7.5.
Ad. $. Above beautiful cerulean blue, throat and
breast paler, belly whitish. Winter specimens are
more or less tipped with brownish. Ad. $. Above
brownish gray, rump blue, throat and breast gray-
ish buff; belly whitish. Notes. Call, suggests that
of No. 766, but in fall is merely a feeble chirp.
(Ridgw.)

Range.— Western United States, except Pacific coast; breeds from
the Sierra Nevada east to the Plains and from New Mexico north to
the Great Slave Lake region; winters from the Mexico boundary
states south into Mexico.

182

Perching Birds Marked With Blue.

x

477. Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata). L. 11.7. Ads.
Above gray-blue, breast and sides washed with grayish-,
white tip to outer tail-feather rarely less than one inch
long. Notes. Varied; commonly a loud harsh jay jay;
often whistling calls and imitations of the notes of
ether birds, particularly of common Hawks.

Range.— Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Georgia and northern Texas north to Labrador and Hudson Bay
region; resident, except at northern part of range.

477a. Florida Blue Jay (C. c. florincola). Simi-
lar to No. 477, but smaller, L. 10; blue above with a
purplish tinge; greater wing-coverts more narrowly
barred with black and tipped with white.

Range. — Florida and Gulf Coast to southeastern Texas.

482. Arizona Jay (Apbelocoma sieberii ari{once). L.
13; W. 6.3; T. 5.8. Ads Above grayish blue, head,
wings and tail brighter than back; below unstreaked,
gray breast tinged with bluish; belly whiter. Notes.
Noisy, harsh, and far-reaching. (Bendire.)

Range.— Northern Mexico,
Arizona.

north to southern New Mexico and

482a. Couch Jay (A. s. couchi). Similar to No-
482, but smaller; W. 5.8; T. 5.3; bluer above, throat
whiter.

Range. — "Eastern Mexico, extending to western Texas in theChisos
Mountains." (Bailey.)

492. Pinon Jay {Cyanocephaltis cyanocephaltis). L.
11; T. 4.8. Ads. Above nearly uniform grayish blue,
head slightly darker; below slightly paler, throat streak-
ed with white. Notes. Variable, some as harsh as
those of No. 491, others like gabble of Magpie; others
like Jays' common call a shrill, querulous, peek, peek;
when on ground maintain a constant chatter. (Ben-
dire.)

Range. — Western North America, from New Mexico and Lower
California north to southern British Columbia; east to Rockies, west
to Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges.

183

Perching Birds Marked With Blue.

479. Florida Jay (Aphelocoma cyanea). L. 11.5.
Ads. Foreback clay-color or pale brownish gray; head,
nape, wings, tail, sides of throat and faint breast-
streaks blue; a grayish line over eye; throat gray;
belly dingier; forehead usually hoary. Notes. Harsh
and unmusical calls.

Range. — Florida; confined mostly to coast of the middle portions of
the peninsula.

480. Woodhouse Jay {Aphelocoma woodbousei) . L.
12; W. 5. Ads. Back grayish or brownish blue, usual-
ly not sharply defined from nape; crown, nape, wings
aid tail blue; throat gray', belly dingier; breast streaked
with blue; under tail-coverts blue; a narrow white line
over eve. Resembles No. 479, but is larger, back
bluer, forehead not hoary; line over eye sharper.

Range. — Western United States (chiefly Great Basin region), from
northern Mexico north to southeastern Oregon and southern Wyoming;
east to western Texas and Colorado; west to California, east of the
Sierras.

480. 1 . Blue-eared Jay (Aphelocoma cyanotis). Re-
sembling No. 480, but larger; W. 5. 5; under tail-cov-
erts white-, back slaty-gray tinged with blue; white line
over eye less evident.

Range.— "Mexican tableland north casually to Sutton County,
Texas." (Bailey.)

480.2. Texan Jay (Aphelocoma texana). Similar to
No. 480.1, but white line over eye more distinct, below
paler and browner gray, lower throat and chest with
obsolete grayish streaks instead of blue streaks.
Differs from No. 480 in having pure white under tail
coverts and in other respects. (Ridgw.)

Range.— "Southeastern Texas, from Concho and Kerr Counties
west to the Davis Mountains." (Bailey.)

48 1. California Jay (Aphelocoma californica) . Sim-
ilar to No. 480. but back brown; usually sharply de-
fined from nape; blue areas brighter, throat and belly
whiter; breast less streaked with blue. Notes. Varied,
usual call a harsh, metallic squawking.

Range. — Pacific coast from northern Lower California, north to
southern Wa _ hington, east, in California, to the Sierra Nevada.

48 I a. Xantus Jay (A. c. hypoleuca). Similar to No.
481, but blue areas somewhat lighter, underparts de-
cidedly whiter.

Range.— Lower California, north to Lat. 28 ° .

48 lb. Belding Jay (A. c. obscura).
481, but darker and with smaller feet;
thony.)

Range. — San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California.

. 48 1.1. Santa Cruz Jay (Aphelocoma insularis).
Similar to No. 481, but larger; W. 5.6; blue areas
much deeper, back much darker, grayish sooty
tinged with blue.

Range. — Santa Cruz Island, California.

184

Similar to No.
W. 4.7. (An-

Perching Birds Marked With Blue.

478. StellerJay( Cyanocitta stelleri) . L . 1 3 . Ads.
Crest, back and upper breast sooty brown; rump and
belly dark, (Antwerp) blue; forehead more or less
streaked with blue. Notes. Varied, usual call a loud,
harsh squawking; the bird is a mimic and also a
whistler.

Range. — Pacific coast from Monterey, California, north to near
Cook Inlet, Alaska, including Vancouver Island.

478a. Blue-fronted Jay (C. 5. frontalis). Similar
to No. 478, but back paler, grayer, rump and belly
turquoise, forehead with more blue which sometimes
extends to the crest.

Range. — "Southern coast ranges and Sierra Nevada of California
and western Nevada, from Fort Crook south to northern Lower Cal-
ifornia." (A. O. U.)

478b. Long-crested Jay (C. 5. diademata). Simi-
lar to No. 478, but paler, grayer above, blue turquoise,
as in No. 478a; crest longer, the forehead with pale,
bluish white streaks; a white spot over the eye.

Range.— "Southern Rocky Mountains; north to southern Wyoming;
west to Uintah Mountains, in eastern Utah, and the higher ranges of
northwestern Arizona; south to New Mexico." (Bendire.)

478c. Black-headed Jay (C. s. annectens). Be-
tween No. 478 and No. 478b. Forehead streaks, and
spot over eye much as in latter; color of body dark as
in former.

Range. — Northern Rocky Mountain region from northern Utah and
southern Wyoming north to Alberta and British Columbia.

478d. Queen Charlotte Jay (C. s. carlottce). Sim-
ilar to No. 478, but darker, sooty slate above, blue deeper.

Ranee. — Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.

483. Green Jay {Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens) .
L. 11. Ads. Crown and patches at side of throat
blue; back, wings, and central tail-feathers green;
outer tail-feathers yellow; throat black, breast and
belly greenish yellow. Notes. Noisy and harsh often
suggesting certain of the Blue Jay's calls.

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and south into north-
eastern Mexico.

185

483

Perching ("irJs Marked With Yellow or Orange.

503. Audubon Oriole {Icterus audubonii). L. 9.5.
Ads. Head, breast, wings and tail black; belly yellow;
back greenish yellow. Yng. Greenish yellow below;
olive-green above. Notes. See No. 507.

Range. — Mexico north to the Lower Rio Grande; casually as far as
San Antonio, Texas; resident.

504. Scott Oriole (Icterus parisorum) . L. 8; B. .95;

Ad. $. Lesser wing-coverts, base of tail, rump and
belly yellow; rest of plumage black. Ad.$. Yellow-
ish below, olive-green above, two white wing-bars.
Yng. <$. Like female, but throat black. Notes. See
No. 507.

Range. — Mexican tableland, migrating north to western Texas,
northern New Mexico, southern Nevada and southeastern California;
winters in Mexico.

505. Hooded Oriole (Icterus cucullatus sennetti).
L. 8; B. .75. Ad. tf. Orange; forehead, face, throat,
foreback, wings and tail black; lesser wing-coverts and
tips to greater ones white. Ad. ? . Yellowish below,
brownish olive-green above, two white wing-bars.
Yng. <?. Like 9 , but throat black. Notes. See No.
507.

Range.— Mexico; migrating north to the Lower Rio Grande; winters
in Mexico.

505a. Arizona Hooded Oriole (/. c. nelsoni). Sim-
ilar to No. 505, but head, rump, etc. yellow instead of
orange.

Range. — Northwestern Mexico and Lower California, migrating
north to southwestern New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California,
west of Sierra Nevada; winters in Mexico.

507. Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula). L. 7.5.
P$d. c?. Throat, whole head, foreback, wings and
middle tail-feathers black; breast, belly, rump, lesser
wing-coverts and ends of outer tail-feathers orange;
wing-coverts and tertials margined with white. Ad. ?.
Head and foreback olive-yellow spotted with black;
rump and tail brownish yellow; below dull yellow,
throat generally blackish. Notes. The notes of all
the orange and black Orioles known to me are mellow,
musical, querulous whistles generally given in detach-
ed fragments, all much alike in character but dis-
tinguishable when one becomes familiar with them.

Range.— Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains;
breeds from Florida and eastern Texas north to New Brunswick and
the Saskatchewan; winters in Central and South America.

508. Bullock Oriole (Icterus bullocki). L. 7.5.
Ad. (J*. Cheeks, most of underparts, forehead and line
over eye orange; rump and outer tail-feathers yellower;
center of throat, crown, foreback and middle tail-feath-
ers black; a large white wing-patch. Ad. ?. Above
olive grayish brown; below yellowish, belly
whiter; tail olive-yellow; wings blackish, median cov-
erts tipped, greater coverts externally margined with
white; chin sometimes blackish. Yng. tf. Like ?,
but center of throat and lores black. Notes. See No.
507.

Range.— Western North America, from Mexico north to Assiniboia
and British Columbia; east to western Texas; west to the Pacific;
winters in Mexico.

186

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow '\ /• Orange.

t

63 7. Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea).
L. 5.5. Tail-feathers with large white areas. Ad. tf.
Whole head and underparts orange-yellow; back
greenish yellow; rump gray. Ad. ?. Crown green-
ish like back; yellow paler; belly whitish; less white in
tail. Notes. Call, a sh lrp, metallic chink; song, a
"high pitched, penetrating and startling" "peet, tsweet,
tsweet, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet.'''' (Jones.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north
to Virginia, Ohio, and southern Minnesota; winters in uie tropics.

65 1. Olive Warbler {Dendroica olivacea). L. 5.2.
Ad. rj\ Head and breast orange brown, a black band
through the eye; back olive-gray; belly grayish; wing-
bars white; outer tail-feathers largely white. Ad. 9.
Above olive-gray, head yellower; eye- band dusky;
breast yellow; belly white. Notes. Song, a liquid quirt
quirt, quirt, in a descending scale. (Price.)

Range. — Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico north to mountains of
Arizona and New Mexico.

662, Blackburnian Warbler {Dendroica blackbur-
nuv)~. L. 5.2. Ad. cf. Throat, line over eye, center
of crown, and sides of neck bright orange; back black
with a few whitish streaks; wing-bars broadly white;
tail-spots white. Ad. ?. Yellow areas paler; above
grayish streaked with blackish. Yng. and Ad. in Win-
ter. Similar to Ad. ?, but throat paler, back browner;
wing with two distinct bars. Notes. Song, wee-see-wee-
see, t\ee-tsee, tsee, tsee-tsee, tsee f tsee, in an ascending
scale",' the last shrill and fine.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng-
land (and in Berkshire and Worcester counties, Massachusetts),
and northern Minnesota, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region,
(and south in Alleghanies to South Carolina) ; winters in tropics.

687. Redstart (Setophaga ruticil la). L. 5.4. Ad.
o 71 . Black; sides of breast, band in wings and in tail rich
salmon. Ad. ■?. Sides of breast, band in wings and
in tail dull yellow; back olive-brown, crown gray;* be-
below whitish. Yng. p 71 . Intermediate between adults.
Notes. Song, ching, ching, chee; ser-wee, swee, swe-e-e.

Range.— North America; rare on the Pacific coast; breeds from
North Carolina, and Kansas north to Labrador and Alaska; winters
In the West Indies, Central and South America.

748. Golden-crowned Kinglet {T{egulus satrapa).
L. 4. 1. Ad. $. Crown orange and yellow bordered
by black; a whitish line over eye; back grayish ive-
green; below soiled whitish. A blackish band in wing
bordered basally by yellowish white. Ad. $. No
orange in crown, its whole center yellow. Notes.
Call, a fine, high ti-ti; song, five or six fine, shrill
high-pitched notes ending in a short, rapid, rather ex-
plosive warble. "t{ee, t^ee, t$ee, t^ee, ti, ti, ter, ti-ti-ti.' 1 ''

Range.— North America; breeds from northern United States north-
ward, and southward along the Rockies into Mexico and in the Alle-
ghenies to North Carolina; winters from about its southern breeding
limit to the Gulf States and Mexico.

748a. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet (R. s.

oliyaceus). Similar to No. 748, but upperparts brighter
olive-green; underparts with a brownish tinge.

Range. — Pacific coast region; breeds from the higher Sierra Ne-
vada of California north to southern Alaska. n Qj

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

666. Golden-cheeked Warbler {Dendroica chryso-
paria). L. 5. Ad. J*. Throat, crown and back
black; cheeks and spot in forehead yellow; a narrow
black line through eye; wing-bars and tail-patches
white. Ad. 9. Above olive green with black streaks;
cheeks duller than in d\ eye-streak dusky; throat
yellow, breast blackish; belly white. Notes. Song,
tser, weasy-weasy, twea, resembling song of No. 667.
(Nehrling.)

Range.— Western central and southern Texas and south through
eastern Mexico to highlands of Guatemala. (Ridgway.)

l. 667. Black-throated Green Warbler {Dendroica
vtrens). L. 5. Ad. tf. Throat and breast black;
cheeks greenish yellow; back olive-green; wing-bars
and tail patches white. Ad. $ and Yng. cf. Similar,
but throat yellowish; black breast tipped with yellow-
ish; belly tinged withyellow\ back without black streaks.
Yng. 9. Throat and breast yellowish white, little or
no black. Notes. Song, a droning $ee, $ee, ^e-ee, qee.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut and
northern Illinois north to Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay, and south in
Alleghanies to South Carolina; winters in Central America.

668. Townsend Warbler {Dendroica townsendi).
L. 5.1. Ad.tf. A black eye-patch bordered by yel-
low stripes; crown and throat black; back olive-green
spotted with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white.
Ad. 9. Eye-patch olive; throat yellow, indistinctly
blackish; crown and back olive-green, with few black
streaks. Yng. Similar, but yellower. Notes. Song, de-de,
de-de,de, like that of No. 677. (Merrill.)

Range.— Western North America: breeds from mountains of south-
ern California north to Alaska, east to western Colorado; in migra-
tions to western Texas; winters in Mexico.

669. Hermit Warbler (Dendroica Occident alis) . L.
5.1. Underparts without streaks. Ad. tf. Crown
and cheeks yellow; throat black; back gray spotted
with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white. Ad. $.
Crown less yellow; throat yellowish; back olive-gray,
usually without spots. Yng. $. Similar, but yellow-
er. Yng. cj [ . Throat dusky; forehead and cheeks
yellow; back olive-green with concealed black spots.
Much like Yng of No. 667, but forehead yellower, no
streaks below. Notes. Song, ^eegle-^eegle-^eegle-^eek.
(Barlow.)

Range.— Western United States; breeds in high mountains
from ^British Columbia to California, and from Pacific Coast
district of United States to Rocky Mountains; migrates to Low-
er California, Mexico, and Guatemala. (Bailey.)

684. Hooded Warbler (IVilsonia mitrata). L. 5.7.
Outer tail-feather with white patches. Ad. rf. Fore-
head and cheeks yellow; hindhead extending to breast
and throat black; belly yellow; back olive-green.
Ad. $ . Throat yellow, hindhead olive-green usually
with black. Notes. Call, a sharp cheep; song, a
gracefully whistled you must come to the woods, or you

wont see me.

Range.— Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecti-
cut, central western New York, and southern Michigan; winters in
Central America.

188

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

53 1. Lawrence Goldfinch {Astragalimis lawrencei).
L. 4.7. Ad. cf. Crown, throat and front of cheeks
black; body gray; breast, rump, wings and, to a less de-
gree, back with yellow; outer tail feathers with large
white spots near the end. Ad. $. Similar, but no
black, back browner and without yellow. Notes.
Suggesting those of the Goldfinch, but weaker.

Range — California, west of the Sierra: breeds from northern Lower
California north to Chico, California; winters to Arizona and New
Mexico.

642. Golden-winged Warbler {Helminthophila chry-
soptera). L. 5. Ad. cf- Crown yellow, wing-bars
broadly yellow; above bluish gray; below grayish
white; throat-patch and eye-stripe black. Ad. $.
Crown duller; throat-patch and eye-stripe gray. Notes.
Song, a lazy ^ee-^ee-^ee-^ee all on same note.

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from northern New Jersey
and northern Indiana north to Vermont, southern Ontario, and Mich-
igan, and south along Alleghanies to South Carolina; winters in Cen-
tral America.

678. Connecticut Warbler (Geothljpis agilis). L.
57£ Eye-ring white; no white in wings or tail. Ad.
cf. Crown and cheeks bluish slate; throat and breast
paler, the latter with no black; above olive-green; be-
low yellow, sides greenish. Ad. 9 and Yng. Throat
and breast olive brown; belly yellow; back brownish
olive-green; crown browner. Notes. Call, a sharp
peek; song, suggesting that of Maryland Yellowthroat
and also that of Oven bird, free-chapple, free- chappie, free-
chappie, whoit. (Seton.)

Range.— Eastern North America, north to Maine and Manitoba;
known to breed only in Manitoba; winters in northern South America.

679. Mourning Warbler {GeotJilypis Philadelphia).
L. 5.4. No white in wings or tail. Ad. rf. No white
eye-ring; crown and cheeks bluish slate; throat black-
ish; breast black more or less veiled by slaty; beJly
yellow; back olive-green. Ad. 9. Head slaty; throat
and breast grayish; an inconspicuous white eye-ring.
Yng. Similar, but browner above; throat more yellow.
Notes. Song, clear and whistled, tee te-o te-o te-o we-se,
the last couplet accented and much higher pitched.
(Jones.)

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng-
land, northern New York and eastern Nebraska north to Nova Scotia
and Manitoba, and south along the Alleghanies to West Virginia;
winters in Central and South America.

680. Macgillivray Warbler (Geothlp-his tolmei).
L. 5.4. Ads. Similar to No. 679, but with an incom-
plete white eye-ring showing above and below eye,

Range.— Western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific; breeds from western Texas and mountains of southern Cal-
ifornia north to British Columbia; in migrations ranges east to Ne-
braska and middle Texas; winters in Mexico and Central America.

189

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

656. Audubon Warbler {Dendroica auduboni). L.

5.6. Crown, sides of breast, rump, and throat usually
with yellow. Ad. rj". Throat bright yellow; breast
black; back blue-gray streaked with black; wing-bars
broadly white; outer tail-feathers with white. Ad. 9 .
Similar to male, but breast grayish; yellow less bright;
less white in wings, cf , Winter. Like same plumage
of No. 655, but throat yellowish; more white in tail.
9, Winter. Similar, but less yellow, throat sometimes
without yellow, when like No. 655, but white on four
or five outer tail-feathers instead of on two or three.

Range.— Western United States; breeding In higher mountains
from southern California and New Mexico north to British Columbia;
winters south into Mexico.

65 6a. Black-fronted Warbler (D. a. nigrifrons).
Similar to No. 656, but Ad. tf with forehead, sides of
crown, .and ears black; back black, narrowly margined
with bluish gray. In winter. Bluish gray, not brown-
ish above. Ad. $ darker, more heavily streaked with
black above. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Mountains of northern Mexico north to southern Arizona.

_65_7. Magnolia Warbler {Dendroica maculosa). L.

5.1. Rump yellow: seen from below a white band
across middle of tail. Ad. <$. Crown ashy, back
black; wing-coverts broadly white; below yellow
streaked with black. Ad. $ . Duller; fewer black
stripes below; wing-bars separated, narrow. Yng. and
Ad in winter. Crown and sides of head brownish ashy,
back olive-green; below yellow, sides occasionally
streaked. Notes. Song, a loud, clear whistle, chee-to y
chee-to, chee-tee-ee, uttered rapidly and with a falling in-
flection. (Langille.)

Range. Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rock-
ies; breeds from northern New England, northern Michigan (and
south along the Alleghanies to Pennsylvania), north to Quebec and
Hudson Bay region; winters in Central America.

663. Yellow-throated Warbler {Dendroica domini-
ca). L. 5.2. Ads. Throat and line from bill to eye
yellow; cheeks and forehead black; back bluish gray,
two broad white wing-bars; tail-patches white. Notes.
Song, loud, ringing and ventriloquial; suggesting that
of Indigo Bunting but shorter.

Range.— Southeastern United States; breeds from Florida north to
Virginia and winters from Florida south into West Indies.

663a. Sycamore Warbler {D. d. albilora). Simi-
lar to No. 663, but bill smaller, line from eye to bill white
or with but traces of yellow.

Range.— Mississippi Valley; breeds from Texas north to Kanas,
southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and West Virginia; winters in
Mexico and Central America.

664. Grace Warbler (Ttendroica gracice). L. 5.
Ad. cf . Throat and line over eye yellow; cheeks gray;
above gray, crown and back with black streaks; wing-
bars and tail-patches white. Ad. 9. Similar, but
duller, back sometimes brownish.

Range.— Northwestern Mexico, north to New Mexico, southwestern
Colorado, and Arizona.

190

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

J>86. Canadian Warbler {IVilsonia canadensis).
L. 5.6. No white in wings or tail. Ad. tf. A neck-
lace of black spots on breast; back gray; belly yellow;
forehead black. Ad. 9 and Yng. tf. Black areas
smaller. Yng. ? . Slightly yellowish above; necklace
slightly indicated by dusky spots. Notes. Song, tu-tu,
tswe, tu, tu, longer or shorter and suggesting in style of
utterance both the Yellow Warbler and Goldfinch.
(Jones.) (Seepage 190.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts, cen-
tral New York, and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Manito-
ba, and south along the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters in
Central and South America.

640. Bachman Warbler {Helminthophilahachmanii).
L. 4.2. Outer tail-feathers usually with a white patch
more or less distinct. Ad. rj. Breast-patch and
crown-band black; forehead, chin and belly yellow;
back olive-green, hindhead grayish. Ad. 9. Above
grayish olive-green, head grayer; below dingy grayish
with a yellow tinge. Notes. Song, when migrating, re-
sembles that of Parula Warbler, (Brewster); when
breeding, that of Worm-eating Warbler, Junco or
Chippy. (Widmann).

Range.— Southeastern United States, west to Louisiana, north to
Virginia and southern Indiana; rare on Atlantic coast; known to breed

rnlvin Missouri; winters south of United States.
641. Blue-winged Warbler (Helminthophila pinus).
L. 4.8. Ad. c?» Crown and underparts yellow; back
olive-green; a black stripe through eye; two whitish
wing-bars; outer tail-feathers with white patches. Ad.
?. Similar, less yellow on head, duller below. Notes.
Song, a wheezy, swee-chee, the first inhaled, the second
exhaled; also, later, wee, chi-chi-chi-chi, chur, chee-chur.

Range.— Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecti-
cut and Minnesota, occasionally wanders to Massachusetts; winters
south of United States.

670. Kirtland Warbler {Dendroica kirtlandi). L.
5.7. Ad. c^. Above bluish gray streaked with black;
below pale yellow, sides streaked with black; wing-
bars grayish; tail-patches white. Ad. $. Similar,
but browner. Notes. Song, said to resemble that of
Maryland Yellow-throat and also that of Yellow-throat-
ed Warbler.

Range. — Eastern United States; has been found from April to Oc-
tober in United States as follows: in Florida, South Carolina, Virgin-
la, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, Michigan, and On-
tario, in all some twenty odd specimens; found breeding in summer
of 1903 In Oscoda County, Michigan; winters in Bahamas where
some fifty specimens have been taken.

671. Pine Warbler {Dendroica vigor sit). L. 5.5.
Ad. o 71 . Throat and breast greenish yellow; above
bright yellowish green; wing-bars and tail-patches
white. Ad. ?. Similar, but breast duller, back
browner. Yng. o 71 . Similar to Ad. <$, but browner.
Yng. 9- Below buffy white, breast slightly or not all
yellowish; back olive-brown. Notes. Song, sug-
gesting a Chipping Sparrow's but more musical.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf States north to

New Brunswick, Minnesota, and Manitoba
southern Illinois to Gulf States

winters from Virginia and

191

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

696. Siberian Yellow Wagtail {Budytes flavus lew
costriatus). L. 6.5. Ad. cf. Crown bluish slate, a
white line over eye> back olive-green; below yellow;
wing-bars yellowish; outer tail-feathers largely white.
Ad. 9. Similar, but duller, head and wing-bars
browner. Notes, Call, a sharp, ple-ple-ple; song, a
low, clear, medley of jingling notes uttered on the
wing. (Nelson.) (See page 191.)

Range —China, Eastern Siberia, and Bering Sea portion of eastern
Alaska.

529. American Goldfinch (Astragalinus tristis).
L. 5.1; W. 2.8. Ad. J*. Yellow, cap, wings and tail
black; wing-coverts, secondaries and inner margins of
tail-feathers tipped with white. Ad. 9 , Above gray-
ish olive-brown; below buffy whitish; throat yellowish;
wings and tail duller than in male; white tips to
tail not distinct. Yng. <$ and Ad. <$ in winter. Simi-
lar to 9 but wings and tail black; white markings
grayer than in summer. Notes. Calls, when perch-
ing, hear me, hear me, dearie, soft and sweet, when fly-
ing, per-chic-o-ree; per-chic-o-ree; song, sweet, rapid,
varied and canary-like.

Range. — Eastern North America west to the Rockies; breeds from
Virginia and Missouri north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters from
northern United States to the Gulf States.

529a. Western Goldfinch (A. t.pallidus). Similar
to No. 529, but larger, W. 3-°5- 4d. c?, in summer,
similar in color to No. 529. 9 and <$, in winter.
Much paler, the white areas greater in extent.

Range. — Rocky Mountain region from northern Mexico north to
British Columbia.

529b. California Goldfinch {A. t. salicamans).
Similar to No. 529, but wings and tail shorter and
color darker. Ad. $ in summer. With back always
(?) tinged with pale olive-green; in winter darker than
No. 529, but with white areas as large as in 529a.
(Ridgw.)

Range.— California, west of the Sierra, south to Lower California,
north to Washington.

530. Arkansas Goldfinch (Astragalinus psaltria).
L. 4.1. Ad. c?. Cap, wings, and tail black, most of
primaries and tail white basally; back and cheeks olive-
green, often marked with black; below yellow Ad. 9.
No black cap; above olive-green; below dull yellowish;
wings and tail brownish black, former with white
much reduced, latter with little or no white. Yng. Re-
semble female. Notes. Call, se-e-e-ep; song, sweet,
varied and musical.

Range. — Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific;
breeds from northern Lower California and western Texas, north to
Colorado, southern Idaho, and Oregon; winters from the southern
part of its breeding range southward.

530b. Mexican Goldfinch {A. p. mexicand). Re-
sembles No. 530, but cheeks and entire upperparts black)
9 as in No. 530.

Range.— Mexico, north to southern Texas.

192

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

1-

685. Wilson Warbler {Wilsonia pusilla). L. 5.

No white in plumage. Ad. <j\ Crown shining bl :ck;
forehead, cheeks and underparts yellow; back olive-
green. Ad. 9. Similar, but crown-patch often
smaller, sometimes absent. Yng. ?. Crown-patch
absent. Notes. Song, 'tsh-tsh-tsh-Hsbea. (Nuttall )
Suggests that of Redstart or Yellow Warbler. (Minot.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, north-
eastern Maine, and Ontario north to Labrador and Hudson Bay re-
gion; winters in Mexico and Central America; "occasional during mi-
gration in Colorado . . . and other parts of the Rocky Mountain dis-
trict " (Ridgw ) (See piee 192.)

685a. Pileolated Warbler {IV. p. pileolata). Sim-
ilar to No. 685, but yellow deeper, olive brighter.

Range. — Western North America; breeding throughout the Rocky
Mountain district from western Texas in higher mountains, north-
ward to Alaska, coast and interior; westward to eastern Oregon and
Queen Charlotte Islands; in migrations over all of western North Amer-
ica and east to Minnesota; in winter south to Central America.
(Ridjnv.) (See page 102.)

685b. Golden Pileolated Warbler {IV. p. chryseo-
la). Similar to No. 685a, but still brighter, richer
yellow; forehead nearly orange; back brighter green.

Range.— Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to
British Columbia; in migration east to eastern Oregon; south to
Chihuahua and Lower California. (Ridgw.) (See page 192.)

67 7. Kentucky Warbler {Geothlypis formosa). L.
5.6. No white in plumage. Ad. tf. Cheeks and
crown black, the latter tipped with ashy; back olive-
green; a yellow line over eye; below bright yellow.
Ad. 9. Similar, but less black in crown and on cheeks;
yellow duller. Notes. Song, a loud musical whistle,
turdle, turdle, turdle, suggesting notes of Carolina
Wren.

Range.— Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States north to
lower Hudson Valley, southern Michigan and eastern Nebraska;
winters in Central and northern South America.

681. Maryland Yellow-throat {Geothlypis trichas).
L. 5.2; W. 2.1. Ad. c?. Forehead and cheeks black,
bordered behind by ashy; back olive-green; throat and
breast yellow, belly whitish washed with yellow, sides
brownish. Ad. 9. No black mask; above dull olive-
green, forehead brownish; throat and breast more or
less washed with yellow, belly whitish, sides brown-
ish. Yng. cf. Similar to Ad. 9, but browner; breast
yellow; cheeks and forehead with more or less half-
concealed black. Notes. Calls, pit, chit, or cback',
song, variable, often wichity, wichity,wichity.

Range. — "Atlantic Coast district of United States; breeding In Vir-
ginia, District of Columbia, Maryland and southern Pennsylvania
(Carlisle), probably also in Delaware and southern New Jersey and
In upland portions of Carolinas and Georgia; .... south in winter to
Bahamas . . . . " (Ridgw.)

681a. Western Yellow-throat (G. t. occidentalism.
Similar to No. 68id, but yellow below richer, border of
mask whiter and broader.

Range. — Arid western United States; east to western portions of
Great Plains, north to Montana and eastern Washington (?) ; west to
southern California: breeding southward to northern Chihuahua and
northern Lower California; southward in winter to western Mexico and
Cape St. Lucas. (Ridgw.)

193

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

68 lb.' Florida Yellow-throat (G. t. ignota). Simi-
lar to No. 68id, but yellow below more extended and
deeper, sides browner; black mask wider; upperparts,
especially hindhead, browner.

Range.— South Atlantic and Gulf Coast districts of United States
from southeastern Virginia to Florida and westward along Gulf low-
lands to eastern Texas; winters from at least coast of South Carolina
southward; also in Cuba. (Ridgw.)

68 Ic. Pacific Yellow-throat (G. t. ari{ela) . Sim-
ilar to No. 68ia,but bill smaller, wings and tail shorter,
color duller, whitish margin of mask narrower, yellow
usually less orange; W. 2.2; T. 2.1. (Ridgw.)

Range.— "Pacific Coast district, from British Columbia southward;
breeding southward to Los Angeles County, California, and eastward
to Fort Klamath, Oregon; during migration to Cape St. Lucas."
(Ridgw.)

68 I d. Northern Yellow-throat (G. t. brachidactyla) .
Similar to No. 681, but averaging larger; W. 2.2.
Ad. o 7 *. More yellow below, more olive-green above.
Ad. ?. Usually with yellow below brighter and
more extended. (Ridgw.)

Range. — Northeastern United States from northern New Jersey to
Newfoundland; west to northern Ontario and eastern Dakota, and
south through Mississsippi Valley to upland districts of the Gulf
States and east central Texas; in winter Bahamas, Mexico, and Cen-
tral America. (Ridgw.)

68 1 e. Salt Marsh Yellow-throat (G. t. sinuosa).
Similar to No. 681c, but much smaller and slightly
darker, especially on sides and flanks; W. 2.1.
(Ridgw.)

Range.— Salt Marshes of San Francisco Bay, California.

682. Belding Yellow-throat (Geothlypts beldingt).
L. 5.7. Ad. <$. Black mask crossing head diagonally
bordered behind by yellow; rest of plumage much as in
No. 681a. Ad. ?. Similar to $ of No. 681, but
larger.

Range.— Lower California.

682.1. Rio Grande Yellow-throat {Geothlyp-'s pol-
iocephala). L. 5.7. Ads. Lores and forehead black,
crown gray, back olive-green; underparts yellow.

Range.— Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into
Mexico.

194

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow op Orange.

645. Nashville Warbler {Helminthophilarubricapilla) .
LT£&. No wing-bars; no white in tail. Ad. <f. A
chocolate crown-patch; rest of head and cheeks bluish
gray; a white eye-ring; back olive-green; below bright
yellow. Ad. Q. Similar, but little or no chocolate in
crown; yellow duller. Yng. Head brownish; under-
parts washed with brownish, particularly on throat
and flanks. Notes. Song, ke-tsee-ke-tsee-ke-tsee-chip-ee.
chip-ee-chip-ee-chip, first half like Black and White
Warbler's, second half like Chipping Sparrow's.
(Langille.)

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from southern New York,
Connecticut, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador and Hudson
Bay region; winters south of United States.

645a. Calaveras Warbler (H. r. gttttur alt's) . Sim-
ilar to No. 645, but rump brighter; underparts richer
yellow.

Range. — Western United States; breeds on high mountains, from
the Sierra Nevada to British Columbia, east to eastern Oregon,
northern Idaho; south in migration to Lower California and Mexico;
southeast to Texas. (Ridgw.)

648. Parula Warbler [Compsotblypis americana).
L. 4.5; W. 2.3. Ad. c?. Above grayish blue, a
yellowish patch in the back; breast yellow washed with
chestnut and with an indistinct blackish band; belly,
wing-bars, spot near tip of outer tail-feathers white.
Ad. 9. Paler, breast without black, sometimes no
chestnut. Notes, A short, little, guttural, lisping
trill.

Range.— Breeds in south Atlantic and Gulf states east of Texas
north near the Atlantic coast to the District of Columbia and Mount
Carmel, Illinois (Brewst ); winters from Gulf States southward.

64_8ja - Northern Parula Warbler (C. a. usnece).
Similar to No. 648, but bill averaging slightly smaller,
the wing longer, 2.4; black breast-band averaging
wider; the chestnut wash stronger.

Range. — Breeds in New England, New York and west along the
northern tier of states, north into Maritime Provinces and Canada;
winters from Gulf states southward.

649. Senneft Warbler (Compsothlypis nigrilora).
L. 4.5. Similar to No. 648, but yellow below reaching
to belly; breast without black and with only a slight
brownish wash; lores and ear-coverts black. Notes.
Song probably resembles that of No. 648.

Range.— Lower Rio Grande Valley south into eastern Mexico.

746. Verdin {Auriparus flaviceps) . L. 4.2; W. 2.2;
T. 1.9. Ad. tf. Head and throat yellow; forehead
usually with some concealed orange-brown; lesser
wing-coverts reddish chestnut; back brownish gray;
belly whitish. Ad.Q. Similar, but less yellow.

Range.— Southern border of the United States and northern Mexico
from southern Texas to southern California; north to southwestern Utah
and southern Nevada.

746a. Baird Verdin {A . f. lamprocephalus) . Simi-
lar to No. 746, but tail shorter; wing somewhat short-
er; yellow of head brighter; W. 2.0; T. 1.6. (Ober-
holser.

Range.— Lower California.

195

«fe \

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

650. Cape May Warbler {Dendroica tigrina), L.
5.1. Ad. $. Ear-coverts and wash on throat chest-
nut; crown blackish; back olive-green with black spots;
below yellow streaked with black; wing-coverts broad-
ly white; outer tail-feathers with white. Ad. 9 and
Yng. rj". Duller; crown like back; no chestnut. Yng.
9. Above olive-gray; below whitish faintly tinged
with yellow; wing-bars narrow. Notes. Song, a wiry
"a-wit, a wit, a-wit, a-wit, repeated. (Butler.)

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng-
land, rarely, and Manitoba north to Hudson Bay region; winters south
of United States.

X 652. Yellow Warbler (Dendroica cestiva). L. 5.1.
'Inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow. Ad. $. Crown

yellow, back bright yellowish green; below yellow
thickly streaked with reddish brown. Ad. $ and Yng.
cj\ Duller above, crown like back; below much paler,
few or no streaks. Yng. ?. Similar to last but still
duller. Notes. Song, a rather loud wee-chee, chee, chee,
cber-wee, variable in form but recognizable in tone.

Range. — North America, except Alaska, Pacific coast from Van-
couver north, and southwestern United States, (western Texas to
Arizona. (Ridgw.); breeds throughout most of its range, and win-
ters in Central and South America.

652a. Sonora Yellow Warbler (D. ce. sonorana).
Similar to No. 652, but rf much yellower, less green
above, the crown and rump bright yellow; below
brighter yellow, reddish brown streaks narrower, fewer
sometimes almost wanting. Ad. ?. Similar to Ad.
9 of No. 652, but grayer above and whiter below.

Range. — Northern Mexico; breeding north to western Texas and
southern Arizona; winters south of United States.

652b. Alaskan Yellow Warbler (D. ce. rubiginosd).
Similar to No. 652, but $ darker above, the crown of
about the same color as back; $ duller.

Range. — Breeds on Pacific coast from Vancouver northward and in
Alaska; winters south of United States.

653. Mangrove Warbler {Dendroica bryanti castan-
eiceps). L. 5. Inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow.
Ad. rj\ Whole head reddish chestnut; back olive-
green; below yellow lightly streaked with reddish
brown. Ad. $. Olive-green above; yellow below.

Range. — Cape Region of Lower California and Pacific coast of Cen-
tral America and Mexico.

672. Palm Warbler {Dendroica palmarum). L. 5.2.
No white wing-bars; tail patches white. Ads. Crown
dark chestnut; line over eye, throat, and breast yellow;
breast and sides with reddish brown streaks; belly
much paler, often grayish washed with yellow; back
olive-brown; rump brighter. Ad. in Winter and Yng.
No crown-patch; above grayish olive-brown indis-
tinctly streaked; rump yellowish; below grayish white
washed with yellow and streaked with brownish;
under tail-coverts bright yellow. Notes. Call, a recog-
nizable chip-, song, a short, simple trill.

Range.— Eastern North America; breedsin interior of British Amer-
ica west of Hudson Bay; migrates south tnrough Mississippi Valley
and rarely north Atlantic States; winters in Florida and West Indies.

196

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.
Warbler (D. p. hypochrysea).

X

672a. Yellow Palm

Similar to No. 672, but underparts entirely bright yel-
low; upperparts yellower. Winter specimens are
whiter below but are still conspicuously yellow.

Range. Eastern United States; breeds from Nova Scotia north-
ward, east of Hudson Bay; migrates through Atlantic States and
•winters in Florida and west to Louisiana,

673. Prairie Warbler {Dendroica discolor). L. 4.7.
Wing-bars yellowish; tail-patches white. Ad. tf.
Above bright olive-green with reddish chestnut spots
in the back; below yellow, sides with black streaks.
Ad. 9. Similar, but usually duller; chestnut spots
smaller, sometimes absent. Yng. Similar to $ Ad.,
but browner. Notes, Song, a high, thin ^ee, ^ee, ^ee,
^ee, ^ee-e, 7ee, the next to last highest. (See page 196.)

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Massachu-
setts, southern Ontario, and southern Michigan; winters from south-
ern Florida into the West Indies.

Lawrence Warbler {Helminthophila lawrencei). Re-
sembles No. 641, but has a black breast patch and
a broad black stripe through the eye as in No. 642.
It is believed to be a hybrid between the two. Some
15 specimens are known. Its notes are said to re-
semble to those of both No. 642 and No. 641.

Brewster Warbler {Helminthophila leucobronchialis) .
Resembles No. 642 above, but is white usually
tinged with yellow below, this type being connected
with No. 641, by specimens showing more green above
and yellow below. Hybridism and dichromatism are
believed to account for these birds of which somewhat
over a hundred specimens are known, chiefly from the
lower Hudson and Connecticut Valleys. Some songs
resemble those of No. 642, others those of 641.

644. Virginia Warbler {Helminthophila virginice).
L. 4.5. No white in wings or tail. Ad. J 1 . Above
gray, crown-patch chocolate; upper tail-coverts yel-
lowish; below whitish, breast-patch and under tail-
coverts yellow. Ad. 9 . Similar, but less (sometimes
no) chocolate in crown and yellow on tail-coverts;
duller below. Yng. No crown patch; below washed
with buff, little or no yellow on breast. Notes. Very
musical, with a song of remarkable fullness for so
small a bird. (Aitken.)

Range.— Rocky Mountain region from Nevada and Colorado (rarely
Wyoming) south into Mexico.

-655. _ Myrtle Warbler {Dendroica coronata). L. 5.6.
Crown, sides of breast and rump yellow. Ad. tf.
Above blue-gray streaked with black; throat white,
breast largely black; two white wing-bars; outer tail-
feathers with white. Ad. $. Browner above, less black
on breast, tf in winter. Above brown, back indis-
tinctly streaked with black; below whitish, breast and
sides streaked with black. Yng. ?. Similar, but less
yellow on crown and sides. Notes. Call, a character-
istic tchip; song, a trill.

Range.— Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rockies;
breeds from northern New England and northern Minnesota north to
Labrador and Alaska; winters from Massachusetts and Kansas south
into West Indies and Central America.

197

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

659. Chestnut-sided

Warbler (Dendroica pensyl-
vanica). L. 5. Ad. <j\ Sides chestnut, crown yel-
low; back streaked black and greenish yellow; cheek-
patch and sides of throat black. Ad. ?. Crown dull-
er; chestnut and black reduced. Yng. Above bright
yellow-green, back with or without black spots; be-
low grayish white, sides sometimes with traces of
chestnut; wing-bars yellowish white. Notes. Song,
resembles that of Yellow Warbler. (See page 197.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from northen New Jersey
and Central Illinois north to Newfoundland and Manitoba (and south
In the Alleghenies to South Carolina); winters in Central America.

604. Dickcissel (Spi^a americana). L. 6.2. Ad.
tf. Breast, bend of wing, line over eye and at side of
throat yellow; throat-patch black; lesser wing-coverts
reddish chestnut; no white in tail. Ad. 9. Less
yellow and chestnut, no black on throat. Notes.
Song, an earnest, but unmusical dick, dick,che-che-che t
che.

Range. — Middle United States east of the Rockies, west of Alle-
ghenies, breeds from Alabama and Texas to Minnesota; casual in
Atlantic States; winters in Central and northern South America.

618. Bohemian Waxwing (Ampelis garridus). L.
8. Crested. Ads. Brownish gray; under tail-coverts,
fore-crown and sides of throat chestnut-rufous; throat
and eye-stripe black; wing-quills and primary coverts
tipped with white or yellow; secondaries usually with
red tips; tail tipped with yellow.

Range. — Northern parts of northern hemisphere; breeds In far
north; winters south irregularly to northern United States, casually
to Pennsylvania, Illinois, Kansas, and northern California

y 619. Cedar Waxwing {Ampelis cedrorum). L. 7.

,{ Crested. Ads. Grayish brown; belly yellowish; un-
der tail-coverts white; no white tips on wing-quills;
secondaries with red tips; tail tipped with yellow and
rarely with red tips. Notes. A fine, lisping note; a
string of notes usually uttered when taking flight.

Range. — North America: breeds from Virginia and the highlands of
South Carolina, Kansas, and Oregon, north to Labrador and southern
^Alaska (?); winters from northern United States to Central America.

A 628. Yellow-throated Vireo {Vireoflavifrons). L.
5.5. Ads. Throat and breast bright yellow, belly
white; above bright olive-green, rump gray; two white
wing-bars. Notes. Call, a scolding cack; song like
Red-eye's but richer, more deliberate, see me; Vm here;
■where areyou? in varying forms; also a mellow trill.

Range.— Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas to
Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters in tropics.

/. 683. Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteriavirens). L. 7.5;
T. 3.07. Ads. Throat and breast bright yellow; low-
er belly white; above olive-green; line over eye and at
side of throat white. Notes. Call, a gasping, mew-
ing kee-yuck and chut, chut; song, of whistles, caws and
chucks, sometimes uttered in flight.

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from northeastern Mexico
(but not in Florida?) north to South Dakota, southern Minnesota, and
Massachusetts (locally) ; winters in Mexico and Central America.

683a. Long-tailed Chat (/. v. longicauda). Simi-
lar to No. 683, but grayer above; tail slightly longer.

Range. — Western United States, east to Plains; breeds from Mexico
north to North Dakota and British Columbia; winters in Mexico.

198

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

497. Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xanthocephalus
xanthocephalus). L. 10. Ad. rj 1 . Black; head and
breast orange yellow; outer wing-coverts white,
black tipped. Ad. 9. Brownish, line over eye, throat
and breast dull yellow, lower breast streaked with
white; ear-coverts rusty. Notes. Call, a hoarse chuck;
song, a variety of hoarse grunting, guttural whistles;
usually uttered with apparent great effort and bodily
contortion. The young utter a rolling, whistling call.

Range.— Western North America, east to Kansas, northern Illinois,
and northwestern Indiana; west to the Pacific coast ranges; breeds
locally from Texas (?) , New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern Californ-
ia north to the Hudson Bay region, and southern British Columbia;
winters from southwestern Louisiana, and California southward.

y 501. Meadowlark (Sturnella magna) . L. 10.7; W.
y\ 4.8. Ads. Above black varied with chestnut and buff;
\ below yellow, a black breast-crescent; bars on middle
tail-feathers fused along shaft, yellow of throat not
spreading on to its sides. Notes. Calls, a nasal note
and a rolling twitter; song, a high fife like whistle of
rarely more than eight or ten notes; without gurgles or
grace notes.

Range.— Eastern North America west to about Long. ioo° , north to
New Brunswick and Minnesota; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois
southward.

501a. Texas Meadowlark (5. m. hoopesi). Similar
to No. 501b, but yellow not spreading on to sides of
the throat. Notes. Resemble in character those of
No. 501.

Range.— Not well determined; known from Corpus Christi, Texas,
west along Mexican boundary to southern Arizona and northern Son-
ora, Mexico.

501b. Western Meadowlark (S. m. neglecta). Sim-
ilar to No. 501, but bars on middle tail-feathers usually
distinct, not confluent along shaft; yellow of throat
spreading on to its sides; general color paler. Notes.
Calls, a liquid chuck and a wooden, rolling b-r-r-r-r-r-r-r;
song, rich, musical, flute-like with intricate gurgles
and grace notes; wholly unlike that of No. 501.

501c. Florida Meadowlark (5. m. argutula). Sim-
ilar to No. 591, but smaller and darker; W. 4.4.

Range. — Florida and Gulf coast to Louisiana.

5 14. Evening Grosbeak {Hesperiphona vespertina) .
L. 8. Ad. rj\ Brownish yellow; wings, tail, and
crown black; exposed part of tertials white. Ad. 9«
Dingy brownish gray, more or less tinged with yel-
lowish; throat and belly whitish; tail-coverts and tail-
feathers, on inner web, tipped with white. Notes.
Call, loud; song, short, but melodious, resembling that
of Robin or Black-headed Grosbeak. (Cooper.)

Range.— Rocky Mountain region of British America, south, in win-
ter, to the upper Mississippi Valley, rarely to Ohio and casually
through New York to New England.

5 I 4a. Western Evening Grosbeak (H. v. montana).
c? not distinguishable from tf of No. 514; 9 more buffy,
especially below.

Range. — Mountains of western United States from New Mexico
north to British Columbia.

199

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

EASTERN HORNED LARKS.
474*. Horned Lark {Otocoris alpestris). L. 7.7, W.
r?, 4-31 9,4-i. Hind toe-nail much the longest. Ad.
c?, winter. Throat and line over eye distinctly yellow;
black feathers over eye lengthened, forming when raised
little tufts; breast-patch, sides of throat, line over eye
and forecrown black, more or less tipped, especially on
head, with yellowish or brownish; back browni-h in-
distinctly streaked with blackish; nape, wing and tail-
coverts pinkish brown; belly white, lower breastdusky,
sides pinkish brown; tail mostly black, outer margin of
outer feathers white. p 7 *, summer. Yellow areas whit-
er; black areas more distinct; back pinker. Ad. 9,
winter. Similar to 0% but throat and line over eye less
yellow; black areas smaller; back more distinctly
streaked. ?, summer. More distinctly streaked above.
Notes. Call, a tseep, tseep; song, an unmusical, twit-
tering warble sung during soaring flight.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds in Labrador and region east
of Hudson Bay; winters south to South Carolina (chiefly on coast)
and in the Mississippi Valley to Illinois.

474*b. Prairie Horned Lark (O. a. praticola). W.

C? 4; 9,3.8. Line over eye white. Similar to No.
474, but smaller, line over eye and forehead generally
white, the throat often white and never so yellow as
in winter specimens of No. 474.

Range.— Breeds in the Mississippi Valley, south to southern Illinois
and Missouri west to eastern Nebraska and Assiniboia; east through
northwestern Pennsylvania and central New York to western and
northern New England; north to Quebec and Ontario; winters south
to South Carolina, Kentucky, and Texas.

474d. Texan Horned Lark (O. a. giraudi). W. $
3.9; 9, 3-6. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat
smaller and paler; throat, forehead and line over eye
yellow; breast, in males, generally tinged with yellow.
Range.— Coast of Texas from Galveston to the Rio Grande.

NORTHERN HORNED LARKS.
474a. Pallid Horned Lark (O. a. arcticola). W.
0\ 4.4; 9, 4-2. Largest of our Horned Larks; no yel-
low in plumage; throat, forehead and line over eye
white; back brown with grayish edgings.

Range.— "In summer, Alaska (chiefly in the interior) with the Val-
ley of the Upper Yukon River; in winter south to Oregon, Utah, and
Montana." (Oberholser.)

474k. Hoyt Horned Lark (O. a. hoyti). W. d\
4.4; 9, 4-2. Throat tinged with yellow; line over eye
white; back darker, pink areas richer than in 474a.
An intermediate form between Nos. 474 and 474a

Range. "In summer, British America from the west shore of Hud-
son Bay to the Valley of the Mackenzie River, north to the Arctic
Coast, south to Lake Athabasca; in winter, southward to Nevada,
Utah, Kansas, and Michigan, casually to Ohio and New York (Long
Island)." (Oberholser.) ■

* Fourteen subspecies of this wide-ranging, variable form are now
recognized in America, north of Mexico. Many of them are too
closely related to be distinguished even by detailed descriptions. When
breeding, they may be identified, in life, by a knowledge of the area
which each form alone inhabits at this season. But during their mi-
grations, and in winter, when several forms may be associated, it is
usually not possible to identify them in the field. The reader is re-
ferred to admirable monographs of this group bv J. Dwight, Jr. (The
Auk, vii, 1890, pp. 138-150), and H. C. Oberholser (Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., xxiv, 1902, pp. 801-884)."

200

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

WESTERN HORNED LARKS.
474c. Desert Horned Lark (O. a. leucolcema). W.
c?,4. i; $, 3.8. Forehead and line over eye very
slightly, often not at all, tinged with yellow; throat
yellow; back brown edged with pinkish gray; resem-
bles No. 474b, but is paler and less distinctly streaked
above.

Range. — "In summer, western United States from central Dakota,
western Kansas and western Nebraska to Idaho and Nevada, north on
the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains to Alberta; in winter, south
to Texas, Chihuahua. Sonora, and southeastern California." (Ober-
holser.)

474e. California Horned Lark (O. a. actio). W.
d\ 3«9; 9> 3-6. d\ summer. Back of head and nape,
spreading on to sides of breast, pinkish cinnamon; back
distinctly streaked with brownish black; throat always,
forehead and line over eye usually tinged with yellow, cm
winter. Less distinctly streaked above; cinnamon areas
paler and with grayish tips; black areas more or less
tipped with yellowish. $ , summer. Crown and back
uniformly streaked with blackish margined with pink-
ish gray. 9 , winter. Less distinctly streaked; black
areas tipped with whitish.

Range. — Northern Lower California north, west of the Sierra,
to Marin and San Joaquin Counties, California.

474f. Ruddy Horned Lark (O. a. rubea). Similar
to No. 472e, but nape region, sides of breast, etc.,
much deeper in color, deeper than in any other of our
Horned Larks; back less distinctly streaked with
blackish and more ruddy in tone, not sharply defined
from nape; yellow areas richer in color.

Range.— Sacramento County, California.

474g, Streaked Horned Lark (O. a. strigata).
Cinnamon areas less extensive but nearly as deeply
colored as in No. 474f; back distinctly and widely streak-
ed with blackish; forehead, line over eye, throat and
breast washed with yellow.

Range —"In summer, the states of Oregon and Washington west
of the Cascade Mountains; in winter, to eastern Oregon and Wash-
ington, south to northern California." (Oberholser.)

474h. Scorched Horned Lark (O. a. adusta). W.
cf, 4; 9> 3-8. Nearest to No. 474I, but the male
differs in being nearly uniform pinkish brown above,
back with only a few indistinct brownish streaks;
color deeper, browner, more ruddy.

Range.— "In summer, the central part of extreme southern Arizona;
in winter, northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico." (Oberholser.)

474i. Dusky Horned Lark (O. a. merrilli). W. 6,
4; $, 3.8. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat darker
above, the line over the eye usually tinged with yel-
low.

Range.— "In summer, northwestern United States, and southern
British Columbia, from northeastern California and northwestern
Nevada, northward through Oregon and Washington east of the Cas-
cade Mountains to British Columbia and extreme northern Idaho; in
winter, south to central California." (Oberholser.)

201

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

474j. Sonoran Horned Lark {O. a. pallida). W.
d\ 3-8; 9,3-6. Nape very pale pinkish; back pale
grayish brown edged with grayish; forehead, line over
eye, and throat tinged with yellowish. Resembles No.
474I, but is still paler.

Range.— "Region immediately adjacent to the head of the Gulf of
California, Mexico." (Oberholser.)

4741. Montezuma Horned Lark (O. a. Occident alts).
W. d\ 4; 9, 3.8. No distinct blackish streaks above;
back pale brownish edged with pinkish gray; throat
yellow, forehead and line over eye tinged with yellow.
Similar to No. 474!!, but paler, less ruddy above; differs
from No. 474c in being browner and less streaked
above.

Range.— In summer, central New Mexico, west to central Arizona;
in winter, south to northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico and
southeast Texas." (Oberholser.)

474m. Island Horned Lark (O. a. insularis). Sim-
ilar to No. 474g, but slightly darker above, breast
usually without a. yellow tinge.

Range.— Santa Barbara Islands, California.

446. Couch Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus
couchii). L.9.5. Ads. Throat white, breast and belly
yellow, tail dark brown) crown gray with an orange
patch, back grayish green; Yng. Similar, but no
crown-patch.

Range.— Guatemala, north in spring as far as Lower Rio Grande,
Texas.

447. Arkansas Kingbird {Tyrannus vertical's). L.
9. Ads. Throat light gray spreading over breast to
yellow belly; tail black, outer margin of outer feather
wholly white; above resembling No. 446. Yng. With
no crown-patch. Notes. Squeaky, rattling, rolling
notes; a noisy bird.

Range. — Western United States; breeds east to about Long. ioo° ,
north to Assiniboia, southern Alberta southern British Columbia, west
to the Pacific; winters south of United States, to Central America.

448. Cassin Kingbird (Tyrannus vociferans). L.
9. Ads. Throat and breast dark gray, belly yellow;
tail black, outer web of outer feather not wholly white;
above as in No. 447. Yng. With no crown-patch.
Notes. Less noisy than No. 447. (BendireJ

Range.— Western United States, northwestern Mexico and north
through Rockies, from western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, to
southern Wyoming; in California north to San Benito County; win-
ters south of United States to Central America.

449. Derby Flycatcher (Pitangus derbianus). L.
11. Ads. Back brown, wings and tajl externally
rusty; a yellow crown-patch; forehead, line over eye
and across nape white; throat white, below yellow.
Notes. Kiskadee, repeated. (Richmond.)

Range.— Northern South America; breeds north as far as Lower
Rio Grande, Texas.

202

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

i

451. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher {Myiodynastes lu-
teiventris). L. 8. Below sulphur streaked with
black; tail largely rusty brown; a yellow crown-patch;
inner wing feathers widely margined with whitish;
back grayish brown streaked with dusky. Yng. With
no crown-patch. Notes. A screech, like squeaking
of a wagon wheel, and a single note. (Poling.)

Range.— Central America; breeds north as far as southern Arizona.

452. Crested Flycatcher {Myiarchus crinitus). L.
9. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-
brown. Ads. Throat and breast gray, belly bright
sulphur; back grayish olive-green\ greenest above and
yellowest below of our larger Myiarchi. Notes. Loud,
chuckling, grating whistles.

Range- Eastern North America; west to the Plains: breeds from
Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters
from southern Florida south to northern South America.

453. Mexican Crested Flycatcher {Myiarchus mex-
icanus). L. 9.2; W. 4« Inner webs of all but middle
tail-feathers rust brown. Ads. Throat and breast
gray, belly sulphur, both paler than in No. 452; back
grayish brown, with little or no green tinge. Notes.
Resemble those of No. 452. (Merrill.)

Range.- Central America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande,
Texas.

453a. Arizona Crested Flycatcher (M. m. magis-

ter). Similar to No. 453, but larger, L. 9.4, W. 4.2,
and averaging slightly paler.

Range. — "Western Mexico; north to southern Arizona and south-
west New Mexico; south in winter to Tehuantepec, Mexico."

454. "Ash-throated Flycatcher {Myiarchus cineras-
cens). L. 8.; W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle
tail-feathers rust-brown, outer pair dusky at tip of
inner web. Ads. Throat and breast pale grayish
white, belly white tinged with yellow, above grayish
brown, outer web of outer tail-feather whitish. Palest
below of our Myiarchi. Notes. A rather resonant but
wooden chuck-pr-r-r-r.

Range. — Western United States: breeds from western Texas and
Lower California north to Colorado and Oregon; winters in southern
Mexico and Central America.

454a. Nutting Flycatcher {M. c. nuttingi). Simi-
lar to No. 454, but smaller, VV. 3.6, outer margin of
outer tail-feather not whitish, tip of its inner web
rusty, not dusky.

Range. — Breeds in southern Arizona and western Mexico; winters
n Central America.

454b. Lower California Flycatcher {M. c.pertinax).
Similar to No. 454a, but bill larger and stouter; above
grayer; below less yellow. (Brewster.)

Range. — Lower California.

45 5a. Olivaceous Flycatcher {Myiarchus lawrencei
olivascens) . L. 7. Ads. Inner webs of tail-feathers
like outer webs; tail-feathers margined with rusty;
breast and belly as in No. 452; crown brownish, back
grayish olive-green. Notes. A short mournful peeur.

Range.— Breeds from western Mexico north to southern Arizona;
winters south to southern Mexico; casual in Colorado.

203

Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown,

587. Towhee; Chewink (Tipilo erythr ophthalmitis).
L. 8. Three outer tail-feathers with white; iris red.
Ad. $. Above and breast black; sides reddish chest-
nut; belly white. Ad. 9. Above and breast brown.
Call, chewink or towhee; song, a loud, not over
musical sweet bird sin-n-ng, and a tremulous refrain /'// try.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Georgia and Louisiana north to Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; win-
ters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas.

587a. White-eyed Towhee (T. e. alleni). Similar
to No. 587, but iris whitish; only two outer tail-feath-
ers with white tips, or if on third, a mere spot. Notes.
Call, towhee, much sharper thanjthat of No. 587.

Range. — Florida, north along coast to South Carolina.

588. Arctic Towhee (Pipilomaculatus arcticus). L.
8.7. Ad. cf. Whitetipof outer tail-feather more than 1.3
long; scapulars and back marked with white; bick
black more or less tipped with brownish. Ad. $.
Breast and back grayish brown; fewer white markings
than in o 71 - Notes. Call, a Catbird-like mew; song,
suggesting that of No. 587, but shorter, more wooden,
less musical.

Range.- Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and west-
ern North Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to
Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas.

588a. Spurred Towhee (P. m. megalonyx). Simi-
lar to No. 588, but blacker above, no brownish edgings
on front of back; white markings on back less num-
erous; white tip to outer tail-feather less than 1.3 long.

Range. — Rocky Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds
from Mexico to British Columbia; migratory in the northern part of
range.

588b. Oregon Towhee {P. m, oregonus). Similar
to No. 588a, but darker; practically no brownish edg-
ings on back of male; sides much deeper; white mark-
ings much reduced, the white tip to outer tail-feather
less than 1. long; sides much deeper.

Range. — Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia;
winters south to southern California.

588c. San Clemente Towhee {P. m. clementce).
Similar to No. 588a. but adult male with black duller or
grayer; female lighter brown. (Ridgw.)

Range.- "San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cat-
alina Islands," southern California. (Grinnell.)

288d. San Diego Towhee {P. m. atratus). Similar
to No. 588a, but decidedly darker, with white markings
of wings, tail, etc., more restricted; ramp deep black.

Range. — The southern coast district of southern California, south
Into Lower California. (Ridgw.)

588e. Mountain Towhee {P. m. magnirostris). Sim-
ilar to No. 588, but bill much larger, rufous below pal-
er, above browner and tinged with olive. (Brewster.)

Range. -Cape Region of Lower California.

589. Guadalupe Towhee {Pipilo consobrinus) . Sim-
ilar to No. 588b in restriction of white markings, but
wings and tail much shorter, W. 3-i; T. 3.2, hind claw
much larger; Ad. tf sooty rather than black (Ridgw.)

Range. — Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

204

Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown.

457. Say Phoebe [Savornis soya). L. 7.5. Ads.
Breast rusty gray changing to rusty on belly; above
gray with a brown tinge; tail black. Notes. A plaintive
phee-eur, a short, plaintive, twittering warble. (Bendire.)

Range. — Western North America, east to about Long. ioo° : breeds
from southwestern Texas, southern California, north to the Yukon,
Alaska; winters in Mexico; accidental in Wisconsin, Illinois, and
Massachusetts.

591. Canon Towhee {Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus). L.
9.; W. 3. 7. Ads. Crown cinnamon-brown; back
brownish gray; throat buffy bordered by blackish
spots; lower belly and under tail-coverts cinnamon.
Notes. Calls, a loud, metallic chip repeated four times;
in flight a robin-like screep-eep-eep.

Range. — Northern Mexico north to western Texas, Arkansas Valley,
Colorado, and Arizona; resident.

591a. St. Lucas Towhee (P. f. albigula). W. 3. 3.
Similar to No. 591, but smaller; abdomen whiter, with-
out cinnamon.

Range — Southern Lower California.

591b. California Towhee {P. f. crissalis) W. 3. 9.
Similar to No. 591, but much browner above; throat
and under tail-coverts rusty brown; breast brownish
gray; scarcely lighter on the belly.

Range. — California, west of the Sierra.

59 Ic. Anthony Towhee (P.f. senicula). W. 3. 7.
Similar to No. 591b, but smaller and grayer, the abdomen
whiter.

Range. — Northern Lower California north to southern California.

592. Abert Towhee {Pipilo aberti). L. 9. Ads.
No crown-cap; lores and chin blackish; below pinkish
cinnamon; above grayish brown. Notes. Call, aloud,
clear, sharp chirp. Song, resembling that of the Spurr-
ed Towhee group. (B. B. and R.)

Range.— Southern California, Arizona, and northwestern New
Mexico, north to southern Nevada and southwestern Utah.

205

Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown.

506. Orchard Oriole {Icterus spurius) L. 7. 3. Ad.
<$. Black; breast, belly, rump, and lesser wing-cov-
erts chestnut. Ad. 9. Above olive-green, below
greenish-yellow; two white wing-bars. Yng. Male.
First fall like 9; first spring like $, but throat black.
Notes. Song much richer and more finished than that
of the orange and black Orioles; the difference is inde-
scribable but easily recognizable.

Range.— Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Florida and Texas north to Massachusetts, Ontario, Michigan, and
North Dakota; winters in Central America and northern South Amer-
ica.

592.1. Green-tailed Townee {Oreospi^a chlorura) .
L. 7. Ads. Center and sides of breast grayish,
middle of throat and abdomen white; above olive-green
more or less washed with grayish; crown reddish
chestnut. Notes. Call, a high, thin kitten-like mew;
song, musical, suggesting that of the Thick-billed
Sparrow.

Range.— Mountains of western United States, from more eastern
Rockies to Coast Range in California; north to central Montana,
Idaho, and eastern Washington; south, at least in winter, into Mex-
ico. (Ridgw.)

643. Lucy Warbler {Helminthopbila lucice). L. 4.2.
Ad. o 7 '. Above gray; crown-patch and upper tail-cov-
erts chocolate; below whitish. Ad. ?. Chocolate
areas smaller. Yng. No chocolate in crown; upper
tail-coverts cinnamon.

Range.— Northwestern Mexico;
southwestern Utah.

breeding north to Arizona and

660. Bay-breasted Warbler {Dendrotca castanea).
L. 5.6. Ad. o*. Throat, sides and crown rich chest-
nut; cheeks black; sides of neck buff; back black and
gray; wing-bars and tail-spots white. Ad. $. Less
chestnut; cheeks grayish. Yng. and Ad. in Winter.
Above olive-green streaked with black; below huffy
white, the flanks usually with a trace of chestnut.
Notes. Song, a very soft warble, tse-chee, repeated five
times, too liquid to admit of exact spelling. (Langille.)

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng-
land and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Hudson Bay re-
gion; winters in Central and northern South America.

206

Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown.

A

596. Black-headed Grosbeak (Zamelodia melano-
cephala). L. 8.1. Ad. g\ Black; neck-ring, rump,
back-streaks and underparts bright cinnamon; center
of belly and under wing-coverts yellow; patch in wing,
wing-bars and tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers
white. In winter tipped with brown above and on
breast below with black spots. Ad. 9- Under wing-
coverts yellow as in rj" t above as in No. 595; below
less streaked, breast buff. Yng. rj". Like $ but
breast, deeper buff; few streaks below; sides of crown
blacker. Notes. Call and song like those of the Rose-
breasted Grosbeak, but the latter more fluent.

Range.— Western United States, east to the Plains; breeds from
Mexico north to Dakota and British Columbia; winters south of
United States into Mexico.

761. American Robin (Morula migratoria). L. 10;
W. 4.9; T. 3.8. Outer tail-feathers with white tips.
Ad. c?. Breast and belly rich rust-brown; above dark
slaty, head and spots in back black. Ad. ?. Similar
but paler below, little or no black above. Winter.
Underparts margined with whitish; black above more
or less concealed by ashy. Notes. Calls, varied and
characteristic; song, a loud, hearty, cheer-up cheerily,
cheerily, cheerily, repeated and varied.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Rockies, northwest to
Alaska; breeding south to Virginia and. in the mountains, Georgia;
winters from northern States southward.

761a. Western Robin {M. m. propinqua). Similar
to No. 761, but no white tips to tail-feathers. Ad. rj .
Without black spots in back.

Range. — Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains west to the Pacific; breeds from the southern end of the
Mexican tableland north to British Columbia; winters from Oregon
and southern Colorado southward.

761b. Southern Robin (M. m. achrustera). Simi-
lar to No. 761, but smaller and in general much lighter
and duller; W. 4-7 : T. 3.5. (Batchelder.)

Range. — Carolinas and Georgia, except mountainous districts,
lowlands ot Virginia.

762. St. Lucas Robin (Merula confinis). Resemb-
ling No. 761 in plan of coloration but everywhere
much paler; breast and belly buff; no black in head.

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California.

763. Varied Thrush (Ixoreus mrvius). L. 10; W.
4.7. Ad. tf. Below rust-brown, belly whiter, a
broad black breast-band; above slaty, line behind eve
and bars in wing rusty; outer tail-feathers with white
tips. In winter washed with brownish above; breast
band with rusty, Ad. 9 . Paler below, breast-band
faintly indicated; above washed with brownish. Notes.
Song, a weird vibrant, long-drawn whistle repeated
on different notes.

Range. — Pacific coast from higher mountains of northern California
north to Alaska; south in winter along the coast.

763a. Pale Varied Thrush (/. n. meruloides). Sim-
ilar to No. 763, but wing longer, 5.1; 9 paler and
grayer. (Grinnell.)

Range. — Interior of British Columbia north to north Alaska; south
,n winter, through interior, to southern California.

207

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored.

*sm

456. Phcebe (Sayomis phoebe). L. 7. Ads.
Above grayish olive, crown blackish; outer web of
outer tail-feather whitish', below white tinged with yel-
low, sides of breast grayish; bill black. Yng. Green-
er above, yellower below. Notes. Pewit-phoebe, pewit-
phcebe; call, pee, pee, rarely a flight song.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from
South Carolina and western Texas north to Newfoundland and Man-
itoba; winters from North Carolina and northern Texas south to Cuba
and Mexico.

459. Olive-sided Flycatcher (Nnttalornis borealis).
L. 7.4. Ads. Throat and middle of belly white with a
yellow tinge; sides and most of breast grayish; above
brownish gray with an olive-tinge, crown darker, the
feathers lengthened. Notes. Hip-hip or quilp-quilp,
less often a loud, emphatic ivhip-pewhip. (Head.)

Range. — North America; breeds from Massachusetts (rarely),
northern New York, and Minnesota, northward to Alaska, south
through the Rockies and Coast Range to Mexico; winters in Central
and South America.

460. Coues Flycatcher {Contopus pertinax pallidi-
ventris). L. 7.7. Ads. Below nearly uniform gray,
belly paler; above gray, crown slightly darker, the
feathers lengthened. Notes. A plaintive musical four
or five noted whistle with regular intervals and a
singularly human-like quality.

Range.- Western Mexico, north to central Arizona; winters south
of United States.

X

46 1. Wood Pewee (Contopus vir ens). L. 6.5; W.

3. Ads. Above dark olive, crown blacker; below
dusky grayish, throat whitish, belly yellowish; lower
mandible yellowish. Yng. Greener above, yellower
below. Notes Pee-a-wee, peer and pee; all plaintive
and musical.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to about Lon
from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and
ters in Central America.

g 100 ° ; breeds
Manitoba; win-

46 2

462. Western Wood Pewee (Contopus richardsonii) .
Similar to No. 461, but above with usually no green-
ish tinge; below less yellow; under mandible brownish.
Notes. A nasal, rather emphatic pee-a.

Range.— Western United States, east to about Long. ioo° ; breeds
from western Texas and Lower California north to Manitoba, Alberta,
and British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central America.

462a. Large-billed Wood Pewee (C. r. peninsula).
Similar to No. 462, but smaller, W. 3-35 the bill larger,
length from nostril .42, width at nostril, .31; upper-
parts grayer. (Brewster.)

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California.

208

Perching Birds Chiefiy Dull Colored.

466. Traill Flycatcher (Empidonax traillti). Simi-
lar to No. 466a, but upperparts browner with little if
any real greenish tinge; bill averaging narrower,

Range. — Western United States; breeds from western Texas and
southern California north to Alaska and Great Slave Lake, east to
Kansas, Missouri and Illinois; winters in the tropics.

466a. Alder Flycatcher (E. t. alnorum). L. 6.1;
W. 2.8. Ads. Lower mandible horn color; below
white, breast grayish; breast and sides faintly washed
with yellow; above brownish olive-green; wing-bars
usually buffy. Like No. 467, but larger. Notes.
Pep of alarm, and an explosive ee-^ee-e-iip with stress
on the rasping ^ee. (D wight.)

Range. — Eastern United States, west to Michigan; breeds from
northern New Jersey (rarely) north to New Brunswick; winters in the
tropics.

X

467. Least Flycatcher {Empidonax minimus). L.
5.4; W. 2.5. Ads. Similar in color to No. 466a, but
smaller, tail slightly forked. Yng. Wing-bars more
buffy. Notes, a vigorous chebec, chebec; rarely a flight
song, "chebec, tooral-ooral."

Range. — Eastern North America, west to western Texas and east-
ern Colorado; breeds from Pennsylvania (North Carolina, in the Alle-
Ehanies' north to New Brunswick and Great Slave Lake; winters in
entral America.

468. Hammond Flycatcher [Empidonax hammondi).

L. 5.5. Ads. Bill smallest of our Empidonaces, lower
mandible brown] throat and breast grayish, breast and
belly slightly washed with sulphur; above grayish with
a slight olive tint. Like No. 467, but bill smaller,
lower mandible browner, throat grayer.

Range.- Western North America; breeds from the mountains of
New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Athabasca, east to Colorado:
winters in Mexico.

469. Wright Flycatcher (Empidonax wrightii).
Similar to No. 468, but underparts whiter; bill much
longer, longest and narrowest of our Empidonaces;
lower mandible whitish at base, brownish at tip; outer
web of outer tail-feather white.

Range.— Western United States, east to eastern slope ol Rockies;
breeds from mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Cal-
ifornia north to Montana and southern Oregon; winters in Mexico.

469.1. Gray Flycatcher {Empidonax griseus). L.
6. Ads. Above gray with a slight brownish tinge;
below grayish white with little or no yellow. Grayest
of our Empidonaces.

Range.— Western Mexico and Lower California north to southern
California and Arizona, (Fort Verde.)

209

mi

469.1

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored.

646.

463. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher {Empidonax flavi-
ventris). L. 5 6. Ads. below distinctly greenish
yellow, beliy brighter; above bright olive-green. Yng.
Brighter, wing-bars buffy. Notes. Pse-ek in one harsh
explosive syllable; a plaintive chu-e-e-p. fDwight.)

Range. Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
northern New England (south in Alleghanies to Pennsylvania!,
northern N.w York, and Minn* sota, north to Labrador and Northwest
Territories; winters in Central America.

464. Western Flycatcher {Empidonax difficilis).
Similar to No. 463, but brighter yellow below, breast
washed with brownish instead of greenish; above
yellower. Notes. A soft low note, and a wailing pee-eu.
(C. A. Allen.)

Range. — Western North America; east to about Long. ioo° ; breeds
from Mexican border north to southern Alaska; winters in Mexico and
Central America.

464. 1 . St. Lucas Flycatcher {Empidonax cineritius).
Most like No. 464, but much duller; scarcely a tinge of
green above; no decided yellow below except on throat
and abdomen. (Brewster.)

Range.- Lower Calitornia, from Cape Region north, rarely, to
southern California.

464.2. Santa Barbara Flycatcher {Empidonax insul-
icola). Similar to No. 464, but above darker and
browner; below paler. (Oberholser.)

Range. — Santa Barbara Islands, California.

465. Green-crested Flycatcher {Empidonax vires-
cens). L. 5.7. Ads. Throat and belly white , breast
grayish; sides, breast and sometimes belly, washed
with sulphur; back olive-green, a tint lighter than in
No. 463; lower mandible whitish; wing-bars buffy.

Notes. Spee or peet and pee-e-yuk.

Range.— Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from the
Gulf States to southern Connecticut and Manitoba; winters in Central
America.

646. Orange-crowned Warbler [Helminthophila ce-
lata). L. 5. No white in wings or tail. Ad. $.
Above olive-green more or less washed with grayish;
a concealed, reddish orange crown-patch; below dusky
yellowish green. Ad. $. Similar, but grayer, crown-
patch smaller or wanting. Yng. Like 9, but no
crown-patch. Notes, bong full and strong, not very
high pitched arid ending abruptly on a rising scale,
chee. chee, chee, chw\ c/iw'. (Jones.)

R nge. Interior of North America, breeding from Manitoba and
mountains of New Mexico to Alaska; winters in Gulf States and
southward; rare in Atlantic states north of South Carolina.

646a. Lutescent Warbler (H. c. lutescens). Simi-
lar to No. 646, but greener above, yellower below; un-
derp irts distinctly yellow with a dusky wash.

Range.— Pacific coast; breeding in mountains from southern Cal-
ifornia to Kenai Peninsula. Alaska; winters from California south
into Mexico: east to Colorado in migrations.

646b. Dusky Warbler (H. c. sordida). Similar to
No. 646a, but decidedly darker, bill and feet larger,
wing shorter and tail longer. (Ridgw. )

Range.— Breeds in Santa Barbara Islands, California; later occurs
on adjoining mainland.

210

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored.

472. Beardless Flycatcher {Ornithion imberbe).
L. 4.5; W. 2.10. Ads. Bill small, narrow, upper
mandible decidedly curved; above gray tinged with
olive, below grayish white with a yellow tinge.

Range.— Central America; north in spring to Lower Rio Grande 1
Texas.

472a. Rid g way Flycatcher (O. i. ridg-wavi). Sim-
ilar to No. 472, but larger, W. 2.2; grayer, little if any
sulphur tinge on underparts. (Ridgw.) Notes. Call,
a shriller repeated; song, from the tree-tops, jyoop,
yoop, yoopeedeedledee. (Stephens.)

Range.— Southern border of Mexican tableland north in spring to
southern Arizona.

/( 6\6. Bank Swallow {Riparia riparia). L. 5.2. Ads.
Below white, a broad grayish brown band across the
breast; above grayish brown. Yng. Similar, but
brown areas more or less tipped with rusty.

Range.— Northern hemisphere: in America, breeds from northern
New Jersey, Kansas, and southern California, north to Labrador, and
Alaska; winters south to Brazil.

\

617.

Rough-winged Swallow {Stelgidopteryx serri-
)ennis). L. 5.5. Ads. Above grayish brc

)arbs on outer vane ui
Plumage more or less

„ - „ -- >#.»«■•«.. v~"*«-& -~- r --

pennis). L. 5.5. Ads. Above grayish brown; below
grayish white, whiter on belly; barbs on outer vane of
outer primary recurved. Yng. Plumage more or less

tipped with rusty.

Range.— United States; breeds from Mexico north to Massachusetts,
Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central America.

211

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored.

623. Black-whiskered Vireo {Vireo calidris barba-
tulus). L. 6. Ads. A dusky streak on either side of the
throat, crown slate without a black border; back olive-
green; below white, lower belly, under -tail- and under
wing-coverts yellowish; no wing-bars. Notes. Re-
semble those of No. 624 but song more emphatic and
hesitating.

Range. — Breeds in Cuba, Bahamas and southern Florida; winters
in Central America.

\ 624. Red-eyed Vireo {Vireo olivaceus). L. 6.2.

\\Ads. Crown slate, on either side a narrow black
border; a white line over eye; above olive-green; below
white; under wing-coverts sulphur; no wing-bars;
no dusky streaks on throat. Notes. Call, a petulant,
complaining whang; song, a broken, rambling recitative
"you see it — you know it — do you hear me? — do you
believe it?"

Range. — Eastern United States, west to the Rockies and British
Columbia, east of Cascades; breeds from the Gulf States to Labrador,
Manitoba, and British Columbia; winteis in Central and South Amer-
ica.

632. Hutton Vireo {Vireo huttoni). L. 4.8. Ads.
Underparts dusky grayish white with a faint yellow
tinge; above dusky olive-green; lores and eye-ring
grayish, not conspicuous; two white wing-bars. Notes.
A piping whistle like the call of a young ^bird, pee-yer f
pee-yer; and a hoarse whistle oh-my, oh-my, oh-my.

Range.— California, west of Sierra; resident.

632a. Stephen Vireo {V. h. stephensi). Similar to
No. 622, but grayer above, whiter below, wing-bars
broader.

Range.— Mexican boundary from western Texas to southeastern
California.

632c. Anthony Vireo (V. h. obscurus). Similar to
No. 632, but darker, and averaging slightly smaller.

Range.— "Pacific coast, from Oregon to southern British Columbia;
south in winter to California." (A. O. U.)

647. Tennessee Warbler {Helminthophila peregrina) .
L. 5. No wing-bars; little or no white in tail. Ad. <$.
Head bluish gray; a whitish line over eye; back olive-
green; below grayish white. Ad. 9- Gray of head
with more or less olive-green; stripe over eye and un-
derparts yellower. Yng. Similar to 9 , but entirely
bright olive-green above; yellower below. Notes.
Song scarcely distinguishable from that of the Chip-
ping Sparrow, but first two syllables ftwjft instead of
chip. (Jones.)

p^ange —Eastern North America, west in migrations to the Rocky
Mountains; breeds from New Brunswick, northern New England,
northern New York, and Minnesota, north to Quebec and Alaska;
winters in Central and northern South America.

747. Kennicott Willow Warbler ( Phyllopseustes
borealis). L. 5. Ads. Above olive-green; below
white tinged with yellowish, sides greenish; a whitish
line over eye; a narrow whitish wing-bar; no white in
tail. Notes. Call, a monotonous d{it\ song, resembles
trill of Redpoll. (Seebohm.)

Range.— Asia, east to western Alaska.

212

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored.

625. Yellow-green Vireo (Vireo flavoviridis) . L.
6.4. Resembling No. 624, but greener above, the
sides heavily washed with greenish yellow.

Range. — Northern South America, north to the Lower Rio Grande.

626. Philadelphia Vireo {Vireo philadelphicus). L.
4.8. Ads. No distinct crown-cap; above oli^e-green;
below yellowish; a whitish line over eye; no wing-bars.
Notes. Resemble those of the Red-eyed Vireo but gen-
erally higher pitched; also a very abrupt, double-syll-
abled utterance with arising inflection which comes in
with the song at irregular intervals. (Brewster.)

Range, — Eastern North America; breeds from Maine, New Ham-
shire and Manitoba northward; winters in the tropics.

/ 627. Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus) . L. 5.4; W.

^2.8. Ads. Above grayish olive-green, crown slightly
grayer but without distinct cap as in No. 624; a whit-
ish line over eye but no black line above it; below
white, the sides washed with yellowish; no wing-bars.
Notes. Call, resembles that of the Red-eyed Vireo;
song; a rich, firm, unbroken warble with an alto un-
dertone.

Range. — Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from
Gulf States north to Hudson Bay region; winters in Mexico.

627a. Western Warbling Vireo (V. g. swainsoni).

Similar to No. 627, but averaging smaller, W. 2.6, the
bill more slender; upperparts, particularly crown,
grayer.

Range. — Western United States, east to the Rockies; breeds from
Mexico to BritishColumbia; winters in Mexico.

y 631. White-eyed Vireo {Vireo noveboracensis) . L.
5; W. 2.4.; B. .4. Ads. Eye-ring and lores yellow;
iris white; above olive-green more or less washed with
grayish; below white, sides yellowish; two whitish
wing-bars. Notes. Calls, varied, often harsh and
scolding; song, an emphatic whistle who are you, eh? or
what's that you say?, and a low medley often including
imitations of the notes of other birds.

Range, — Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas
north to New Hampshire and Minnesota; winters from Florida to Cen-
tra! America.

631a. Key West Vireo {V. n. maynardi) . Similar
to No. 631, but bill heavier, sides averaging less yel-
low.

Range. — Southern Florida; resident.

621b- Bermuda White-eyed Vireo (V. n. bermud-
ianus). Similar to No. 631, but wing shorter, 2.30; no
yellow on sides. (Bangs and Bradlee.)

Range. — Resident in Bermudas.

63 Ic. Small White-eyed Vireo (V. n. micrus).

Smaller than No. 631, W. 2.2; averaging grayer above;
sides with less yellow.

Range. — Northeastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas.

213

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored.

f/f-

£33.

634

629, Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius). L. 5.5;
W. 2.9; B. .4. Ads. Lores and eye-ring white; crown
and cheeks bluish slate-color; back olive-green; below
white, sides washed with greenish yellow; two whitish
wing-bars. Notes. Resembling in form those of Red-
eyed or Yellow-throated Vireos but more varied, some-
times a continuous warble; a musical chatter, like that of
the Yellow-throated and a trilled whistle. (Torrey.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut (and
south along Alleghanies) north to New Brunswick and Manitoba;
winters from Florida to Central America.

629a. Cassin Vireo (K. s. cassini). Above wholly
plumbeous-gray with scarcely, if any, olive tinge;
below white, the sides gray faintly tinged with green-
ish yellow; size of No. 629c.

Range. — "Breeds from British Columbia and Idaho south along Pa-
cific coast region end Nevada to Lower California; migrates to Arizo-
na, New Mexico, and northern Mexico." (Bailey.)

629b. Plumbeous Vireo (V. s. plumbeus). Like
No. 629, but back washed with the color of the head;
white on breast and throat less pure.

Range. — Rocky Mounain region; breeds from northern Mexico
north to southwestern Dakota and Wyoming; winters south to south-
ern Mexico.

629c. Mountain Solitary Vireo (V. s. alticola).
Larger than No. 629, W. 3.15, B. .46; head darker, its
color extending over most of the back.

Range. — Breeds in Alleghanies from North Carolina to Georgia;
winters in Florida.

629d. St. Lucas Solitary Vireo (V. 5. lucasanus).
Smaller than No. 629a, but bill longer and stouter,
sides and flanks much yellower; young without
brownish below, and resembling young of No. 629.

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California.

633. Bell Vireo (Vireo bellii). L. 5. Above olive-
green, crown grayer; lores and eye-ring white; two in-
conspicuous whitish wing-bars; below white, sides
tinged with yellowish. Most like No. 627, but back
greener, no white line back of eye. Notes. Resemble
those of the White-eyed Vireo, but less harsh, song
less emphatic. (Goss.)

Range. Interior states from Illinois west to Plains; breeds from
Texas to Minnesota; winters in Mexico.

633.1. Least Vireo (Vireo pusillus). L. 4-8. Ads.
Above gray, slightly tinged with greenish toward rump;
bcrlo.v white, sides with little if any greenish tinge;
one inconspicuous whitish wing-bar; lores and eye-
ring inconspicuously grayish.

Range, — Northwestern Mexico and northern Lower California;
breeds north to Arizona and middle California.

634. Gray Vireo (Vireo vicinior). L. 5.5. Above
slaty gray; below white tinged with grayish; one in-
conspicuous wing-bar; lores and eye-ring gray; bill
short. Notes. Song may be compared with the finest
efforts of the Blue-headed Vireo with the added charm
and mellowness of the song of the Yellow-throated
Vireo. (Henshaw.)

Range.— Northern Mexico, north to western Texas, southeastern
California, and southern Nevada; winters in Mexico.

214

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Col cred.

749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet {Regulus calendula).
Lr"4747 A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. Ad. <$'. A
more or less concealed crown-patch; back olive-green;
underparts soiled whitish more or less tinged with
buffy; two white wing-bars. Ad. $ and Yng. (Here
figured.) Similar, but no crown-patch.

Range.— North America; breeds from the northern border of the
United States northward, and south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizo-
na, and in the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from south Caro-
lina and Oregon southward to Central America.

749a. Sitkan Kinglet (R. c. grinnelli). Similar to
No. 749, but more olive-green above; more buffy below.

Range.— Pacific coast; breeds in southern Alaska; winters south-
ward to California.

470a. Buff-breasted Flycatcher {Empidonax fulvi-
frons pygmceus). L. 4.7. Ads. Below rusty buff;
above grayish brown.

Range.— Western Mexico; north In spring to southwestern New
Mexico and Arizona.

586. Texas Sparrow (Arremonops rufivirgata). L.
6.5. Ads. Above olive-green, sides of crown brown-
ish, its center grayish; below whitish; bend of wing
yellow. Notes. Song resembles that of the Chipping
Sparrow but with somewhat of the sweetness and
modulation of that of the Yellow Warbler.

Range.— Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas; casually to
Louisiana.

638. Swainson Warbler (Helinaia swainsonii) . L. 5.
Bill large; no white in wings or tail. Ads. Crown
brown, back, wings and tail olive-brown; a whitish
line over eye; below whitish tinged with yellow.
Notes. Song, "a series of clear, ringing whistles, the
first four uttered rather slowly and in the same key,
the remaining five or six given more rapidly and in an
evenly descending scale." (Brewster.)

Range.— Southeastern United States; breeds from Gulf States
north to southeastern Virginia, southern Indiana and southern Mis-
souri.

^639. Worm-eating Warbler {Helmitheros vermi-
vorus). L. 5.5. Bill large; no white in wings or tail
Ads. Crown black with three buff stripes; back,
wings and tail olive-green; below buffy white deeper on
breast. Yng. Buff everywhere richer. Notes. Call,
a sharp chip; song, resembles that of Chipping Spar-
row but is somewhat weaker.

Range. — Eastern United State s; breeds north to southern Connect-
icut, southern Illinois and southern Wisconsin; winters south of
United States.

742. Pallid Wren-tit (Chamcea fasciata). L. 6.7;
T. 3.4. Outer tail-feathers shortest. Ads. Above
brownish gray; below buffy obscurely streaked with
gray. Notes. Song wooden and unmusical, beginning
deliberately and ending in a roll, chick: chick; chick,
chick- chick- chick-chick- chick-chick.

Range. — '■' Interior of California, including the western slope of the
Siena Nevada, from the head of the Sacramento Valley south to
northern Lower California." (A. O. U.)

215

470a

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored.

742a. Coast Wren-tit {C.f.phcea). SimilartoNo.
742, but much browner above and deeper more pink
below; sides as dark as back.

Range.— Pacific Coast from Monterey County, California, north to
southern Oregon.

707. Curve-billed Thrasher (Toxostoma curvirostri).
L. 1 1.2. Ads. Above brownish gray; below mottled
with brownish gray; lower belly buffy; four outer pairs
of tail-feathers tipped with white; two narrow white
wing-bars. Notes. Call, a sharp, whit-whit; one of the
most silent of song Thrushes. (Merrill.) Song, re-
markably melodious and attractive. (Couch J

Range. — Mexican boundary region of Texas and New Mexico south
over the Mexico tableland to Oaxaca.

707a. Palmer Thrasher (T. c. palmeri). Similar to
No. 707, but wing-bars less evident; outer tail-feathers
without white tips.

Range. — "Southern Arizona, from about fifty miles northwest of
Phoenix, south to Guaymas, Sonora." (A. O. U.)

708. Bendire Thrasher {Toxostoma bendirei). L.
10.2. Ads. Above brownish ashy; below soiled
whitish washed with buffy and lightly spotted with
dusky, chiefly on breast; outer tail-feathers narrowly
tipped with whitish. Notes. Call, tirup, tirup, tirup.
(Brown.)

Range.— Desert regions of southern Arizona south into Sonora.
Mexico; west rarely to southeastern California; resident except at
extreme northern limit of its range.

709. St. Lucas Thrasher (Toxostoma cinereum).
L. 10. Ads. Above grayish brown; below white with
numerous wedge-shaped spots; outer tail-feathers
tipped with white.

Range.— Southern Lower California.

709a. Mearns Thrasher (T. c. mearnsi). Differs
from No. 709 in much darker upperparts, more rusty
flanks and crissum, much larger and more intensely
black spots on lower parts and less curved bill. (An-
thony.)

Range. — Northern Lower California, south to about Lat. 30 ° 30'.

216

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored.

7 10. Californian Thrasher [Toxostoma redivwum).

L. 12. Ads. Above grayish brown; belly distinctly
buff; breast grayish, throat whitish, washed with buff;
no white in wings or tail. Notes. Song suggesting
both that of the Brown Thrasher and the Mockingbird.

Range, — California west of the Sierra Nevada, north to about Lat.
35° ; south into Lower California.

7 I Oa. Pasadena Thrasher ( T. r.pasadenense). Sim-
ilar to No. 710, but grayer above; belly paler, throat
whiter.

Range. — Southern California.

7 11. Leconte Thrasher {Toxostoma lecontei). L.
10.5. Ads. Above brownish ashy, below creamy
white, under tail-coverts buff. Notes. Call, a sharply
reiterated whit or quit; song, remarkable for its loud
rich tone; can be heard distinctly for more than a mile.
(Mearns.) Call, low and musical, huee-e, whistled
through the teeth. (Stephens.)

Range. — "Desert region of southern California, Nevada, and ex-
treme southwestern Utah, from Benton, Cal. (Lat. 38 ° ), southeast-
ward through Arizona to Sonora (Lat. 30 ). Local in San Joaquin
Valley." (A.O.U.)

7 Ma. Desert Thrasher (T. /. arenicola). Differ-
ing from No. 711 in having upperparts darker and
grayer, tail blacker, and breast gray. (Anthony.)

Range. — Northern Lower California. (Rosalia Bay.)

712. Crissal Thrasher {Toxostoma crissalis). L.
12. Ads. Under tail-coverts reddish chestnut; upper-
parts brownish gray; underparts ashy, chin white.
Notes. No loud call note; song of remarkable scope
and sweetness. (Mearns.)

Range. — "Southwestern United States, from western Texas to the
Colorado Desert, California, and northern Lower California; north to
Charleston Mountains, Nevada, and St. George, Utah." (A. O. U.)

217

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

538. Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius orna-
tus). L. 6.2. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; all but
middle pair of tail-feathers (and sometimes these) with
white, two outer pairs white to the tip. Ad. J\ Throat
and cheeks buff; breast and belly black; crown black,
nape chestnut; lesser wing-coverts black tipped with
white. Ad. $. Above grayish brown streaked with
black; below pale buff, c? *« winter. Like summer $
but black and chestnut areas more or less tipped with
grayish brown. Notes. Song, short, shrill, but very
sweet, often uttered on the wing, f Allen. )

Range.— Great Plains; breeds from central Kansas and eastern
Colorado north to the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado
and Nebraska south into Mexico.

539. McCown Longspur [Rhynchophanes mccpwnii).
L. 6. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; all but middle pair
of tail-feathers with white, the outer one white to the
tip, the others tipped with black; lesser wing-coverts
chestnut. Ad. tf. Throat and belly white, breast and
crown black; back grayish brown streaked with
black. Ad. $. Below white washed with brownish;
above grayish brown streaked with black, c? in winter.
Like <j? but a partly concealed black breast patch; tail
with more white. Notes. Call, a chip at each stroke
of the wing; song, of soft, twittering, pleasing notes.
CGoss.) "A twittering, hurried chant, suggestive of
the Horned Lark's performance, but terminating in de-
creasing power." (Silloway.)

Range. — Great Plains; breeds from northwestern Kansas to Mon-
tana and the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado and Kan-
sas south into Mexico.

552. Lark Sparrow {Chondestes grammacus). L.

6.2; Ads. Sides of the crown and ear-coverts chest-
nut; all but middle tail-feathers tipped with white; back
broadly streaked with black; sides of throat and spot
on breast black. Notes. Song, loud and musical sug-
gesting both a Song Sparrow's and a Canary's.

Range. — Interior of North America from the Plains east to Illinois:
casuall'y east of the Alleghanies; breeds from Texas to Manitoba;
winters south into Mexico.

5 5 2a. Western Lark Sparrow (C. g. strigatus).
Similar to No. 552, but streaks on upperparts generally
narrower.

Range. — Western United States from the Plains to Pacific; breeds
from Mexico to Manitoba and British Columbia; winters south to
Central America.

218

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

536. Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus). L.

6.2 Hind toe-nail as long as or longer than toe; two
outer tail-feathers with white at the end. Ad. J\ sum-
mer. Nape chestnut; crown, cheeks, throat and upper-
breast black; back black margined with rusty brown.
Ad. Q , summer. Crown and back black margined
with rusty; nape brighter; below whitish; breast feath-
ers dusky at base; sides streaked with blackish. Win-
ter^ c?. Black areas and nape veiled with whitish or
buffytips; 9 , like 9 in summer.

Range.— Breeds in northern Europe and northeast North America
south to northern Labrador; in America, winters south, irregularly, to
South Carolina, Kentucky, Kansas, Texas; west to Manitoba.
(Ridgw.)

536a. Alaskan Longspur (C. /. alascensis). Simi-
lar to No. 536, but margins to back feathers much
paler, brownish gray or buffy; nape in winter more
buffy. Notes. Song, uttered on wing as bird with up-
stretched wings floats downward, sweet, liquid, tink-
ling, of same general character as that of Bobolink,
but shorter, less powerful. (Nelson.)

Range. — Breeds in Alaska, A eutian and Pnbilof Islands east to Fort
Simpson; winters south to eastern Oregon, Colorado, and western
Kansas. (Ridgw.)

553. Harris Sparrow {Zonotrichia querula). L.
7.5. Ad. summer. Throat and crown black; nape
chestnut, cheeks brownish; two white wing-bars.
Ads. winter. Throat mottled with white, crown tipped
with grayish. Notes, A queer, chuckling note; song
of pleasing, plaintive whistling notes in musical tone
like those of No. 558, but delivered in a different song.
(Cooke.)

Range.— Interior of North America; from Illinois west to the Dako-
tas; in summer, the region west of Hudson Bay (exact breeding range
unknown); south in winter to Texas (and Mexico?) ; accidental in
British Columbia, Oregon and California.

565. Black-chinned Sparrow (Spi{ella atrogularis).
L. 5.7. Below slaty gray. Ad. tf- Throat and
front of face black; rest of head and underparts slaty
gray, the belly whitish; back reddish brown narrowly
streaked with black. Ad. 9, Throat with little or
no black; crown washed with brownish. Yng. Simi-
lar to Ad. 9 , but never with black on throat; crown
more heavily washed with brownish. Notes. Song
said to resemble that of No. 563. (Bailey.)

Range.- Mexico and southwestern United States; breeds from
southern New Mexico and southern California southward; winters
south into Mexico and southern Lower California.

—English Sparrow (Passer domesticus). L. 6.3.
Ad. (j\ Throat and upper breast black; crown slate',
band behind eye and on nape chestnut. Ad. 9-
Below dirty white; crown and rump dingy grayish
brown; back streaked with black and rusty brown; a
buffy stripe behind eye. Yng. tf. Similar to Ad.
but throat and head tipped with brownish gray. Notes.
Harsh and discordant.

Range. -Introduced into America from Europe in 1851 and later
dates; now distributed throughout the greater part of the United

States.

219

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

531

Wsm,

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53 7. Smith Longspur {Calcarius pictus) . L. 6.6.
Hind toe-nail as long as toe; two outer tail-feathers
mostly white. Ad. ^. Throat, breast and belly buff;
nape buff; crown and cheeks black; ear-coverts and
line over eye white; lesser wing-coverts black margined
with white. Ad. £• Above brownish black mar-
gined with buff and rusty brown; below pale buff,
sides of breast and flanks streaked with brown. $ in
winter. Like 9 but lesser wing-coverts black and
white. Notes, Call constantly chirrup as they fly.
(Goss.)

Range.— Middle western United States; breeds in northern British
America; winters south over the plains and prairies to Texas; east to
Illinois.

579. Rufous-winged Sparrow (Aimophila carpalis).
L. 5.7. Outer tail-feathers shortest. Ads. Lesser
wing-coverts bright reddish brown; crown reddish
brown or chestnut margined with gray; back streaked
with black and margined with grayish brown; below
whitish; two black streaks from either side of the base
of the lower mandible. Notes. Call, %ib, %ib, pb.
(Bendire.)

Range. — Southern Arizona, north to Tucson and Camp Lowell and
south through Sonor-a to northern Sinaloa. (Ridgw.)

580. Rufous-crowned Sparrow (Aimophila ruficeps) .
L. 4; T. 2.6. No yellow at bend of wing; outer tail-
feathers shortest. Ads. Above reddish brown marg-
ined with buffy gray (no black streaks); below, in-
cluding middle of belly, brownish; sides of throat with
black lines. Notes. Song, very sweet, resembling
that of Lazuli Bunting, but distinguishable. (C. A.
Allen.)

Range.— Northern Lower California north to Marin County and
Sacramento Valley, California; local.

580a. Scott Sparrow (A. r. scottii). Similar to No.
580, but above brighter reddish brown, the margins to
the feathers grayer, the underparts much paler, the
breast grayish, the throat and middle of the belly
whitish.

Range.— Northwestern portion of Mexican plateau and adjacent
portions of Arizona. New Mexico and western Texas (El Paso Co.)
(Ridgw.)

580b. Rock Sparrow (A. r. eremxca). L. 6.
Ads. Crown reddish chestnut, back olive-brown
margined with gray. Similar to No. 58oa> but back of
a different color from crown, the grayish margins
wider.

Range.— Limestone Hill districts of middle Texas, from Kinney and
Maverick counties on the Rio Grande, northeastward to Cook County
and westward at least to Tom Green County; south in winter to Mex-
ico. (Ridgw.)

580c. Laguna Sparrow (A. r. sororia). Similar
to No. 580a, but bill somewhat stouter, reddish brown
above averaging brighter and wider.

Range. — Southern Lower California.

220

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

540. Vesper Sparrow (Tocecetes gramineus). L.
6.1. Outer tail-feather mostly white; hind toe-nail
not longer than toe; lesser wing-coverts reddish brown.
Ads. Above grayish brown streaked with black and
chestnut; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with
black and chestnut. Notes. Call, chip. Song, loud
and musical Look-look, see-see, me-me-me-me-me-me-sing,
followed by a confusion of notes.

Range. Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia. Illinois and
Missouri north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Vir-
ginia and southern Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico.

540a. Western Vesper Sparrow (P. g. confinis).
Similar to No. 540, but paler, less black above; bill
somewhat more slender.

Range.— Western United States from the Plains to the Sierra;
breeds from Arizona and New Mexico north to the Saskatchewan and
British Columbia; winters south into Mexico.

540b. Oregon Vesper Sparrow (P. g. affinis).
Similar to No. 540a, but smaller, W. 3; bill still more
slender; plumage browner, more buffy; browner even
than No. 540, the underparts, including belly, suffused
with buff.

Range. -Pacific coast; breeds in western Oregon (and north?);
winters southwest of the Sierra to San Diego, California.

575. Pine-woods Sparrow {Peuccea aestivalis). L.
5.8; T. 2.5. Bend of the wing yellow; outer tail-
feathers much shorter than the middle pair. Ads.
Above reddish chestnut, head and back streaked with
black and margined with gray; below whitish, breast
faintlv tinged with buff. Notes. Song, exceedingly sweet
and plaintive.

Range.— Florida and southern Georgia; winters in southern Florida^

575a. Bachman Sparrow (T. ce. bachmanii). Sim-
ilar to No. 575, but above brighter reddish chestnut,
black streaks fewer and usually confined to back;
breast and sides deeper buff.

Range.— Lower Mississippi Valley, west to southern Indiana and
southern Illinois, east to Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina,
and Virginia (rarely); west to Concho County, Texas; winters soutn in
Atlantic States, to southern Florida.

576. Botteri Sparrow (Peuc&a bottert). L. 6; T.
2.8. Bend of wing yellow; outer tail-feathers shortest.
Ads. Above bright rusty brown (about the color of a
Field Sparrow), head and back streaked with black
and margined with gray; below buffy, the center of the
belly whitish. Notes. Song, begins with a faint trill
followed by a succession of disjointed syllables, cha,
cheewee, wee, wee, wee, wir. (Henshaw.)

Range. - Entire plateau of Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande Val-
ley in Texas and southern Arizona. (Ridgw.)

57 8. Cassin Sparrow (Teuccea cassini). L. 6; T.
2.8. Bend of wing yellow; outer tail-feathers shortest,
their ends with distinct grayish patches. Ads. Above
gray streaked with dull reddish brown and spotted or
barred with black; below grayish white. Notes. Song,
lengthened and pleasing, usually sung on wing.

Range.— Texas and southern Kansas west to southern Nevada and
Arizona south into Mexico.

221

Sip

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

559. Tree Sparrow (Spi^ella monticola). L. 6.3.
A brack spot in the center of the breast. Ads. Cap
reddish brown, no black on head; two white wing-bars;
back streaked black, reddish brown and buff; below
whitish; upper mandible black, lower yellowish.
Notes. Call, a musical, tinkling, too-lay-it, song, ''a
loud, clear and powerful chant."

Range.— Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds in
Labrador and region west of Hudson Bay; winters south to South
Carolina, Tennessee and Indian Territory.

559a. Western Tree Sparrow (S. m. ochraced).
Similar to No. 559, but back with much less reddish
brown, largely brownish buff streaked with black.

Range.— Western North America east to the Plains; breeds in

• Alaska; winters south to Mexican border.

560. Chipping Sparrow (Spi^ella socialis). L. 5.3.

• Ads. Crown reddish chestnut, forehead blackish', a
black line from eye to nape; back streaked with black,
reddish brown and grayish brown; wing-bars not con-
spicuous; below grayish white; bill largely black. Yng.
Crown like back; cheeks brownish. Notes. Call,
chip', song, an unmusical chippy, chippy, chippy, repeated.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Gulf States to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters in the
Gulf States and Mexico.

560a. Western Chipping Sparrow (S. s. ari^once).
Similar to No. 560, but much grayer above; back with
little or no reddish brown.

Range. — Western North America; breeds from Mexican border
states to Alaska; winters from California and Mexican border states
to southern Mexico.

\ 563. Field Sparrow (Spi^ella pusilla) . L. 5.6; T.
.'2.5. Bill entirely pinkish brown. Ads. Crown red-
dish brown, a gray line over the eye, a reddish brown
stripe from behind it to nape; back reddish brown
streaked with black; below whitish, no streaks, breast
washed with buffy; two white wing-bars. Notes. Call,
chip; song, a musical whistle, chcr-wee, cher-wee-cher-wee,
chee-o, dee-e-e-e-e; with many variations but usually end-
ing in a trill.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from South Carolina,
Alabama and central Texas north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters
from Virginia and Illinois to Gulf States.

563a. Western Field Sparrow (S. p. arenacea).
Similar to No. 563, but much paler above; crown large-
ly grayish; back with but little reddish brown, breast
with little or no buff; tail longer, 2.7.

Range. — Great Plains of interior; breeds from Nebraska and South
Dakota to eastern Montana; winters south to northeastern Mexico;
casually to Louisiana. (Ridgw.)

5 84. Swamp Sparrow (Melospi^a georgiana).

5.8. Ads. Forehead black with a gray median
crown bright chestnut; below grayish white;
brownish, nape gray; back grayish, black, and
Yng. Crown streaked chestnut and black; gray

L.

line;
sides
buff,
line
over the eye sometimes tinged with yellow; other parts
deeper in color. Notes. Call, a sharp cheep; song, a
simple tweet-tweet-tweet, etc., all on one note.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador
and Manitoba; winters from Kansas, southern Illinois, and Massa-
chusetts to Gulf States.

222

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

542. Sandwich Sparrow {Passer cuius sandwicbensis).

L. 5.7; W. 2.9 A yellow line. from the bill passing
over the eye; bend'of wing usually tinged with yellow.
Ads. Above streaked with black, chestnut and brown-
ish gray; below white, (buffy in fall and winter),
breast and sides streaked with black, the streaks nar-
rowly margined with chestnut. Notes. Doubtless re-
semble those of No. 542a.

Range. — Northwest coast; breeds in western Alaska; winters south
to northern California.

542a. Savanna Sparrow (P. s. savanna^. Similar
to No. 542, but smaller, W. 2.7; yellow line over eye
shorter and less pronounced; bill smaller. Notes. Call
a sharp tsip, frequent y uttered; song, a weak, musical
little trill following a grasshopperlike introduction,
tsip, tsip, tsip, se-e-e-s'r-r-r. (Dwight. )

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
northern New Jersey (rarely), eastern Long Island, and Missouri
north to Labrador and western Hudson Bay; winters from Virginia
and southern Illinois to Cuba and Mexico.

542b. Western Savanna Sparrow (P.s. alaudinus).
Similar to No. 542a, but bill more slender, color aver-
aging paler, the yellow line not passing over the eye,
less evident before it and often wholly wanting.

Range.— Western North America from the Plains west to the Si-
erra; breeds from Mexico City north to Alaska; winters from south-
ern California southward.

542c. Bryant Marsh Sparrow (P. s. bryanti) .
Similar to No. 542b, but smaller, W. 2.6; colors much
darker, streaks belovv heavier; yellow over eye more
pronounced. A darker bird even than No. 542a, but
with the bill slender as in No. 542b.

Range. — Resident in salt marshes about San Francisco and Mont-
erey Bav; winters south to San Pedro Grinnell); casually to Mexico
City. (Ridgw.)

543. Belding Sparrow {P asser cuius beldingi\ L. 5;
W. 2.5. Ads. Similar to No. 542c, but somewhat
smaller, above darker and with a slight olive caste; un-
d, rparts more heavily streaked.

Range. — Pacific Coast; salt marshes from Todo's Santos Island,
Lower California, north to Santa Barbara.

544. Large-billed Sparrow (Passeradus rostratus).
L. 5.5; W. 2.6. Bill stout, upper mandible curved; no
yellow before eye or on bend of wing. Ads. Above
grayish brown marked with brown and blackish but
without well-defined streaks; below white, breast and
sides streaked with grayish brown, the streaked
feathers centrally blackish.

Range. — Coast of southern California north to Santa Barbara; win-
ters south to Cape St. Lucas and northwestern Mexico.

544a. St. Lucas Sparrow (P. r. guttatus). Simi-
lar to No. 544, but smaller, W. 2.5; bill more slender;
upperparts brownish gray with an olive tint and streak-
ed with darker; similar to No. 544c, but smaller, upper-
parts more olive and more widely, but less sharply
streaked.

Range. — Cape Region of Lower California In winter; breeding
range unknown.

223

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

545- X V«^^,

In

54b

544b. Lagoon Sparrow {P. r. balophilus). Similar
to No. 544a, but larger, W. 2.7, and darker; streaks on
chest with little if any brown edging; differing from No.
543, in more uniform coloration of upperparts, in less
narrow and decidedly blackish streaks on chest, etc.

Range. — Salt marshes, Abreojos Point, Lower California.

544c. San Benito Sparrow (P. r. sanctorum). Sim-
ilar to No. 544, but bill more slender; above grayer
(brownish gray) distinctly streaked with blackish, the
streaks margined with brown; below streaked with
black, the streaks narrowly margined with brown.sh.

Range. Breeds on San Benito Island, Lower California; in winter
to Cape Region of Lower California.

545. Baird Sparrow {Coturntculus bairdii). L. 5.7.
Tail-feathers pointed, middle ones shortest, Ads.
Crown yellowish brown, streaked with black; back
black margined with chestnut and grayish; below
whitish, breast and sides streaked with black. In
fall and winter, colors richer. Notes. Song, "trtck-e-
trik-eeeee-chiky-le-roit, with a peculiar tinkling utter-
ance."

Range.— Great Plains; breeds from western Minnesota, North
Dakota, eastern Montana, north to Manitoba and Assiniboia; winters

touth to Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. (Ridgw.)
546. Grasshopper Sparrow {Coturntculus savanna-
jhmpasserinus). L. 5.3. Line before eye orange; bend of
wing yellow; tail-feathers pointed. Ads. Crown black
with a buffy central stripe; nape chestnut and gray;
back black, chestnut buff and gray; below buffy, un-
streaked, belly whiter. Notes. Call, a sharp chip;
song, a weak, msect-\\ke pit -tuck, ^ee-e-e-e-e-e-e.

Range.— Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
the Gulf States to Massachusetts, Vermont, and Minnesota; winters
from North Carolina to Cuba and Mexico.

546a. Western Grasshopper Sparrow (C. s. bi-

maciil.it as). Similar to No. 546, but paler below and
with less black and more chestnut above.

Range. — Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific;
breeds from Mexican border states north to Montana and British Col-
umbia; winters south into Mexico.

546b. Florida Grasshopper Sparrow (C s. florid-
anus). Similar to No. 546, but smaller, W. 3; darker
above, paler below; sides of crown almost solid
black; chestnut above largely replaced by black.

Range. — Kissimmee Prairies, Florida.

547. Henslow Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii).
L. 5. Bend of wing yellow; tail-feathers pointed, the
outer ones much the shortest. Ads. Crown and
nape pale olive-green streaked with blackish; back
bright reddish brown streaked with black and gray;
below white; breast and sides washed with buff and
streaked with black. Notes. Call, tee-wick) song, sis-
r rrit-srit-srit. (Jouy.)

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds locally, from Virginia and
Missouri, north to New Hampshire, southern Ontario and Minnesota;
winters from Virginia and Missouri south to the Gulf of Mexico.

547a. Western Henslow Sparrow {A. h. occidenta-
lis). Similar to No. 547, but paler, in summer little or
no buff below.

Range.— Central western states; breeding, so far as known, in South
Dakota: in winter south to Texas.

224

K

548. Leconte Sparrow
L. 5. No yellow on wing; tail-feathers pointed, outer
ones much the shortest. Ads. Broad line over eye,
throat, breast and sides rich buff; nape chestnut and
gray; back black narrowly margined with chestnut and,
at the sides, broadly with buff; sides streaked; breast
rareiy with a few streaks. Notes. Call, a thin, sharp,
tweet, and a long-drawn bi^; song, a tiny, husky,
reese, reese. (Seton.)

Range.— Great Plains and more western prairies; breeding from
Dakota, Minnesota, etc., to Manitoba, migrating- south and east, in
winter, through Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, etc., to South Carolina and
Gulf States from Florida to Texas." (Ridgw.)

533. Pine Finch (Spinuspinus). L. 5. Bill sharp-
ly pointed; a tuft of bristly feathers over the nostril;
tail slightly forked. Ads. Base of tail, of inner wii g-
feathers and outer edges of primaries yellow; above
brownish; below whitish streaked with black. Notes.
Call, a metallic note; song, tinkling and musical often
sung on the wing as with No. 529, the song of which
it resembles.

Range. — North America: breeds from northern boundary states to
Alaska; in the Alleghanies south to North Carolina; and in the Rock-
ies and Sierra south to Mexico; winters from the northern states to
Gulf states and Lower California.

541. Ipswich Sparrow {P asser cuius princeps). L.
6.2. Ads. Above pale brownish gray streaked with
brown; below white, breast and sides streaked with
brownish; spot above eye and bend of wing often pale
sulphur yellow. Notes. Resemble those of No. 542a.

Range. — Breeds on Sable Isiand, Nova Scotia, winters south along
coast, regularly to Virginia, rarely to Georgia.

549. Sharp-tailed Sparrow (Ammodramus caudacu-
tus). L. 5.8. Tail-feathers sharply pointed, outer
ones shortest. Ads. Below white, breast and sides
washed with buff and distinctly streaked with black;
nape olive-green; cheeks orange-buff; ear-coverts gray;
crown olive-chocolate with a blue-gray central line;
back olive, buff, black and gray. Notes. Call, chip;
song, an unmusical, short, 'husky," "gasping" effort,
uttered from a perch or on fluttering wings above the
reeds.

Range.— Atlantic coast: breeds from South Carolina to New Hamp-
shire; winters from North Carolina to Florida.

549.1. Nelson Sparrow {Ammodramus nelsoni).
L. 5.5. Tail-feathers pointed, outer ones shortest.
Ads. Similar to No. 549, but breast and sides much
deeper buff, the former with few or no streaks; upper-
parts more richly colored. Notes. Resemble those of
No. 549.

Range. — Breeds in interior from northern Illinois to Manitoba and
South Dakota; migrates east to New York and winters south to South
Carolina and Texas; accidental in California.

549.1a. Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow {A. n. sub-
virgatusj. Similar to No. 549.1, but breast and sides
paler, the former lightly but distinctly streaked with
grayish; upperparts less richly colored.

Range. — Atlantic coast; breeds in marshes of eastern Maine,
southern New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island; winters south to
South Carolina.

225

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

(Ammodramus lecontei) ,

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

5 50. Seaside Sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus).

L. 6: W. 2.5. Tiil-tc.thers pointed, the outer ones
shortest; spot bel ore eye and bend of wing yellow.
Ads. Above olive-green and gray (no black); below
white, breast and sides grayish and, in first plumage,
streaked with buff. Notes. Similar in character to
those of No. 549.

Range. — Atlant.c coast; breeds in salt marshes from North Carolina
to southern Massachusetts; winters from Virginia to Georgia.

550a. Scott Seaside Sparrow (A. m. peninsula).
Similar to No. 550, but smaller, VV. 2.3; above black
margined by olive-brown and olive-green; below whit-
ish, breast and sides heavily streaked with blackish.

Range. — Atlantic coast from northeastern Florida to South Caro-
lina; Oulf Coast of Florida.

550b. Texas Seaside Sparrow {A. m. sennetti).
Similar to No. 550, but greener above; the feathers of
head and back usually, those of nape always, with
black centres.

Range. — Coast of Texas.

550c. Fisher Seaside Sparrow {A. m. fisheri).
Similar to No. 550a, but darker above, the breast and
sides heavily washed with rusty buff and streaked
with black.

Range. — Coast of Louisiana, south in winter, at least as far as
Corpus Christi, Texas; casual on Gulf coast of Florida.

550d. MacgilMvray Seaside Sparrow {A. m. mac-
gilhvraii). Similar to No. 550c, but above grayer,
less black, breast and flanks but faintly washed
with buff and streaked with dusky grayish. Grayer
above than No. 550a, and less heavily streaked below.

Range. — Local on coast of South Carolina.

551. Dusky Seaside Sparrow (Ammodramus nigres-
cens). L. 5.9. Above black lightly margined with
gray; below white heavily streaked with black; spot
before eye and bend of yellow. Notes. Similar in
character to those of No. 550.

Range.— Marshes at head of Indian River, Florida, from Banana
River to Haolover Canal.

583. Lincoln Sparrow (Melospi^alincolnii). L. 5.71
Ads. A broad buff baud across the breast; center of
crown with a gray stripe, its sides striped chestnut and
black; back gra\ish brown streaked with black and
chestnut, below streaked with black except on middle
of white belly. Notes. Call, a sharp chirp; song,
suggests bubbling, guttural notes of House Wren com-
bined with rippling music of the Purple Finch.
(Dwight.) (See, also, Brewster, Bird-Lore II, P. in.)

Range.- North America: breeds from northern New York, northern
Illinois and higher parts of Rockies and Sierra north to Alaska;
winters from southern Illinois and southern California into Mexico;
rare east of Alleghanies.

583a. Forbush Sparrow (M. I. striata). Similar
to No. 583, but browner above, crown-stripe and line
over eye more brown than gray.

Range.— Pacific coast from British Columbia to California; breed-
ing range unknown.

226

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

554. White-crowned Sparrow {Zonotrichia leu-
cophrys). L. 6.9. No yellow before eye. Ads.
White stripe over eye not reaching to bill; lores black;
breast gray, throat but little paler; back gray streaked
with brown, rump browner, Yng. Black crown-
stripes replaced by chestnut, the white ones by buff;
back much browner, no gray. Notes. Call, a sharp
chip; song, a plaintive, musical whistle usually of five
or six notes, the first two longest.

Range. — North America; "breeds from northern New England and
(in the higher Rockies and Sierra) New Mexico, Arizona, and Cal-
ifornia north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters from
southern United States into Mexico.

554a. Intermediate Sparrow (Z. /. gambeli). Sim-
ilar to Nt>. 544, but the lores wholly gray or whitish,
the white line over the eye reaching the bill.

Range. — Western North America; breeds from Montana and eastern
Oregon northeast of Coast Mountains, to lower Mackenzie and north-
ern Alaska; winters from southern United States into Mexico; casual
in migrations east to Mississippi River States.

554b. Nuttall Sparrow (Z. /. nuttalli). Similar to
No. 554a, but smaller, L. 6.5, margins to feathers of
back browner, underparts browner, bend of wing
yellow.

Range. — "Pacific coast district, breeding from Monterey, Californ-
ia, to Mt. Simpson, British Columbia, south in winter to San Pedro
Martir Mountains, Lower California." (Ridgw.)

557. Golden-crowned Sparrow {Zonotrichia coron-
ata). L. 7.2. Ad. J 1 . Center of crown yellow, its
sides black; below grayish white, sides brownish;
back brown streaked with black; two white wing-bars;
bend of wing yellow. Ad. $. Crown like back; its
front tinged with yellow; breast washed with brownish.

Range. — Pacific coast; breeds in Alaska; winters from Oregon
south to northern Lower California.

558. White-throated Sparrow {Zonotrichia albicol-
lisj". C. 6.7. A yellow mark before the eye and on
bend of wing. Ads. Crown black, a narrow white
stripe through its center and bounded by white behind
the eye; throat white sharply defined from gray breast;
back reddish brown streaked with black. Yng. Less
yellow before eye, crown browner, its stripe gray;
throat grayer, sometimes like breast. Notes. Call, a
low tseep, and sharp chink; song, a musical, clearly
whistled sow-wheat peverly, peverly, peverly; or peabody,
peabody, peabody.

Range.- Eastern North America, west to the Plains, casually to the
Pacific; breeds from Massachusetts (locally), northern New York,
northern Michiean, and eastern Montana, north to Labrador and West
Hudson Bay region; winters from Massachusetts (rarely) and Illinois
south to the Gulf.

227

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

56 1. Clay-colored Sparrow (Spt^ella pallida).
L. 5.4. No reddish brown. Ads. Above grayish
brown streaked with black; sides of crown largely
black, a grayish line through its center; sides of head
broumish; below white. Notes. Song, three notes,
and a slight trill. (Coues.j

Range. — Interior of North America, from Illinois to the Rockies;
breeds from eastern Colorado, and northwestern Illinois north to Sas-
katchewan; winters from southern Texas into Mexico.

562.

Brewer Sparrow (Spizella breweri),
No reddish brown. Ads. Back

L. 5.4.
and crown brownish
gray, uniformly and narrowly streaked with black;
sides of head grayish; below white. Grayer than No.
561, the sides of the head not largely black. Notes.
Call, chip; song, a reedy warble resembling in tone
that of a Long-billed Alarsh Wren.

Range. — Western United States, from the Rockies to central Cal-
ifornia; breeds from Mexican border States north to British Colum-
bia; winters from southern California south into Mexico.

574. Bell Sparrow {Ampktspira belli). L. 6.1; W.
2.7. Ads. Sides of throat with black streaks; center
of breast with black spots; above grayish brown, usual-
ly without distinct streaks, no white in tail.

Range.— Pacific coast, from northern Lower California northwest of
Sierras, to Warren county, California; resident.

574a. Sage Sparrow (A. b. nevadensis). Similar
to No. 574, but larger, W. 4.2; back brownish gray,
usually finely but distinctly streaked with black; less
black at sides of throat, usually a white stripe over the
eye. Notes. Call, a chipping twitter; song, feeble,
but sweet and sad. (B. B. & R.)

Range. — Great Basin region: breeds from New Mexico, Arizona,
and southeastern California north to Idaho and eastern Oregon; win-
ters south to western Texas and southern California.

574b. Gray Sage Sparrow (A. b. cinerea). Simi-
lar to No. 574, but paler above, throat-stripes narrower,
more interrupted, breast-spot smaller, both stripes and
spot dull grayish instead of blackish. (Ridgw.)

Range. — Lower California.

5 64. Worthen Sparrow (Spi^ella wortheni). Re-
sembles No. 563a, but sides of head plain gray, no
brownish streak behind eye; tail shorter, 2.9.

Range. — Southern New Mexico (Silver City) , southward over east-
ern border of Mexican plateau to southern Puebla; breeding from
Tamaulipas northward. (Ridgw.)

228

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

EASTERN SONG SPARROW GROUP.
581. Song Sparrow (Melospi^a cinerea melodia) . L.
.2. Ads. Above reddi>h brown and gray with black
streaks; tail with a decided rufous tinge; black streaks
below conspicuously margined with reddish brcwn,
those of center of breast forming a patch. Notes.
Call, a characteristic chimp or trink; song, too variable
in form to admit of brief description but unmistakable
in tone throughout the whole group.

Range.— Eastern North America west to the Plains; breec's from
Virginia and northern Illinois north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters
from southern Illinois and Massachusetts to Gulf States.

58 1b. Mountain Song Sparrow (M. c. montana).
Similar to No. 581, but grayer; reddish brown not so
bright; bill smaller.

Range. — Rocky Mountain district, of United States west to, and in-
cluding Sierra Nevada in California; north to eastern Oregon, south-
ern Idaho, and southern Montana; south in winter to western Texas
and northern Mexico. (Ridgw.)

58 I k. Merrill Song Sparrow (M. c. merrillt). Sim-
ilar to No. 581b, but slightly darker and more uniform
above, with grayish edgings to interscapulars and
scapulars less strongly contrasted with the darker
mesial streaks, the latter usually with more brown
than black. (Ridgw.)

Range. — Breeds from northern California (Shasta County) in
mountains and through Oregon and Washington east of Cascade
Mountains, to northwestern Idaho; winters south into Mexico.
(Ridgw.)

58 I j. Dakota Song Sparrow (M. c.juddi). Simi-
lar to No. 581, but above paler, especially line over
eye and sides of neck; white below clearer; interscap-
ulars with black center broader, reddish brown por-
tions narrower; dark markings on breast restricted and
more sharply defined. (Bishop.)

Range. — "Turtle Mountains and vicinity. North Dakota." (A. O.

DESERT SONG SPARROWS.
58 1a. Desert Song Sparrow (Melospt\a cinerea

fallax). W. 2.5. Above reddish brown and gray;
below white with reddish brown streaks; usually no
black in plumage.

Range.— Lower Sonoran district of southwest Arizona, southern Ne-
vada, southeast California and northwest Lower California and Son-
ora. (Ridgw.)

58 lg. Brown Song Sparrow (M. c rivularis). Sim-
ilar to No. 581a, but larger, W. 2.7, with longer, more
slender and more compressed bill; still less strongly
contrasted markings, and duller, less rufescent colors.
(Ridgw.)

Range. — Mountain districts of southern Lower California. (Ridgw.)

CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.
581c. Heermann Song Sparrow {Me!ospi\a cinerea
heermannt). L. 6.5; W. 2.5. Ads. Above chestnut
olive-gray with usually distinct black streaks; tail
without a decided rufous tinge; black streaks below not
conspicuously bordered by rufous.

Range. — Central valleys of California including lower levels of
Sacramento and San Joaquin basins. (Ridgw.)

229

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

Simi-
much

CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.
581m. San Diego Sparrow (M. c. cooperi).
lar to No. 581c, but slightly smaller, W. 2.4
lighter and grayer.

Range. — Southern coast district of California north to Monterey
Bay, east to Ft. Tejon, San Bernardino, etc., and north Pacific coast
district of Lower California south to San Quentin Bay. (Ridgw.)

58 Id. Samuels Song Sparrow (Af. c. samuelis).
Similar to No. 581c, but smaller, W. 2.4, bill more
slender.

Range — Coast slope of central California (except salt marshes of
San Francisco Bay), from Santa Cruz County to Humboldt County,
north, at least in winter, to Humbolt Bay. (Ridgw.)

58 1 I. Alameda Song Sparrow (Af. c. pusillula).
Similar to No. 581a, but smaller, W. 2.3, less rusty,
underparts more heavily streaked, usually more or less
suffused with yellowish.

Range. — Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. (Ridgw.)

582i. San Clemente Song Sparrow (M. c. cle-
mentce). Similar to No. 581m, but larger and grayer.

Range. — San Clemente, San Miguel, and Santa Rosa Islands,
Santa Barbara Group, California; Coronados Islands, Lower Cali-
fornia. (Ridgw.)

58 I h. Santa Barbara Song Sparrow (Af. c. gram-
inea). Similar to No. 5811, but much smaller, W. 2.4.

Range. — Santa Barbara Islands, California mainland in winter.

NORTHWEST COAST SONG SPARROWS.
58 I e. Rusty Song Sparrow (Af. c. morph no). W.
2.7. Ads. Above without clear gray and not distinct-
ly streaked; prevailing color dark reddish brown; be-
low heavily streaked with same.

Range. Northwest coast region, Oregon to British Columbia;
south in winter to southern California.

58 If. Sooty Song Sparrow (Af. c. rufina). Simi-
lar to No. 581c but larger, W. 2.9, more sooty above
and below, underparts more heavily streaked,

Range. — Pacific coast region from British Columbia north to south-
ern Alaska.

58 In. Yukutat Song Sparrow (Af. c. caurina).
Similar to No. 58if, bill longer and more slender, color
grayer.

Range. — Coast of Mt. St. Elias district of Alaska, from Yakutat
Bay to Lituya Bay.

58 1 o. Kenai Song Sparrow (Af. c. kenaiensis).

Similar to No. 582, but smaller, W. 3, plumage darker,
more sooty, less rufous.

Range.- Coast of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, from east side of Cook
Inlet to Prince William Sound. (Ridgw.)

581.1. Kadiak Island Song Sparrow (Af. c. insignis) .

Similar to No 5810, but larger, W. 3- 2 > bill longer,
color grayer.

Range.— Kadiak Island and opposite coast of Alaska. (Ridgw.)

582. Aleutian Song Sparrow (Melospi?a cinerea).
Similar to No. 581. 1, but larger and grayer; largest and
grayest bird of group; L. 8: W. 3.4.

Range. — "Western portion of Alaska Peninsula (Stepovak Bay,
opposite Shumagin Islands), Shumagin Islands, and Aleutian Islands,
from Unalaska to Atka, Adak, and Attu." (Ridgw.)

230

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

J&&9~. Fox Sparrow {Passer ella iliaca). L. 7.2.
Back streaked, gray and reddish brown; tail and spots
below bright reddish brown. Notes. Call, a weak
tseep; song, loud, sweet, varied, ringing and joyous.

Range.— Eastern North America; breedsfrom Magdalen Islands and
Manitoba, northwest to Alaska; winters from Virginia to the Gulf
States.

585a. Shumagin Fox Sparrow (P. i. unalaschen-
sis). Back not distinctly streaked, much paler than
No. 585; spots below grayish brown; palest of present
group.

Range.— Alaska, Shumagin Islands, and Alaskan Peninsula to Cook
Inlet.

— Kadiak Fox Sparrow {P. i. insularis). Similar
to No. 585a, but browner above and below; tail nearly
same as back; breast spots larger.

Range. — 'Kadiak Island, Alaska, In summer; in winter south along
the coast slope to southern California." (Ridgw.)

—Sooty Fox Sparrow (P. i. fuliginosa). Ads.
Above, including wings and tail, uniform brownish
umber, unstreaked; below heavily spotted with same.

Range —Coast of British Columbia and northwest Washington;
south in winter to San Francisco, California. (Ridgw.)

— Townsend Fox Sparrow (P. i. tovensendi). Sim-
ilar to fuliginosa but more rufous.

Range. Southern Alaska north to Cross Sound; south in winter to
northern California. (Ridgw.)

— Yakutat Fox Sparrow (P. i. annectens). Similar
to tozvnsendi but less rufous; very near fuliginosa, but
not quite so deeply colored.

Range. — Coast of Alaska, from Cross Sound to Prince William
So^nd (to Cook Inlet?); in winter, south to California. (Ridgw.)

585b. Thick-billed Sparrow (P. i. megarhvncha).

L. 7-3'» W. 3-31 depth of B. at base, .4. Ads. 'Above
and spots below gray; wings and tail light brown;
bill large. Notes. Song, resembles that of No. 585,
but is recognizably different.

Range.— Breeding in the Sierra Nevada (both slopes) from Mt.
Shasta southward; in winter beyond Sierras as far as Los Angeles
County, California. (Ridgw.)

585c. Slate-colored Sparrow (P. i. schistaced).

Similar to No. 585b, but smaller, bill smaller; W. 3.2;
depth of B. at base, .35.

Range.— Rocky Mountain district of United States and British Co-
lumbia; breeds from more eastern ranges of Colorado west to White
Mountains in southeastern Colorado, mountains of northeastern Cal-
ifornia and eastern Oregon; north to interior of British Columbia; in
migrations, New Mexico, Arizona, western slopes of Sierra Nevada,
western Kansas. (Ridgw.)

585d. Stephens Sparrow (P. i. stephenst). Similar
in coloration to No. 585b, but larger, the bill conspicu-
ously so; W. 3.4; depth of B. at base .6. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Breeding on San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains;
southern California. (Ridgw.)

231

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

674. Oven-bird {Seiurus durocapillus). L. 6.1.
Ads. No wing-bars; no white in tall; above brownish
olive-green; crown orange-brown bordered by black;
below white streaked with black. Notes. Call, a
weak cheep; song, a crescendo teacher repeated about
five times; also a wild, ecstatic flight song.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from
Virginia and Kansas north to Labrador and northwest to Alaska; win-
ters from Florida south to West Indies and Central America. (Said to
breed in Bahamas.)

675. Water-Thrush (Seiurus noveboracmsts). L.

6; W. 3. A whitish line over eye; above olive; below-
pale sulphur yellow heavily streaked with blackish;
throat spotted; no wing-bars or tail-patches. Notes.
Call, a sharp chink; song, a high-pitched, liquid
whistle, sweet, sweet, sweet, chu-chu-wee chu. (Jones.)
Also a flight song.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng-
land and northern Illinois, north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay,
and south along the Alleghanies to West Virginia; winters from Flor-
ida to northern South America.

675a. Grinnell Water-Thrush (5. n. notabilis).
Similar to No. 675, but larger, W. 3.1; upperparts
darker, less olive; underparts less yellow.

Range.— Western North America; breeds from Minnesota, western
Nebraska, and probably more northern Rocky Mountain district of
United States, north to Alaska; winters from southern United
States southward; in migration east to Mississippi valley, rarely to
Atlantic States from New Jersey southward.

n 676. Louisiana Water-Thrush {Seiurus motacilla).

1 L. 6.2. Ads. A white line over eye; above grayish
olive; below huffy white; breast and sides streaked; no
spots on throat; no wing-bars or tail-patches. Notes.
Call, a sharp, metallic chink; song, a sudden outburst
of loud wild, ringing notes; also a flight song.

Range.- Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States to
Connecticut, lower Hudson Valley, and Minnesota; winters in tropics.

697. American Pipit: Titlark {Anthuspensilv aniens).
LTo^T* Hind toe-nail much the longest. Ads. Outer
tail-feather largely white; next one only tipped with
white; upperparts grayish brown indistinctly streaked;
underparts rich buff, breast and sides streaked with
blackish. Yng. and Ads. in Winter. Less gray above,
paler below. Notes. Call, a soft dee-dee usually utter-
ed in flight; a flight song.

Range. — North America breeding In Arctic regions and in the high-
er parts of the Rockies from Colorado northward (also on Mt.
Shasta?); winters from southern California, Nevada and Gulf States
south through Mexico to Central America.

700. Sprague Pipit (Antbus spraguei), L. 6.2.
Hind toe-nail much lengthened; two outer tail-feathers
largely white. Ads. Above streaked with buff and
blackish brown; below white tinged with buff; breast
streaked. In winter, similar, but less brown above,
less buff below. Notes. Song, uttered on the wing
when several hundred feet above the earth, sweet and
far reaching, resembling at beginning song of Skylark.

Range. — "Interior plains of North America, breeding from plains of
the Yellowstone northward to Saskatchewan district and from the Red
River westward (probably to the Rocky Mountains); south in winter
on the tablelands of Mexico to Puebla; accidental in South Carolina."

232

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

702. Sage Thrasher (Oroscoptes montanus). L.

8.7. Ads. Above brownish gray; below whitish
heavily streaked with blackish; outer tail-feathers
tipped with white. Notes. Call, a low chuck; song,
deficient in power but possessing sweetness, vivacity
and variety; resembling song of Ruby-crowned King-
let. (Ridgway.)

Range.— Western United States from western South Dakota, west-
ern Nebraska and eastern Colorado, north to Montana, west to the
Cascades and Sierra Nevada, south into northern Mexico and Lower
California. (A. O. U.)

705. Brown Thrasher {Toxostoma rufum). L. 11. 5;
W. 4.1; B. .95. Ads. Above, wings and tail rufous
or rusty brown; below white heavily streaked with
blackish; two white wing-bars. Notes. Calls, a sharp
kissing note and a clearly whistled wheeu; song, loud,
musical, varied, finished and rich in tone.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north
to Maine and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and the lower Mississ-
ippi Valley southward.

706. Sennett Thrasher (Toxostoma longirostre sen-
netti). L. 11.5; W. 4; B. 1.1. Ads. Similar to No.
705, but wing shorter, bill longer, upperparts less
bright, streaks below blacker. Notes. Resemble those
of No. 705, but song even finer.

Range.— Southeastern Texas from Corpus Christi south into north-
eastern Mexico.

713? Texan Cactus Wren [Heleodytes brunnetca-
pillus couesi). L. 8.5. Largest of our Wrens. Ads.
Above brown, head darker, back streaked with white;
below, including chin, heavily marked with black.
Notes. A loud, harsh cack-cack-cack-cack.

Range.— "Rio Grande region of Texas and adjoining Mexican
states, west to the eastern Desert Tract, south over the Mexican
tableland." (Mearns.)

7 13a. Bryant Cactus Wren {H. b. bryanti). Dif-
fers from No. 713b, in heavier spotting below, and in
perfectly barred tail and slight wash of rufous on belly
and flanks. (Anthony.)

Range. — "Northern Lower California and southern California, west
of the Coast Range." (Mearns.;

7 13b. St. Lucas Cactus Wren (H. b. affinis). Re-
sembling No. 713c, but all the tail-feathers, except
middle pair, barred with white for their whole length;
flanks white or very pale buff, with large rounded or
tear-shaped spots. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Southern Lower California.

713c? Desert Cactus Wren (H. b. anthonyi). Sim-
ilar to No. 713, but paler above; chin wit bout spots.

Range.— Interior deserts of the southwestern United States, south
nto Mexico and northeastern Lower California. (Mearns.)

75 5. Wood Thrush (Hylocichla musteline). L.

Ads. Above bright cinnamon, brightest on head]
below white with large, rounded black spots. Notes.
Calls, a sharp pit-pit, a liquid quirt, and a soft tut-tut-
tut\ song, both flute-like and bell-like; sung with fre-
quent pauses and low notes.

Range.— Eastern United States; breeds from Virginia and Kansas
to Vermont, Quebec, and Minnesota; winters in Central America.

233

x j into
. 8.2

,M

U*

ffiS

U-Vf

7/3.

A

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

7 15. Rock Wren {Salpinctes obsoletus). L. 5.7.
Ads. Rump rusty; tail tipped and outer feathers
barred with pale rusty; above grayish brown lightly
speckled with blackish; below, including belly, whitish";
breast obscurely streaked with brownish. Notes.
Calls, Wren-like; song, sweet, varied and Mockingbird-
like.

Range. — "Western United States, from the western border of the
Plains to the Pacific, north to Dakota, Montana, and British Colum-
bia; south on the tablelands of Mexico and Guatemala to Salvador;
breeds throughout its range, and is resident from about the southern
border of the United States southward." (A. O. U.)

7 16. Guadalupe Rock Wren {Salpinctes guadelou-
pensis). Resembling No. 715, but darker and browner,
with chest, etc., more distinctly speckled; wings and
tail shorter; bill and tarsi longer; W. 2.6; T. 2.2.
(Ridgw.)

Range. — Guadalupe Island, Lower California.
717. White-throated Wren (Catherpes mexicanus
albifrons). L. 6; W. 2.7. Ads. Belly, rump, and all
taif-feathers rusty; tail barred with black; throat white;
back rusty brown.

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into
northeastern Mexico.

7 17a. Canon Wren (C. m. couspersus). Similar to
No. 717, but smaller, W. 2.3; tail-bars narrower.
Notes. Call, a "ringing dink;" song, a series of about
seven, loud, ringing whistles uttered in a regularly de-
scending scale.

Range.— "Great Basin and Rocky Mountain region, from the Sierra
Nevada and Cascades eastward to southern Idaho, Wyoming, Color-
ado and western Texas; south on the tableland of Mexico to Aguas
Calientes; breeds nearly throughout its range; resident in southern
parts of its United States distribution." (A. O. U.)

717b. Dotted Canon Wren (C. m. punctulatus) .
Similar to No. 717a, but darker; more nearly resemb-
ling No. 717 in colors, but smaller in size.

Range. — Pacific coast from Lower California north to Oregon; resi-
dent.

7 18. Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianns) .
L. 5.5; W. 2.3; B. .6. Ads. Above bright rust-brown;
below washed with same, throat and line over eye
white. Notes. Calls, Wren-like; song, a great variety
of loud, musical whistles, whee-udel, wbee-udel, whee-udel
Or tea-kettle, tea-kettle, tea-kettle, etc.

Range — Eastern Ignited States; breeds from the Gulf States north
to the lower Hudson Valley (and casually Massachusetts), northern
Illinois, and southern Iowa; resident.

7 18a. Florida Wren (T. I. miamensis). Similar to
No. 718, but darker above, more deeply colored below;
larger, W. 2.4; B. .7.

Range.— Florida, from Pasco and Brevard counties southward.

7 18b. Lomita Wren (7 '. I '. lomitensis) . Similar to
No. 718, but browner, less rufous above, rump with
more white spots; below paler, the flanks usually
barred.

Range.- Southeastern Texas.

234

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

7 19. Bewick Wren (Jbryomanes bewickii). L. 5;
W. 2.2; T. 2.1. Ads. Above rich, dark cinnamon-
brown, tail grayer; below grayish white; all but middle
pair of tail-feathers black, outer ones barred, others
tipped with grayish. Notes. Call, "a soft, low, plit\"
song, strongly suggesting that of Song Sparrow.

Range.— Mississippi Valley west to the Plains, north to Lat. 40 ,
east to Alleghanies and locally to Atlantic States from southern New
Jersey to Georgia.

7 19a. Vigors Wren (T. b. spilurus). Similar to No.
719, but smaller, W. 2; upperparts less cinnamon or
reddish.

Range. — California, west of Sierra Nevada and south to Santa
Cruz Island. (Bailey.)

7 19b. Baird Wren ( T. b. leucogaster) . Similar to
No. 719c, but upperparts grayer.

Range. — "Western Texas to southeastern California, and from
southern Nevada. Utah, and Colorado south over tablelands of Mex-
ico to Zacatecas." (Bailey.)

7 19c. Texas Bewick Wren (T. b. cryptus). Simi-
lar to No. 719, but graxer, brown of upperparts not so
rich; slightly larger, W. 2.3.

Range. — "Texas, except the extreme western corner, statesof Nuevo
Leon and Tamaulipas, in Mexico, with probably Kansas, Indian Ter-
ritory and Oklahoma: migratory north of Texas." (Oberholser.)

7 I9d. Southwest Bewick Wren (T. b. cbarienturus).

Similar to No. 719b but flanks and upper surface dark-
er, eye-stripe rather broader, under tail-coverts more
heavily barred, wing shorter, 2, (Oberholser.)

Range. — Coast region of southern California, north to about Pasa-
dena, south to Lat. 28 , Lower California, Santa Catalina Island;
resident. (Oberholser.)

729e. Northwest Bewick Wren (T. b. calophonus).

Similar to No. 719a, but bill larger, upper surface
usually rather deeper and richer brown, flanks some-
what more rufescent; W. 2.1; B..6. (Oberholser.)

Range.— Pacific slope from Oregon north to southern Vancouver
Island, valley of the Fraser River, and slightly farther along the
mainland coast; probably resident. (Oberholser.)

7 19.1. San Clemente Wren ( Thryomanes leucophrys)

Similar to No. 7igd, but flanks and upperparts rather
grayer and paler, bill longer, under tail-coverts less
heavily barred. (Oberholser.)

Range.— San Clemente Island, California.

720. Guadalupe Wren {Thryomanes brevicaudus) .
L. 4.5; W. 1.9. Ads. Resembling No. 719a, but
rump with few or no concealed white spots; tail dull
grayish brown, narrowly and indistinctly barred with
dusky, two or three outer feathers with brownish gray
tips. (Ridgw.)

Range. — Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

235

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

72 1. House Wren ( Troglodytes aedon). L. 4.7; T.
1.7. Ads. Above cinnamon brown, sometimes ob-
scurely barred; tail the same, all the feathers barred;
below grayish with a brownish wash, lower belly and
flanks usually more or less barred. Notes. Call, a
scolding krrring\ song, a bubbling, rippling, irrepress-
ible little melody.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds north to Maine. Montreal,
and Manitoba; winters from South Carolina and the Lower Missis-
sippi Valley southward into Mexico.

721a. Parkman Wren (T. a. parkmanii). Similar
to No. 721, but less cinnamon above; intermediate in
color betweeji No. 721 and No. 721b.

Range.— Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to
British Columbia; winters from southern California southward.

72 1b. Western House Wren (T. a. atfecus). Sim-
ilar to No. 721, but much grayer above and paler be-
low; back more frequently barred.

Range. — Western United States from the Sierra Nevada east to the
Mississippi Valley; winters south into Lower California and Mexico.

7 22. Winter Wren (Olbiorc/iilus hiemalis). L. 4;
T. 1.2. Ads. Above cinnamon, much brighter than
in No. 721; below pale cinnamon, sides and belly
heavily barred with blackish. Notes. Call, chimp-
clump, resembling call of Song Sparrow; song, tink-
ling, rippling, full of trills, runs and grace notes.
(Bailey.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng-
land and northern New York northward, and southward along the Al-
leghanies to North Carolina; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois
to Florida.

722a. Western Winter Wren (O. h. padficus)

Similar to No. 722, but much deeper colored both
above and below, and more heavily barred.

Range.— Breeds on the Pacific coast from southern California north
to Alaska: east to Idaho; winters south into Mexico.

722b. Kadiak Winter Wren (O. h. helleri). Slight-
ly larger and paler than No. 722a. (Osgood.)

Range.— Kadiak Island, Alaska,

723. Alaskan Wren (Olbiorchilus alascensis). Re-
sembling No. 722a, but paler and larger, W. 2.1, B. .6

Range —Breeds on Kadiak Island, Alaska; winter range unknown.

723.1. Aleutian Wren (Olbiorchilus meligerus) . Sim-
ilar to No. 723, but darker, less reddish; rump and up-
per tail-coverts more evidently barred; bars on belly
heavier. (Oberholser.)

Range.— "Westernmost part of the Aleutian group, Alaska." (Ober-
holser.

724. Short-billed Marsh Wren (Cistothorus stel-
laris). L. 4; T. 1.4; B. .4. Ads. Crown and back
streaked with whitish; breast-band, sides and under
tail-coverts rusty; wing-coverts tipped with whitish.
Notes. Call, like sound produced by striking two
pebbles together; song, chap — chap -chap-chap, chap-chap-
chap p-p-rrr. (Seton.) (See next page.)

Range. — Eastern North America, ranging west to Utah; breeds
from the Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba; winters
from the Gulf States southward.

236

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

K

725. Long-billed Marsh Wren {Telmatodytes palus-
tris). L. 5.2; T. 1.6; B. .5. Ads. Crown and fore-
back largely black, the latter with white streaks; a
white stripe over eye; rump cinnamon; below white,
sides washed with cinnamon; outer tail-feathers black,
broadly barred with pale cinnamon. Notes. Call,
scolding, a characteristic Wren-like caching', song, a
reedy, guttural, bubbling trill often sung in flight.

Range. — Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains;
breeds from the Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba;
winters locally from Massachusetts, south into Mexico.

725a. Tule Wren (7. p. paludicola). Similar to
No. 725, but upper tail-coverts barred, middle tail-
feathers more distinctly and broadly barred; underparts
usually browner.

Range. -Pacific coast; breeds from southern California to British
Columbia; winters from Washington to Guatemala.

725b. Worth ington Marsh Wren (7\ p. griseus).

Similar to No. 725, but with less black above; upperparts,
sides and flanks pale grayish; dark markings of under
tail-coverts, flanks, sides and breast, faint, confused
and inconspicuous, sometimes practically wanting.
(Brewster.)

Range. -Coast of South Carolina'and Georgia.

725c. Interior Tule Wren (T. p. plesius). Similar
to No. 725a, but paler.

Range.— "Western United States, except the Pacific coast; north to
British Columbia and Alberta, east to the Rocky Mountains and Tex-
as, south into Mexico." (Oberholser.)

725.1. MarianMarshWren {Telmatodytes mariance).

Similar to No. 725, but upperparts darker; sides and
flanks of about same color as rump; under tail-coverts
and sometimes breast barred or spotted with black.

Range.— Gulf coast of Florida.

726. J Srown Creeper {Certhia familiaris americana) .
L. 5.6; B. .63. Tail-feathers stiffened and pointed.
Ads. Rump rusty; a huffy white band in the wing;
back and crown streaked with whitish, black and
rusty; below white. Notes. Call, a faint, high, thin
tseep\ song, "an exquisitely pure, tender song of four
notes." (Brewster.)

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from Maine and Minnesota
(casually Missouri) northward; winters from about the southern
breeding limits to the Gulf States.

726a. Mexican Creeper (C. /. albescens). Similar
to No. 726, but rump rich rusty brown, back black,
crown black streaked with white, band in wing white.

Range.— Mexican plateau region north to southern Arizona.

726b. Rocky Mountain Creeper (C. f. montana).
Similar to No. 726, but bill longer, .7; band in wing
averaging whiter.

Range— Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Arizona north-
ward to Alaska.

726c. Californian Creeper (C. /. occidentalis) .
Similar to No. 726, but much rustier; prevailing color
of upperparts yellowish rusty.

Range. — Pacific coast; breeds from Santa Cruz Mountains, Cal-
ifornia, northward to Alaska.

237

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

726d. Sierra Creeper (C. f. ^elotes). Similar to
No. 726c, but colors more dusky and less rufescent;
similar to No. 726b, but much darker; light centers of
feathers on head and back much reduced. (Osgood.)

Range. — "Southern Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Sierra
Nevada of California." (Osgood.)

756. Wilson Thrush; Veery {Hylocicbla fuscescens).
L. 7.5. Ads. Above, wings and tail, uniform cinna-
mon brown; below white, sides grayish, breast and
throat buff rather faintly marked with triangular spots
the color of the back. Notes. Call, a clearly whistled
whee-you and a softer too-whee; song, a weird, spiral of
blended alto and soprano tones largely on one note.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey,
the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois north to New-
foundland and Manitoba; winters in Central America.

756a. Willow Thrush H . f. salicicola) . Similar to
No. 756, but more olive above.

Range. — Rockv Mountains north to British Columbia, east to
Dakota; in migration, casually to Illinois and South Carolina: winters
as far south as southern Brazil.

759. Alaskan Hermit Thrush (Hylocichla guttata).
L. 6.5. W. 3.5; tail rufous, much brighter than back.
Ads. Eye-ring whitish, not deep buff; back olive-
brown; breast tinged with buff and heavily spotted
with large, wedge-shaped marks.

Range.— Breeds in northwest coast region from British Columbia
to Alaska; in winter south to Mexico.

7 59a. Audubon Hermit Thrush {H. g. auduboni).
Similar to No. 759, but larger, W. 4; back grayer, tail
paler, flanks less heavily washed with gray.

Range. — Rocky Mountain region of United States south, to Guat-
emala.

759b. Hermit Thrush (H. g. pallasii). Similar to
No. 759, but back and sides browner. Notes. Call, a
low chuck\ song, highly musical and probably exceed-
ing in spiritual quality that of any of our birds.

Range.- Eastern North America; breeds from Michigan, Alleghan-
les in Pennsylvania, Catskills, higher mountains of Massachusetts
(rarely at sea level), north to Labrador; winters from New Jersey to
Gulf States.

759c. Dwarf Hermit Thrush (/■/. g. nana). Simi-
lar to No. 759, but smaller, W. 3-2, back slightly
browner.

Range.— Pacific coast; breeds from Washington south through
Sierra Nevadas; east, in migrations, to Nevada and Arizona; south to
Lower California and western Mexico. (A. O. U.)

238

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

75 7. Gray-cheeked Thrush {Hylocichla alicice) . L.
7.5; W. 4. Ads. Tail and back the same color, olive
without brownish tinge; eye-ring and lores whitish,
cheeks and breast only slightly tinged with buff, breast
with wedge-shaped spots. Notes. Doubtless like
those of No. 757a.

Radge. — Breeds in Labrador and west to Alaska; migrates through
eastern North America and winters in Central America.

757a. Bicknell Thrush (H. a. hicknelli). Similar
to No. 757, but smaller, L. 7; W. 3.5. Notes. Calls,
pheu like that of Veery; a low cluck like that of Hermit
Thrush, and rarely, a pip or peenk like that of Olive-
backed Thrush; song, like that of Veery but more in-
terrupted. (Brewster.)

Range.— Breeds in the high parts of the Catskillls and north to
White Mountains and Nova Scotia; winters in tropics.

758. Russet-backed Thrush {Hylocichla ustulata).
L. 7.2; W. 4. Tail not decidedly more rufous than
back. Ads. Eye-ring, cheeks, sides of neck and
breast distinctly huffy] breast with wedge-shaped spots;
back and flanks olive-brown; tail slighty browner.
The most deeply colored bird of the ustulata group.

Range. — Pacific coast;
south to Guatemala.

breeds from Oregon to Alaska; winters

7 58a. Olive-backed Thrush (H. u. swainsonii).
STmtlaFto No. 758, but back, tail, and flanks without
brownish or rufescent tinge. Notes. Call, a liquid
puit; song, suggesting both that of Hermit Thrush and
the Veery.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds in Alleghanies from Penn-
sylvania and the Catskills, north to New Brunswick and Manitoba;
winters in Central and South America.

758b. California Olive-backed Thrush (H. u.

cedica). Differs from 758 and 758a, in more rufescent
coloration on the flanks; sides and upper surface
usually paler than No. 758. (Oberholser.)

Range. — California, except north coast; north in interior to southern
Oregon; south, in winter to Arizona and southern Mexico. (Ober-
holser.)

758c. Alma Thrush (H. u. almce). Similar to No.
758a, but back and flanks grayer. The palest bird of
the ustulata group.

Range. — Alaska, except Yukon Basin, south in Rocky Mountain
region, and west to Utah and eastern Nevada.. (A. O. U.j

239

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White.

GRAY-HEADED JUNCOS.

566. White-winged Junco (Junco aikeni). L. 6.5;
W. 3.30. Ads. Resembling No. 567, but larger,
paler, wings generally with two white bars; three outer
tail-feathers mostly or entirely white; fourth partly
white.

Range — Breeds in Wyoming and western North Dakota; winters in
Colorado, western Kansas, casually to Indiana and Wisconsin.
(Ridgw.)

567. Slate-colored Junco (Junco hyemalis) . L. 6.2.
W. 3. Ad. rj\ summer. Head and back gra