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The Great Basin Naturalist

\"()lnmc' \'"II. 194r,

\"asco M. Tannkk. Editor

r*rt'.LisMi:D AT Pr()\i). I rAii. in'

TlIK Dl'.l'AKTMl'.XT d!" Z()()1.0(;N AND I^XTOMOl.OCV
ol' llkU,!! AM N'oUXC L'NlVl-.kSITV

I

The Great Basin Naturalist

Vasco M. Tanner, Editor
C. Lynn Hayward, Assistant Editor

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The Great Basin Naturalist

PUBl.ISHElJ BV IIIU

Department of Zoology and Entomoux-.y
Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah

Volume VII DECEMBER 30, 1946 Nos. 1-4

APHIDS FROM MT. TIMPANOGOS, UTAH i
Part 2

GEORGE F. KNOWLTON

Professor of Zoology and Entomology

Utah State Agricultural College

An unusual aphid was ctjllected by Dr. C. Lynn Hayward on
Monarda (?) at Aspen Grove, Mt. Timpanogos, Utah, June 13, 1940.
This aphid fits no genus or species with which the writer is acquainted.
Appreciation is expressed to Professor M. A. Palmer for her sug-
gestions concerning this interesting aphid.

Utamphorophora Knowlton, n. gen.

Frontal tubercles moderately developed, Myzus-WkQ, but possessing
finger-like projections resembling those in Phorodon ; antennae ap-
})roximately length of body, bearing hairs which are sparse and in-
conspicuous ; cornicles long and swollen, as in Amphorophora; cauda
long, constricted near middle, as in many species of Amphorophora
and Macrosiphiim; wings with normal venation as in Macrosiphum.

Tyi'k: Utamphorophora timpanogos Knowlton.

Utamphorophora timpanogos Knowlton, n. sp.

Alatk viviPAKA : Body 2.4 mm. long and 1.8 across the abdomen ; ocular
tubercles present ; antennae dusky on mature specimens, 2.3 mm. long, armed with
a few inconspicuous hairs ; antennal tubercles distinctly exceed vertex, somewhat
gil)bus, each pussessinji a linser-likc projection; antennal III, .68 to .71 mm.,
armed witli .S to 12 rounded sensoria (5 and 8 on one specimen. 9 and 12 on an-
otlicr); l\', .42 to .442. without sensoria; V, .395 to .426; VI, .14 to .15 plus
.73 to .79 mm.; rostrum reaching meso-thorax. rostral tip slenderly obtuse; ros-

1 Continued from Great Hasin Naturalist, 3: 5-8, 1942.

The Great Basin. Naturalist
2 GEORGE F. KNOWLTON Vol. VII. NoS. 1-4

tral IV, + V, .1 mm.; hind tibia I.65 to 1.73; hind tarsi .126; legs dusky; cor-
nicles and Cauda as in many Amphorophora; cornicles dusky, A7 to .49, swollen
over distal two-thirds of their length ; cauda less dusky than legs and cornicles,
with two pairs of lateral hairs on portion beyond median constriction, .28 mm.
long.

Nymphs with wingpads : Antennal tubercles gibbus, .1/y.c-c.y-like plus con-
spicuous, converging, triangular Phorodon-Wkt projections. '

Taxonomy : U . fimpanogos n. sp. resembles My.'^iis moiiardne Williams but
differs in possessing longer cornicles and cauda, with constriction in middle of
cauda. It resembles Phorodon mcnthae (Buckton), from which it differs in
having swollen, longer cornicles and constricted cauda.

The following species of aphids have been collected around the
Mt. Timpanogos Loop, or on the slopes of Mt. Timpanogos, in Utah.
Unless otherwise indicated, collections are by the writer and the lo-
cality is Mt. Timpanogos. Additional distribution has been added for
many of the species.

Cinara taxifoliae (Swain) (?) collected on Pseudotsuga at Aspen
Grove, Mt. Timpanogos, August 26, 1943.

SchisolacJinus pini-radiatae (Dvd.) on Pinus ponderosa, Mt. Tim-
panogos, July 12, 1942 and July 26, 1945. Also collected at Verdi,
Nevada, August 17, 1945; Big Timber, Montana, June 4, 1942 (H. F.
Thornley) ; Mt. Nebo, July 12, 1942; Beaver Canyon and Beaver Ml.,
Utah, July 10, 1942.

Anoecia querci Fitch, Mt. Timpanogos and Provo Canyon on
Comics stolonifcra, September 21, 19.35. Also taken in the Grand
Canyon of the Snake River, Wyoming, September 11, 1941; Mt.
Sterling, Utah, September 25, 1935.

Drepanaphis granovskyi S.-K. along Mt. Timpanogos loop road on
Acer grandidentatum, July 26, 1945.

Drepanosiphum braggii Gillette, American Fork Canyon and Mt.
Timpanogos, July 26, 1945, on Acer negimdo. Also taken on boxelder
at Flagstaff, Arizona, September 22, 1944 ; Fish Haven, Idaho, August
2, 1945.

MyzocaUis alliaiubra Davidson, on Quercus, Big Tree Camp, June
4, 1940 (C. L. Hayward.). Also taken at Mt. Nebo, July 12, 1942.
Marysvale Canyon; Beaver Mt., Utah, July 10, 1942.

Calapliis coloradensis Granovsky, along ''Timp" loop on Betula
fontinalis, July 26, 1945. Also taken in Wolf Creek Canyon, July 24,
1945, an Anthocoris melanocerus Renter observed to be feeding on a
wingless specimen; Smithfield Canyon, July 1. 1940.

Chaitophorus popidifoliae Oestlund on Popidus, Big Tree Camj:),
Mt. Timpanogos, July 16, 1940 (C. I>. Hayward).

I^ci-. .^'1. I'Hfi NI'IIID- i-KoM Ml'. I I M I'ANor.ds. i i .\ 1 1 .'^

/'/(•roi-oiiiiiui I I'lilaliciisis (C"kl.i. I'oolliills of .Ml. 'rinii);muy(»s ou
Sdli.v. Iiiiu- 4. ]'»42: on Fo/^nlns, Fish Lake. July 2S. V)2(>.

C'la:i(irnis hicolor ('()fst.i. on Sdli.v. .Ml. 'riiiipaiiojio.i and .Mt.
Xflxi. Juiy 12. UH2, .\ls() (in Salix hilca at \'>\v COllonwcjod Canyon.
llah. junt,' l^K 1''2^ ; on Sulix al Manliallan. .M(.nlana. ,\u.l,'usI 14.
l''2h (C". W. riiili]ii ; l-'.nii.i^ralion Canyon. Idaho, jnnr 24. 192.^: I'.aki.'r.
\\'\ada. junr '', l''.v CI". ( ). ThalclKV i .

(" f'c/'^iilil'c/idr ( I'"ildi I on I'upuliis diiinishfoila. \\\\]>vv Anu-rican
I'.irk Canyon. |ul\ (>. l'>25 : .Ml. .\\h(<, July 12. V)A2.

C. sniitliuu- i.\!oni-lli. Ml. 'liniiiano^os. on Sdlix. |ul\ 26. 1945.
.\lso on Sdlix dlbd. h'arniin^lon. Clah. July 29. 1924: at llaker. Xe-
\ada. June 9. 1937 ( T. ( ). ThaUhei- 1 : .Mink Creek Canyon. Idaho.
July 4. 19.x=^: Cak Creek Canyc.n. Clah. July 10. 1942.

.Iphis cdrlnn'olor Cdlelle on Ruiiicx, .American Ffjrk Can_\'on. Jul}
16. 1946. .\ls(, l-1a.ii.slatY. Arizona. September 23. 1944: and Los
Cruces. New .Mexico. A.u.iiust 26. 1942 (V,. A. TLiws).

. /. frdiuiuldc Kail, on XcpcUt CdUirid, .\si)en (irove. fuly 26. 1945.

./. hclianthi .Moiu-ll on I IdidJilliits. Mt. Timpanoj^^os lower slojic^.
July 26. 1945.

. /. nianihildr Oest. on Popnlus, upper .American Vur\<. Canxdii.
June 4. 1942.

. /. iiididis I'itch on L^rass. ne.ar .Aspen Grove. [uK' 26. 1945.

. /. dicdicdiiiiiis Koch on Mclilolus dlha, .\merican h'ork C^uiyou.
."^eiitemher 21, 1935.

. /. idridiis Patch on wild gooseberry. Ribcs, .American Fork Cnu-
yon, |ul\" 26. 1945. .\lso I'.eaver Alountain. L'tah. on wild ^doseberry.
Julv 13. 1945. and Rabbit h'.ar Lass. Colorado. .Au.-usl 17. LUO: Lib-
erty. Ctali, on currant: ISeaxer Can\(jn, Idalio.

/\s-ciiiliu'/^dJiicihapliis (jhiiicd (j.-l'. at Aspen Grove on Arlcwisid.
July 26. 1945.

. ! nipliorophord crdiaaii (Alonelli on C>'dtdCf/i(s. near Provo Can-
\'on alon,^: loo]). .August 15. 1945.

Kdkiiiiia cssi(/i (G.-L. i on .Iqiiilccjia. July 26. 1945. .Also on
.Iquilctjia nibiciiiida al ALjnte Cristo. L'tah. Jul>" 21. 1942. and X'ernori
Canyon, July 19. 1940; at Lake Agnes. Cameron Pass. Colorado.
August 2L 1940 (KnowllonAW P. Nye).

/\'. zvahiiikac (PTottes) on DclHiiiiiidii occideutalis, Aspen Grove.
Mt. Timpanogos. July 1927 ( \'. M. TannerL and July 2(S. 1942
( KnowltonC ou lark>pur. .\lso Alanassa. Colorado. .M,';\ 14. I'M.^
fundatrico (I;. A. Ibaws, Del. AL A. I'almerL and Jul\ 12. i94>
( Haws I.

The Great Basin Natiir.-ilist
4 GEORGE F. KNOVVLTON Vol. VII. Nos. 1-4

Macrosiphnni airipes G.-P. on Mt. Timpanogos, on Aster, Septem-
ber 10, 1940 (C. L. Hayward). Also Teton Pass. Wyoming, Septem-
ber 13. 1941; Boise. Idaho. June 16. 1939; and P.eaver Moimtain.
Utah. July 10. 1942.

M. coweni (Hunter) on Artemisia tridentata, July 26. 1945 at Mt.
Timpanogos. Also Hoback. Wyoming. September 11. 1941 ; Emigra-
tion Pass, Nevada, July 24. 1944; Ontario. Oregon. June 17. 1939;
and Steamboat Springs, Colorado. August 18. 1935.

M. ercnieornuin S.-K. on wild Ceraiiiiiiii. Mt. Timpanogos. July 26.
1945. Also Geniiiiiun richardsoni, Teton Pass. Wyoming. September
13, 1941; in Logan Canyon and IMonte Cristo. Utah, July 21, 1942;
Mt. Nebo. July 25. 1942; Sardine Canyon. June 25, 1943; and Card
Canyon, ofif Logan Canyon. June 16, 1940 (Knowlton-W. P. Nye).
Dr. C. Lynn Hayward collected this species at Aspen Grove. July 5.
1940.

M . erigeroneusis (Thomas) on Lupin us ( ':. if so probably acci-
dental), at Hidden Lake. Mt. Timpanogos, July 27. 1940 ( C. L. Hay-
ward). Also on Chrysothamnus riseidiflorus and C. nauseosus at
Linland. Colorado. August 18, 1935 ; on Lactuea at Moab. July 29.
1932; Grindelia squarrosa. .Salem, Oregon, June 17, 1939.

M. hicvigatae Plssig (ni Salix, Timpanogos Loop and Provo Can
yon. July 26. 1945. Also on willow at Wells. Nevada. August 16.
1945; at Stayton, Oregon, May 7, 1936 (Coll.?).

M. ludovieianae (Oestlund) on Artemisia 7'ulgaris, Mt. Timpano-
gos, July 12, 1942.

M. maerosiphiim (Wilson) on elderberry, Mt. Timpanogos loop.
July 12. 1942. Also on Amalanchier at Portland, Oregon, June 21.
19.^9; Little Rock, Washington, June 18, 1937 (W. W. Baker).

M. schranki Theobald on Urtieo gracilis, Mt. Timpanogos and Mt.
Nebo, July 12, 1942; Beaver Mountain. Utah, July 10, 1942; Glenn's
Ferry, Idaho, June 16, 1939; Grand Canyon of the Snake River, Wy-
oming, September 11, 1941; west of Reno, Nevada, August 17. 1945;
Junction, Lakota and Oak Creek Canyon, Utah.

M. solanifolii (Ashm. ) on wild Geranium and Lactuea, Mt. Tim-
panogos.

M. Stanley i Wilson on Samhucus coerulca, Mt. Timpanogos and
North Fork of Provo River, and Daniels Canyon, Utah, July 26, 1945 ;
Monte Cristo, August 21, 1942 (Knowlton-R. S. Roberts-S. L. Wood) :
males numerous on Mt. Nebo Loop, Immigration Canyon. August 14.
1943 ; and upper Ephraim Canyon. September 6, 1945 ; .Shoshone Lake.
Wyoming, September 11, 1941.

I U C. .^0. ]'<4(i AI'IIIDS IKdM MT. I 1 M I'A N( K ;( »S. T lA H 5

M. Valerianae ( C larkc i (Ui Cluiniaiirriinii aiu/iislifclia, ;U C aiiitTdn
Pass. Colorado. Auj^'-ust 21, I'HO. Dr. llayward collected this on
Rudbcckia at Big Tree Camp. All. I'inipaiiogcj.^. Aii.iiust 2, 1940. i)nt
alate was collected on sage hrush. i)rol)al)ly an accidental host, at Mon-
ticello. Utah. June 18. 1933.

Fordo <>li:'(n'cii Kohwer along Mt. Tinijianogds i.(i(ii>. on roots of
giant rye grass. Jul}' 26. 194.^.

Miiidanis ah'wliiius Knch on .Hues, July 12. 1942 and July 26. 1945.
hr. C. L. I laxward had jireviousl}- collected this at Aspen (irove. July
6. 1940. Also taken in Wolf Creek Canyon. July 24. 1945; and on
ali>ine lir at Card Canxon. south of L(jgan Cannon. Jul\ 25. 1938
( Kno\vtlon-\\\ P. Nye) in Utah; liellines. Washington. June 1. 1935
( W. W. r.akeri: Puyallup. W^ashington. July 4. 1937 ( hy the late
l^nsign 11. C. i'.ennion. i; .Ibics lasiccarpa, Pingree i'ark. Colorado,
August 21. 1935; Puifer Lake on Heaver Ahauilain, July 10.. 1942,
and Mt. Xebo. July 12. 1942, Utah.

.Sii'I'lkmkxt; Part I (Great Pasin Xai. Ill (1) :5-8. 1942) of
the "Aphids of Mount '^I'impanogtjs. Utah" was })rei)ared principallx'
tf) describe three a])i)arent!y unde-scribed species of aphids. found
among material submitted for identification by Dr. C. L\nn Hayward
of the Zoology and Jvntomologx' l)e|)ariment of tlie Pi'igham ^'oung
Universitw These species were:

Mycus hay^i'ordi Knowlton. collected on Caliuin or Rndhcckia at
I'ig Tree Camj). Mt. Timjianogos. Utah. June 7. 1940 (C. L. Hay-
ward).

M acr(>s\phuiu t'uu f^autuins Knowlton was collected at Hidden Lake
Camp, Ml. Tinipanogos. Jul\' 2^-). 1940 ( C. L. llaywardi. without host
record. It prol)al)ly occurs on a lupine of some kind.

Cinara oshorul Knowlton was collected on Pscitd(Usii(ia iiiucrnnata
at Aspen Grove. Mt. Tinipanogos. June 30. 1940 ( C. L. HaywardU

In addition. Dr. Mayvvard had collected:

Macrosiplniiii stanlcxi Wilson on Sanibitciis iiticrobotrys at Big
Tree Camp. June 4, August 1 and 2. 1940.

M. cremcornum S.-K. probably on wild Ccranluin.

Mindarus ohicfinus Koch on Fscttdotsui/a iiiiicroitata, which prol>
al)ly was an accidental host.

To this list the writer added the following species, collected chiefly
from lower slo])es. ruid alonu highways of the "Mt. Tim])anogos
Loop" :

futlachinis a(jiHs i Kail, i on I'iiiKS, Hitccra/^liis i/illcllci Lav. on
.Units. Cliailof'hcnis ■I'iiiiiiialis Mnn. on Salix, Pcrif'hyllus iiCf/iDtdinis

The Great Basin Naturalist
6 GEORGE F. KNOWLTON Vol. VII, NoS. 1-4

(Th.) on Acer necjundo, P. populicola (TIkjs. i, and Clavij/cnis salicis
(L.) on Salix, /Iphis ortonisisola Wms. on Artemisia tridentata, A.
gregolis Knit, on Chrysothaiinius 7'iscidiflorus, .1. rihicnsis G.-P. on
Ribes, CavaricUa caprcac (Fab. ) on Salix, Epameibaphis friyidac Oest.
on Artemisia, FlabcUomicrosiplium trideniatae (Wils.) on Artemisia
tridentata, Microsiphuiu arfcniisiae (Gill.^ on Artemisia vidgaris anil
A. tridentata, AmphoropJiora nervata (Gill.i on Rosa, A. ribiella
(Dav.) on Ribes, ,/. rubicola (Oest.) on Rubus, A. sonclii (Oest. ) on
Ribes, Capita phonts (/landulosiis (Kalt. I on .Irfemisia. C. f/regarins
Knit, and C. oestlitndi Knit, on Chrysothamnns nanseosus, Kakimia
cx'iiosbati (Oest.) on Ribes, Macrosiphum paeki Knit, on Chrysotliam-
nus nanseosus, and Thecobius populi-monilis (Riley) in bead-like leaf
galls of Popuhis angustifolia.

x'o'ji'-.s ( ).\ '\'\\\: MIS ri:i<ii).\i'. (r( 'Lij iiTi-.kA) k.\<)\\.\

TO OCCUR h\ XIAADA

lUA L \ klVl-:RS

Xcv.uia Academy of Natural Scioiires

Reno, X'^evada

Twciily s])c'ci(.'S of tliis dislinclixc t';iniil\- ^ccni to hr the sum lulal
at presi'iU known I'roni llu' Sialr. onl\ a small jn'oporlioii of whicli
Iia\v' ])i\-\ ioiisly incn ictoidcd. 'Vhv few species (lescrihcd from X't'-
vada iivc mainly the result of I )r. Horn's ])ronouncc'(l interest in tiie
liitle-know II Western famia in the middle decades of the last half of
the I'^th Cenlmw at which tinie Nevada was so far removed from
enlonujlogical notice that an_\- specimens obtained from it were ihouj^hl
sufficient!}' ])laced as to locale 1)\' the mere mention of the State. Kareh
is it [)ossil)le. in these I'arly papers, to fmd sjjecitic localities within lh>-
State menti(jned by c(jllect()rs. Undoubtedly the vast conFmes of Ne-
vada were i;;-enerally held by eastern workers to represent (jne ecolo,qical
continuity in which place names were of little importance. The entii\-
West was so regarded at one time, but the practice with regard lo
Nevada seemed to liave endured longer than with surrounding states
which became better known.

1 am indebted to Dr. E. S. Ross for most of the determinations.

HOLOLEPTINAE

1. Ilololepta acqualis Say 1825. Lincoln County (Alamo, 17/1/41, el. o8()0 it—
LaR): Washoe County (Truckf.i- Meadows, 5/X11/.39, el. 4500 ft— LaR).
This species is taken in lart;e numbers beneath the l)ark of cottonwood tree>
iPcf'ulus frciiumli and /'. trichocarpa) whicli in Nevada are confined natur-
all\- to \vaterc<'urses (if the few major streams, largely at vallcy-Hoor elevation.
Tlie Truckee and Carstui rivers often bear large stands of tiiese trees, espe
cially along their l)anks wliere meanders have created widened riverl)ottom^
in their courses through desert area>. The species prefer^ recently-dead
trees in whicli the liark is still tight enough lor extensive bacterial decay, a
situation to which its extremely flattened form admirably adapts it. il>
associates are quite constant, and include Ciiciijus ckrc'ipcs puniccus, another
flat species, and the histerids I'lalysoimi Iccoiitci and Faroiiiahis art]iialis.
This is the farthest western record of the species, it previously being un-
known west of the Rockies. It undoubtedly occurs in Utah, but to my knowl-
edge, has never been recorded from there. The fact that it has been found
in two widely-separated localities in Nevada militates against the supposition
that it may have been introduced originally with unbarked cottonwood logs
from farther east. If it should prove an isolate in the Great Basin, its dis-

The (jieat Uasin Xaturalist
8 IkA i,A KlVKR.s Vol. V'll, NOS. 1-4

trilnition here may shed some hf^ht on Pleisluceiie and Pu-,t- Pleistocene dis
tribuli(Mi ot inenihcrs of the genus Populus. which certainly enjoyed a wider
and more uniform spread in the (ireat iJasin than is apparent today. 1 have
seen it feeding on Ciiciijus cla:'ipcs t^iiiiicciis larvae in the vicinity of Reno.

HISTRINAE

HISTRIXI

2. I lister Solaris Caniochan I'H.x Humboldt ( ounty ( P.\l<Alll^l■: \'.\i,i.ev sand
dunes. 18/VI/41, el. 4800 ft— LaR &. C. C. Christensen) ; Washoe CVainty
TiuJCKEK Me.xdows. 2,1/111/41. 13/IX/4i. el. 4500 ft— LaR). A species not
uncommon under animal carcasses. The type locality is Wenatchee, VVa.sh-
ington, and Carnochan also had specimens before him from Oregon, Wyo-
ming and Nevada (no specific mention) when describing it.

3. Hister militaris Horn 1870. Washoe County (Truckle Me.adows, 18/1V/40,
el. 4500 ft — LaR. Horn described the species from a single specimen col-
lected at Ft. Yuma, California, and it was later recorded from Arizona. My
present data indicate it t(j be an uncommon species. No previous record.

4. Hister uiiihilicatiis Casey 1893. Washoe County (Tkulkee Me.adows, 11/
11/40, el. 4500 ft — LaR). Originally described from California. No pre-
vious record.

3. Hister biiiwcitlafus Linne 1758. Washoe County (Truckee Meadows, 22-23/
11/41, 19-26/IV/41, el. 4500 ft— LaR). This European species has long
been known from most of the rest of the United States. No previous record.

(). Teretrius placitiis Horn 1880. In his original description, Horn says : "Col-
lected by Mr. H. K. Morrison, in western Nevada." It has since b-cn found
in southern California. I do not have the species.

7. i'latysoiiia Iccontei Marseul 1853. Washoe County (Truckee Mead(JWS. 5/
XH/39, 2-15/III/41. el. 4500 ft— LaR). The locality 'given by the describer
was "Etats-Unis, sous les ecorces des arbres." See Hololepta acqualis. No
previous records. It is generally distributed east of the Rockies, and has
been taken in southern California.

8. Platysoma pitneti</eniiii LeConte 1861. Douglas County (Lake Tahoe. 12/
lV/41. el. 6300 ft— LaR & T. J. Trelease) : Washoe County (Truckee
Meadows, 8-16/III/41, el. 4500 ft — LaR). .Mso known from California and
Arizona. No previous records.

9. Psiloseclis subopaca LeConte 1863. Elko County (Ruby }*Iountains. La-
moille Canon, 25/VI/41. el 7()0() ft— LaR & G. C. Christensen). This dis-
tinctive species has been taken only in the eastern part of the State, where
it was not uncommon at the single locality collected. It was taken in ant
nests with Creinastochcilus anaiilaris montanus: No previous records.

10. Paro>na!us aeqiialls Say 1825. Washoe County (Truckee Meadows, 5/XII/
39, 5/III/41, el. 4.^00 ft— LaR). The discussion of distribution under Holo-
lepta acqualis seems to apply eciually to this species, both occupying the same
environment, and probably distributed by the same agencies. Paromalus is
much smaller than Hololepta. and much more numerous where collected. To
my knowledge, this is the westernmost record, and the first for the state.
The species is well known east of the Rockies.

11. Pleciadcnis fratenuis Horn 1870. Nevada is the type locality. Horn wrote
at the time of describing : "two specimens from Nevada, from Mr. Wm. M.

Drc. ,>(), 194() II ISTKklDAi: OK NF.VADA 9

Ciabb." It lias since bcfii I'liiiiid in California and Arizdna. I do not liavc the
species.
\2. I'lciiadcnis iiilidiis Horn hS/O. Also descril)ed from Nevada. "Iliree speci-
mens from Nevada, one of which was sent me hj- Mr. Henry Kdwards, of
San irancisco" (Horn IS/O). Now known from Oregon and California
as well. 1 have no specimens.

SAHUIMM

1.5. Saf^riiius (lisriildnlis i.eCHnte 1S31. \\"a>hoe (.'ounty ( TincKKi". Mi.adows,
9-23/ni/41. el. 4.S(X) ft— LaK). No previous records.

14. Safynmis liinois i'"richson 1S.vt. l)ouj;las County ( L.akk Tahoi:. 12/\'1/41,
el. 630() ft— r. J. Trclease): Klko County (Elko, 30/VI/41, el 5000 ft—
LaR & G. C. Christensen) ; Humboldt County (Demo, 1 mile south of, 24/
VI/41. el. 4500 ft— LaR &- (i. C. Christensen); Washoe County (Trickee
Meauovvs, 9/ni/41. el. 4500 ft — LaR). The commonest large Saf>nnus,
widely-distributed over the State under animal carcasses. No previous records.

15. Sa/^rinus onu/oitciisis LeConte 1845. Elko County (Elko, lO/VI/39. el. 50(X)
ft — LaR); Humboldt County (Pakaijise-National Summit, 2I/VI/41, el.
7600 ft— LaR & G. C. Christensen) ; Washoe County (Peavine, ll/VllI/40.
el. 50(X) ft — LaR). Another very common species, also found in Arizona and
southern California. Xo previous records.

16. Saprinus cUiatoidcs Fall 1917. Described by Fall from "Nevada, Las Vegas.
One specimen." (Clark County), .\pparently it has been found nowhere
else. I do not have specimens of it.

17. Saprinus scabriccps Casey 1916. Described from Nevada. I have not seen
the species.

18. Saprinus lubricus plcuus LeConte 1851. Humboldt County (Pakauise-Xa-
TioNAL Summit, 20/VI/41. el. 7600 ft— LaR & G. C. Christensen); Washoe
County (Truckle Meadows, 13/IX/40, 23/ni/41, el. 45(X) ft— LaR). Com-
mon and well-distributed. No previous records.

19. Saprinus fimbriatus LeConte 1851. Washoe County (Truckee Meadows,
23/HI/41, el. 45(X) ft— LaR). A general southwest species. Xo previous
records.

20. Saprinus fratcrmis Say 1823. Washoe County (Tkuckee Meadows, 14/IX/
40, el. 4500 ft— LaR). Predominantly an eastern species, this seems to be
a considerable westward extension of its range. No previous records.

lUBLlOGRAPHV

Carnochaii. F. (\. 1915: 'I'wo new specifs of Histcr. I'syclic 4/22:

144-145.
!)<• .Marseul. M. S. A. 1853: l^ssai monocrraphicitic .sur la faniille d(.'<

llisterifU'S. Ann. .Soc. Ent. France 3/1 :131-294.
1-all, n. C. 1917: New Coleoptera— VI. Canad. l-.nt. 5/49:163-171.
Morn, i'j. II. 1870: Descriptions of new species of i lisleridae of the

United States. Trans. Am. Flnt. Soc. 3:134-142.
1880: Contributions to the Coleopterolot,^- of the United

States, No. 3. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 8:139-154.

SOMI-, SALII'.XTIAX AD AI'TATK )\S'

ARTHUR X. I'.RACd
University of Oklahoma

According to oik- common viewpoint, many and perhaps most char-
acteristics of orj^^anisms have evolved through protoplasmic response
lo cliaiij4iii,<4 nuirdiinuMits so ihat tlic i)resrnt fauna and flora of a
i^ivc-n rci^ion are generally adapted to the characteristic environment
which they now occupy. In extreme cases, the j,^eographic distribution
of a species may be partially or \\holl\- controlled by such ecologic;'.)
adjustments; ])ut in k-ss specifically adapted groups, the jjotential range
of a sj)ccies may not yet have been realized, so that intr(»ducti(jn of
SOUK- of its members into a neu' region results (or may result) in i)er-
manent occupancx" of it. lletween these two e.xtremes. so many inter-
mediate conditions occur that a whole volume would hardly suffice
merel\- to record them.

(Tcneralizations such as those just stated are practicall}' truisms of
biologv. The\- are introduced here onlv as background for the inter-
l^retations of some observations made in recent years among the Sali-
entia of Oklahoma. Twenty-seven sj)ecies or subspecies of frogs and
toads representing five families, and seven genera are now known to
occupy this state. Hut tliey are not universally distributed: and, more
im])ortant. they are not distributed consistenth" in accordance with
their taxonomic groupings. For example, in the Hylidae. one species
and a number of sul)Si)ecies of another are limited to the southeastern
corner of the state; one occurs onl\ along its eastern edge; another
occupies approximatelv the eastern half, but is ecologically limited to
areas of woodland and savannah ; one species is limited to regions ot
grassland, wliicli means, geographicallw to approximately the Vv^estern
two-thirds oi the state; still another occupies tall-grass prairie and
woodland in abundance and mixed prairie rarely. Tt has not been
found in the higli plains (short-grass i)rairie t in western Oklahoma
but does occur in New Mexico and in the Texas Panhandle in similar
ecological communities. Thev are distril)ute(l over most of Oklahoma
but one of these never occurs in dee]) woods and the other is rarer to
the west (short-grass prairies) than to the east (mixed-grass, savan-
nah, and woodland).

1 Based upon a p.ipcr presfiiti'il recci.tlv at tlie Roston Meptinc of tin- .\. .\. .\. S.. Dec.
28. 1946.

1 1

The Great Basin, Naturalist
12 ARTHUR N. BRAGG Vol. VIT, Nos. 1-4

C)ne might expect the frogs (genus Rana) to be limited to pond
and stream sides: but this does not wholly explain their distribution
in Oklahoma. Six forms are recognized. One of these is limited to
the Northeast, three to the Southeast, and the other two are found
abundantly in all parts of the state in proper microhabitats.

In the more terrestrial genus Bufo. seven forms are known. One
is found abundantly in the eastern half of Oklahoma wherever wood-,
land or savannah occur, except that it is rare in mountain valleys in
the east. Another largely replaces it in such valleys, is very abundant
in the eastern woodland areas (except on mountains) but does not
enter savannah to the westward. Three species are limited to prairie,
one to short-grass in western and southern Oklahoma, one to mixed
])rairie and the ecotone between this and the tall-grass prairie in th«j
Northeast, the third to the short-grass plains in the West and their
ecotone with the mixed prairies in south-west-central Oklahoma. (Jne
subspecies is very abundant in all parts of the state except in the south-
eastern woodlands where its distribution stops quite abruptly as an-
other intergrading subspecies replaces it. The seventh form is very
rare and known only from very rough, rocky areas mostly in the west
and south.

In Microhyla, two subspecies occur. One is limited to the eastern
woodland areas ; ; the other replaces it to the westward and occupies
all of the remainder of the state geographically except the panhandle
where it may occur but is as yet unknown. Rut this second form
seems ecologically restricted from low areas since, with ample oppor-
tunity to observe it. I have never found it on the flood plains of the
larger rivers, whether they adjoined woodland, prairie or savannah
in the region under observation.

In the spadefoots (genus Scaphiopus ) four species occur, three
limited to prairie, the fourth, to savannah and woodland. Two of the
prairie-limited species occur only in short-grass plains (western) ; the
second is in all prairie areas. It is, however, rare in the tall-grass
prairie to the northeast.

The distributions given are based upon extensive observations in
various parts of Oklahoma during eleven years, 1935 to 1946 inclusive,
and hence are likely to be basically correct. Assuming their essential
soundness, how much are they due to adaptation and how much to
mere geographic factors exclusive of ecology? This problem has re-
ceived my attention during the past four or five years during which
1 have studied and collected at least once in ever}' ])art of the state —
in man\' portions of it at several times.

Occ. 30. 1046 SOMF. SAI.IF.NTIAX AD A F'TATrONS 1 ."^

SiiUT llu' rci>r(i(knliv(.' pLTitxl oi any (irmaiiisni. aiul llu' (.-arly pe-
riod of the growth of its young, are critical ones for survival, these
l)hases of life histories have been studied in greatest detail. All obser-
vations except measurements have been in the field, often at night
during breeding activities of the adults; but tadjioles. resulting from
breeding at known times, have also been under observation at many
times and ]>]aces. both day and night.

TIh' grealcsl ditferencc- in adull lieliavior appears to be associate!
with a ditterenlial reaction to rainfall among the prairie-limited sjjc-
cies. on the one hand, and among the woodland-savannah limited spe-
cies on the other. In lUif<i. for (.-.xample. none of the prairir-limited
forms have ever been found breeding except in temporary water dur-
ing or immediately after rains of a half inch or more, regardless of
season. I'.ut the species not so limited in distribution often breed in
the springtimt' when no recent rain has occurred. In Pseudacris. one
species (Ps. chirkii) is limited to prairie and behaves like the i>rairie-
Hmited toads: another (Fs. strcckcri) is not prairie-limited, and does
not thus behave.

( )ther species vary in the same way. Again, since the observations
are (juite extensive, there is little doubt as to their essential correct-
ness. F'or example, I have a total of 120 records of breeding activities
of lUifo cocjuatus, 112 of Ps. clarkii, 117 of Ps. strcckcri. 8.S of Biifo
tcrrcslris aiucricaHus, 129 of Pufo 7t'. woodhousii, 64 of 11 yhi v. versi-
color, 44 of Ps. triscriafa, 80 of Microhyla c. olivocea and comparable
numbers in several other species. Never have I found an exception.
The prairie-limited forms breed after rain in temporary w^aters at any
time from carlv si)ring to early fall: and they do not have a clear-cut
breeding season. In contrast, those limited to woodland do breed with-
in a detinite breeding season. They are influenced to some extent by
rainfall but are not controlled by it.

In earlier papers on the .spadefoot toads (Bragg. 1944. 1945) I
defined two types of breeding pattern (called there the mesic pattern
and the xeric pattern i and it was pointed out that the spadefoots have
the xeric one. I now wish to emphasize that the xeric pattern is shared
bv all prairie-limited species in Oklahoma, regardless of their taxon-
omic groups. And there is no reason to suppose that the phenomena
involved are limited to this one state. Similarly the mesic pattern is
typical of species limited to the woodland and savannah. Some species
which occur in boili jtrairie and savannah ( e. g., .1/. (•. oliz'occin also
have the xeric iialleni and one species of the savannah and woodland
areas shows it als(». This is the spadefoot. Scaf'hiof'us Inirtcrii. the

The Great Basin Naturalist
14 ARTHUR N. BRAGG Vol. VII. Nos. 1-4

only species known certainh- in (Jklahoma to follow its taxonomic rela-
tives rather than the environment in lireedini^ pattern, althoug'h there
is some evidence that Microhyla c. caroliucnsis may do so.

From the viewpoint of adaptation, it seems to me significant that
amphibians which are limited in distribution to a relatively dry en-
vironment should breed only after rains and in temporary water. For
to do so consistent]}- obviously serves the biological function of indi-
vidual, and therefore species, survival. The evidence is in favor of a
Darwinian factor in this, for only those which take advantage of the
period immediately after rains have much chance for the survival of
tiieir tadpoles, season after season. Thus, selection has favored those
which varied in the direction of discarding a breeding season in favor
of breeding after rain regardless of season.

To emphasize such facts as indicating an adaptation to dry en-
vironment one need only t(^ consider evaporation rate in pools and
growth rates of tadpoles in them. Spadefoot tadpoles may metamor-
j)h()se and leave pools in three weeks from egg-laying. Even so. many
thousands -are lost to the species each vear because pools evaporate too
cjuickly. The same is true of the prairie toads. I have seen metamor-
phosed tadpoles of Bufa coc/nafus leave the pools in 28 days after egg-
laying ; but, nevertheless, tliere has not been a generally successful
breeding of this species about the city of Norman since 1941 ; yet each
year some eggs have been laid. This lack of success in reproduction
has been entirely due to loss of all tadpoles by the total evaporation
of the w^ater before the larvae could complete the acjuatic phase of
existence.

Spadefoot tadpoles seem to have carried tliese adaptations farther
than any of the other forms so far known. Not only do they have an
intrinsically faster development than anv other North American forms
but they seem especially adapted to resist heat. While this has not
been studied in detail, as it needs to be, I have seen them developing
normally in water at above 35° C. a temperature some mesically
adapted tadpoles cannot withstand. Furthermore, the tadpoles of some
species become cannibalistic while socially aggregated, thus assuring
food to at least some individuals even though most must perish as the
pool evaporates. Such activities Avere described in S. h. holbrookii
by Ball (1936) working in Connecticut and have been confirmed re-
cently by me for another species in Oklahoma (Bragg. 1946). The
Oklahoma observations suggest that such activitv is facultative, since
individuals of the species involved (Scaphio['iis houibifrons Cope) had
never before been observed in such activities even though I had

Dt'C. .>0, 104() SOMK SALIF.NTIAN ADAI'TATloNS 15

watolu'd the (lc\ (.'loiniu'iil and UK'lamorphosis (tf ils ladpok-s on uian\'
occasions in ( )klahonia and also in New Mexico ( r>ra^L;. I'Hl i.

In summary, therefore, we may conclude:

( 1 \ ihat prairiedimited Salienli.i in ^eniial in ( )khdioma( and pi.--
sumahl\- elsewhere) are able to survive the rii;j(jrs ol a relatively dry
environment throuii^h having evolved a special hreedin;^ behavior, called
here the xeric jjattern.

(2) that this pattern involves the same factors as those already
described for the spadefoot toads, particularly in the lack of a delinite
breeding" season, rainfall being substituted for an internal stimulu> in
the initiation of breeding activities.

(3) that these prairie forms generally differ from those limited Uj
wootlland in their breeding pattern, the one known exception being
the savannah si)adefoot. Scapliiopiis liurterii.

(4) that not only adults but also tadpoles are rxdapled, the latter
primaril}' through the evolution of a fast rate of development (aide<l
of course ])y increasing heat as the water of the pool warms and evap-
oration rate increases), and (5) that these adaptations were i)rol)aljly
evolved through selection in the Darwinian sense.

Further stud}' of details is planned as time permits.

Ball, S. C, 1936. The distribution and behavior of the spadefoot toad
in Connecticut. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and .Sci. ?>Z: 351-379.

liragg, Arthur X., 1941. Some observations on Amphibia at and near
Las Vegas, New Mexico. Great I'.asin Xat. 2: 109-117.

, 1944. The spadefoot toads in Oklahoma with a sum-
mary of our knowledge of tlie group 1. Amer. Xat. 7S: S17-S3>?>.

, 1945. The spadefoot toads in Oklahoma with a sum-
mary of our knowdedge of the group 11. .Amer. Nat. 79: 52-72.

, 1946. Aggregation with canni])alisni in tadi)oles of

Scapliiopiis boDibifroiis Cope, etc. Herpetologica 3: 89-97.

I'K.WK I'.I.l.SWf )IM'II in..\lSI)l-:i.I,. SK. I 1X(,2 l")46j

VASlO M. TAXNI-;R'I'
Priil'i'ssor 1)1 Zdology and EiitoiiiolDf^y
Hiigliani Young University

(. (ilropU'ioloj^isls, (•S|)cc"iall\ lliox.- inU-irsh'd in IriU'hiioiiitl.'K- aii<l
Mc'Iyri'lar, alon^' with niaii\' liu'ii(l>, a<lmircrs and associates, will \h-
saddoiicil liy Mu- passing; of I )r. I-'rank I'".. IMaisdcll, Sr., in Jul}- 10,
1946, at his son's hoim- in W'al^onvillc, Santa Cru/. C<junty, California.
Dr. lUaisdcll. duiinj^- his ri^hlN -f(jur years, lived through and partici-
pated in much of the develo])nu-nl that has taken place in entoniokjgy
and medicine in California.

Frank K. I'laisdell was born March l.\ 1862, at Pittslield, Xew
Hampshire. The Blaisdell family left their New England h(jme and
moved to San Francisco in 1870, where they remained until 1873 when
they moved to San Diego. Dr. lUaisdell's father was a saddler and
harness maker. For two years he maintained a harness store on Fifth
Street in San Diego. From 1874 to 1886 the lUaisdells engaged in
farming in Poway Valley, where they took up a ranch. During this
period, Dr. P)laisdell became a skilled teamster, a collector of insects,
and a keeper of an apiary. Pie served as county entomologist of San
Diego in 1886. Dr. Plaisdell's desire for learning caused him to leave
the ranch and take up the study of medicine. For a year he clerked
in a stationer}- store and read medicine with Drs. P. C. Remondin j
and C. C. Valle. In 1887 he left home for San Francisco to enter the
Cooper Medical College. The course of study was completed and hr.
I'laisdell was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in
1889. In N(jvember of this year. Dr. lUaisdell returned to .San Diego
where he practiced medicine for three years. In search of greener
pastures, in 1892 he left San Diego again for San Francisco to find
a new location. He learned of a location at Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras
C(junty, Calif(jrnia. where he located, practiced medicine, and collected
insects until 1900.

Soon after Dr. lUaisdell began practicing at Mokelumne Hill, he
met his future companion and wife, Miss Rlla Katherine Peek, and
they were married February 18, 1894. To them was born one son,
F. E. Blaisdell, jr., in 1896. Mrs. I'laisdell has been a ver\ gracious

Cl> (."oiitributioii No. 111.

17

The Gie;it Basin XrUuialijt
18 VASCO M. TANNER Vol. VII, NoS. 1-4

and devoted lielpmate to Dr. lUaisdell. Upon many occasions Mrs.
Tanner and 1 have been delightfully entertained by the Blaisdells.

When Dr. Blaisdell gave up the practice of medicine at Mokelumne
Hill, he decided to take a vacation by going to Nome, Alaska. In Sep-
tember he took passage on the steamer \'alencia. For several weeks
he collected Coleoptera in many Alaskan places. Upon his return he
was appointed to a teaching position in Cooper Medical College, 1900.
During the next ten years. Dr. Blaisdell advanced in teaching rank,
and many responsibilities were given to him. In 1909 he spent a year
at John Hopkins in Baltimore studying medicine. On week ends he
collected in the vicinity of Baltimore and Academy Junction between
Washington and Baltimore, as well as at the Philadelphia Academy of
Sciences. In 1910 when the Cooper College was affiliated with Stan-
ford University, Dr. Blaisdell was then Professor of Anatomy and
head of the Department. After the affiliation he was made Professor
of Surgery in what was then known as the Stanford Medical College.
This position he held until September, 1927, when he retired as Pro-
fessor of Surgery Emeritus, at the age of sixty-five years.

Throughout all of Dr. Blaisdell's medical career he was active in
his avocation, that of collecting and studying insects and birds. He
amassed a large collection of beetles, especially tenetrionids. When in
1906 the earthquake and fire destroyed most of the business district
and the California Academy of Science in San Francisco, he was very
active in helping to save what he could of his collection, as well as
some rescued from the Academy building. He told me about carrying
on his back for days, at this time, several boxes containing types and
determined specimens of Coleoptera in order to save them from de-
struction.

I first became accjuainted with Dr. Blaisdell during the summer
of 1921 wdiile I was a student at Stanford Universit|y. This acquaint-
ance grew into an enjoyable association of lasting friendship. I was
greatly indebted to Dr. Blaisdell for his whole-hearted support in sup-
plying me with rare species of Coleoptera when I was studying the
morphology of the female genitalia of Coleoptera.^-* From his large
beetle collection he gave to me freely of any species in it. Without
this aid it would have been impossible for me to study as many genera
and families as I did. Then, too, he has given freely of his time in
making determinations of specimens submitted to him. Every year

(2) Tanner, Vasco M.. 1927. "A Preliminary Study of the Genitalia of Female Coleoptera."

Trans. Am. Ento. Soc. LIII, pp. 3-50, pis. 2-15.

|)i'c.3(). I'Mo i-KANK i-:i.i.s\\ oirni I!I.aisi)I-;i,i., su. 19

foi- U\fnt\- ^•cars lu- itiailc many (k'tcrminatioiis of Coleoptcra which
1 sul)iniltc(l to him. As a rcsuU I now have a large collection of Hlais-
ilrll determined Tenel)rionidae and Melyridae which are indispensable
in a stud\' of tlK'se famihes.

Dr. I')hiis(k'll was the auth(jr of one liundred papers dealing with
Coleoptera. He began publishing in 1892 and continued up until 1945.
Many of liis i)apers are of considerable length and well illustrated.
Mis writings on the [)eetles consist of more than 14(K) j)ages. Dr.
I'laisdell tried to relate his descriptions to morphological characters.
He stu<He(l the genitalia of man}- s])ecies. In his paper ".Studies in the
Tenel)rionid Tribe .Scaurini : A Monographic Revision of the h-ulabes,'
he made an attempt at correlating the nomenclature used by the w^'iter
in studies of female genital structures of beetles with his studies of
male structures. His notable study of the Kleodiini, 19()9, deals with
the male genitalia.*'* Many of his descriptions of new species include
a discussion of genital characters. Dr. Blaisdell's knowledge of human
anatomy carried over into his study of insects to a greater extent than
is the case with many workers trained in vertebrate anatomy.

Practically all of Dr. Blaisdell's entomological papers, with the ex-
ception of the most recent ones, are to be found listed in the bibliog-
raphy of the Leng Catalogue of Coleoptera of America, North of
Mexico, and the four supplements, 1920-1939. Students interested in
his specialties are referred to the above publications.

In 1928 Dr. and Mrs. Blaisdell spent five months on a trip and
vacation. They visited the old home in Pittsfield, New Hampshire ;
also with Dr. lienry Fall in Tyngsboro, Massachusetts; at Harvard
College Collections ; at the Museum of Natural History in Phila-
delphia; the National Museum; and spent a week at the International
Entomological Congress at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.
Mrs. Tanner and I were fortunate enough to get rooms at a private
home along with the IJlaisdells. This association added much to the
enjoyment and value of the Conference for us. We then visited the
Niagara Falls t(jgether. The Blaisdells returned to California by way
of the Atlantic States, New Orleans, and Texas.

As I draw to a close this brief sketch of Dr. Frank I-',. Illaisdell. .i
man whom I greatly admired and respected for his genuineness and
desire to help others. 1 do so knowing full well that it is a privilege
to pay tribute to his memory. Dr. Blaisdell inherited a strong body
and a keen intellect. His good nature and personal charm of manner

(3) Blaisdell, V. K., 1909. "Monograph of the Eleodiini": Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. lo

The Great Basin Naturalist
20 VASCO M. TANNKK Vol. VIT. Nos. 1-4

drew his friends clcjse to him. His loiii^- life was filled with much satis-
faction because of the joy he received from liis wife, grandchildren,
and host of friends. Students who use the Coleoptera Collection at
the California Academy of Sciences will long be indebted to him.

A .\i<:vv sui'.si'iccii'.s oi' I'.xoci.i'.KUs i'k< ».\i iiii'. «,r!:.\'I'
r>ASiN Ri'XiiON OF Till'. \\I':stI':rn I \i'ii;i) s'iati-.s

(COM'.OI'TI'.RA: CI.l-.K 1 1 ) AI. )

WILLIAM I'-. I1.\]>:Ri
University nf t"alifnniia. llerkclcy

Enoclerus eximius trullionis Hair, ikw sul)Si)<.ii<M

Similar in si/.c, form and ^tmuluiX' to rxiiiiiifs; pninolum with .
rather broad, transverse, trianj^ailar Mack area on disk, pubescence of
this l)lack area consistintj of numeron^. lonj^ bkack hairs, remainder of
])ronotum densel)" clothed with lonj:;; i^ray hairs, intermi.\e<l with a few,
long black hairs; elytra with a broad, black band covering basal third,
very slightly prolonged posteriori}- at suture, this black band densely
clothed witli rather long, erect ])lack hairs, scutellar area rather densely
clothed with long, erect gra}' hairs, remainder of mai"kings and pube-
scence as in eximius. Length: Male. 8.5 mm; female. 10.5 mm.

lloloiypc, male, from Reno. Navada. Ma\- 25. 1941 ; allotype, fe-
male, from same locality, June 1, 1''41. I'otli specimens collected b\-
Ira La Rivers and deposited in the writi-r's collection. Thirteen para-
types from the following localities: Reno. Nevada. Ma\' 1939. (La
Rivers) ; May 25. 1941. (La Rivers) ; Shell C"an\dn. Ruby Mountains.
Nevada. July 11-12, 1913, (J. R. Slevin ) ; Mountain City, Nevada,
July 16, 1939, (La Rivers); "Nevada"; Wallowa Mountains. Baker
County, Oregon, July 7. 1922, (Van Dyke) ; i'ocatello, Idaho. June 18,
1941. (G. P. Mackenzie) ; Tuttle, Idaho, May 29, 1938, (D. E. Fox) ;
Snowville, Utah. April 28, 1931, (G. F. Knowlton) ; Beaver Canyon.
Utah. June 1923.

Paratypes in the collection of the California Academy of Scineces.
U. S. National Museum, L La Rivers. G. P. Mackenzie and the writer.

Trullionis is undoubtedly confused in many collections with t'.r-
imiiis eximius: however, it presents several differences in color and
l)ul)escence which readily separate il from this typical subspecies. The
broad, black basal band on the elytra and the l)roadly triangular, black
discal area on the pronotum of IruUiouis are its most conspicuous char-
acters and no intergradation toward the three, black, sub-basal elytral
spots and the two. black |)ronotal spots of the typical eximius have

1 The writer is inilcbteii to E. C. Van Dyke, E. A. C'hapin, H. l).vl)as, I. La Rivers and
G. P. Mackenzie for the loan of material used in this study.

21

The Great Basin Naturalist
22 W ll.LIAiVI F. BAKR Vol. VII, NoS. 1-4

been seen. Apparently this subspecies is restricted to the Great iiasin
Region and probably represents a geographical replacement oicximius
cxiuiius, which rather commonly occurs in the coastal ranges, valleys
and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountain
Ranges of the Pacific States and southern British Columlna. Several
specimens of typical exiniins have been seen from localities well outside
of this range, however ; these include : Walker River, Mono County,
California. June 25. 19.^7; Aspen Grove, Mount Timpanogos, Utah,
July 6, 1935 ; Logan, Utah, June 7, 1933. ( T. O. Thatcher) ; and Teton
National Park, Wyoming, July 1937.

Champlain- records Eiwclcrns cxiiiiius from the Chiricahua Moun-
tains, Arizona, but no material from this region has been seen by the
writer.

2 Roving, A. G. and A. B. Champlain, 1920. Proc. U. .S. Nat. Mus.. 57: 6ol.

ANOPHELES MOSQIITO Ri:C()RI)S AND r)['.Sl-.R\ ATK )XS

IN MONTANA*

D. J. pli-:tsch

Associate Entcunolojiist. Moiit. Art. Rxp. Station

The ])C'rsist(.nc<.- of malarial infections in rdurncd service men has
cvfikcd amoni: public health personnel a renewed interest in anophe-
linr niosduiloes. In areas sucli as Montana, where malaria has never
hein a jjrohleni. knowledge of potential vectors is often fraj^nnentary.
This inadequacy applies equally to distributional facts and to obser-
vations on moscjuito habits and life histories.

Althouo^h ano])he]ine mosquitoes have been known to occur in Mon-
tana for many years. Mail (1934) could cite only seven records for the
two species. Anopheles punetipennis and Anopheles maculipennis.
taken in the State. The former was reported from a single locality,
and six scattered collection ])()ints were indicated for the second spe-
cies.

Aitken (19,^9) distinguished three subspecific forms of .hiopheles
maeulipennis in North America. Two f)f the.se were characterized by
unicolorous wings: Anopheles maeulipennis freeborni Aitken from the
United States west of the Continental Divide, and Anopheles maeuli-
pennis ociceus Hoffman from the Valley of Mexico. Anopheles ma-
eulipennis oeeideniolis (D. and K.) recognized by a bronze or .silve"
patch on the apical wing fringe, ranges in a narrow strip along the
west coast, north to the Canadian Northwest Territory and across the
continent below the international boundary to New England. Aitken's
subsecpient studies of the Anopheles complex (1<>41. 104,^) include<l
examinations of all available Montana material. Most of the maculi-
pennis specimens had the silver-tipped wings of occidentalis, but free-
borni was represented in collections from the Bitter Root Valley of
western Montana.

Collections and observations made by the writer during the spring
of 1946 yielded more material from western Montana than had been
anticipated. Random collections were made during April, and a more
complete survey was conducted in May. The gross results of the 1946

* The author wishes to .icknowledRe the encouraKement of Dr. H. B. Mills, St.ite Entomolo-
gist, and Dr. B. K. Kilhourne. Secretary, State Roar.l of Health, in the 1946 survey. The
kindness of Dr. C. B. Philip, U. S. Public Health Service, Rocky Mountain Laboratory.
Hamilton, Montana, in forwarding mo.siiuitoes from that laboratory, is much appreciated.

Contribution from the Department of Zoology and Entomolopy, Montana State College.
.\gricultural Experiment -Station. Paper N'o. 190 Journal Series.

The Great Basin Naturalist

24 D. J. PLETscH Vol. VTT. Nos. 1-4

collections have been summarized elsewhere (Pletsch. 1946). Larval
collections were carried out in 47 localities covering 10 western Mon-
tana counties. Eleven positive samples were obtained, representing::
7 of the 10 counties. Adult mosquito collections were made in 55
localities throughout 11 counties. Adult Anopheles were captured in
12 of these localities representing 7 of the 11 counties. These findings
emphasized the desirability of a recapitulation of Mantana Aiwpliclcs
records, observations, and collected specimens. Observations in this
north temperate area are needed to supplement the published data on
nearctic anopheline distribution and habits (King and Rrandley, 1941 i.

Figure 1 graphically summarizes Montana anopheline collections
to date. Identification of specific collection points may be accomplished
from the detailed tabulation of specimens, presented as an appendix
to this paper.

Anopheles nuieulipennis freehorni Aitken has now been found in
four Montana counties, all west of the Continental Divide, at eleva-
tions ranging from 2700 to 3900 feet above sea level. This form is a
recognized malaria transmitter in California. Ihe more recent collec-
tions confirm and augment the Montana distribution of freehorni as
shown by Aitken (1941. 1945 ). Seasonal collection dates extend from
May 28 to November 22. Both male and female freehorni were pres-
ent in the three series collected in May. 1946. The Ma}' 28 collection
in Sanders County included 3.^ females and 27 males, all under a single
highway bridge. A nearby marsh yielded onl}- one .Inopheles larva.
yet the finding of numerous males suggested the completion of one
generation before the end of May.

Anopheles maculipennis occidentalis (D. and K. ) is clearly Mon-
tana's most widely distributed anopheline form. In line with the adapt-
ability indicated by its extensive North America distribution, it has
been collected in Montana from 13 counties on both sides of the Con-
tinental Divide, and at elevations from 2100 to 4500 feet above sea
level. Specimens from the lower altitudes (Blaine, Phillips and Valley
counties) have not been examined by the writer but were listed by
Aitken (1945). Altitude apparently exercised an eifect on oeeidentalis
only over a very wide range, while freehorni is found only in the
mountain valleys. The general prevalence of occidentalis in western
Montana, and its overlapping with freehorni. suggests a logical revi-
sion of Aitken's distribution May (1945) to show the concurrence of
these two forms west of the Continental Divide ( one collection in
Lake C(nmty yielded six freehorni and one occidcnialis beneath the
same highway bridge).

Dec. 30. 194^) .woi'iiii.ks ki:( oKr)s in Montana 2S

Scasoiinl colkctittn il;it;i Idr (icridiiiUilis cMciul t roni Apiil 12 to
Autjust 3. Several of the females collected hy the writer on April 1'^
and 28. 194fi. in abandoned tourist cahins appeared engorged or gravid.
Two specimens from A|)ril 28 collection were dissected. The midgut
of the lirst containi'd the remains of a recent lilood nual. The abdomen
contained 97 partiall\- deveIoi)e(i ova which lacked the elongate pro-
portions of mature eggs. In the second specimen the gut showed no
obvious Mood meal, hul the ahdomen contained 1 2<^> elongate, w fll
developed eggs. All occidcntalis specimens from the State now in the
collections at Bozeman and Hamilton. Montana, are females with the
exception of one male. This male and three female occidcutalis were
collected on May 30. 1946. near Kalispell (Flathead County i.

In limited instances observers have found occidcutalis rather com-
mon in the State. Dyar (1929) wrote of specimens later listed by
Aitken as occidcutalis. "The 'malaria mosquito' was rather common
(jn the west side of Glacier Park in 1926. hil)ernating adults entering
the cabin in earl\- spring. Larvae were found in the warmer algae-
tilled pools along. the larger lakes and marshes..." Mail fl934^ did
not include in his account of Montana mosquitoes a significant lirld
observation made by him in 1929. On April 28 he collected mar Man-
hattan (Gallatin County) specimens of occid en talis and noted, "Adults
only . . . Certainlv if these are hibernating adults they show remarkable
preservation. Think ])ersonally they are this spring's emergence but
the\- precede an\- of the local .Icdcs, none of which are out yet. In
willow brush alongside river . . . adults biting fiercely and (|uite nu-
merous.''

A lone record of .hiof'liclcs /^itiictipcimis (Say) in .M(nuan;i lias
been cited repeatedly in the literature. Mail (1934) wnne, "There is
onl}- one record of this mosquito in Montana and this is tidm l.oio
in the Bitter Root Valley, on tlie Pacific side of the Divide." but he
quoted Heaiie's description of this species, "the writer not having a
specimen of this species at hand." The collection at Montana State
College includes one .liiophclcs specimen labeled, "Lolo. .Mont. .\\)v\]
24, 1909," but this specimen is a typical occidcutalis. Regardless of the
status of the Polo record, the occurrence of punclif^cniiis in the State
was confirmed during 1946 by three new records west of tin- Divitle.
On May 24 one female was found in an abandoned stable (^Mineral
County) where one occidoifalis had been taken on .\pril 19. .\ lone
male f>uuctipcunis was found with ()n j'rcchonil specimens collected in
Sanders (."ouiiIn ( .Mav 28). < )n .May 30 several auopiieline larvae and
pupae- were collected on a woodland pool near Poison ( lake County).

26

D. J. PLETSCH

The Great Basin Nacurahst

Vol. VII. Nos. 1-4

The water surface was almost covered with growths of Lenina, and
the mosquito pupae had a distinctly greenish cast. Two piinctipcnnu
females emerged from this immature material.

K <

;ji

I )fo. .>", 194<j ANonii.i.i;.-, lua.oKi).- in Montana 27

SUMMAin

1. An aiial\>i> \\a> iikuIv of all a\ailal)li- aiioplu'liiir ilislrihulioii
rccoi<l> from Molilalia.

2. . Iiit^l'hclcs /'iiin'ti/\'iiiiis i Sa\' i i> reccjrdcd in Montana onl\
from llu' I'acilic sidr of thr COnlnu-ntal Divide.

,v . I iitiphcltw niandif'rnnis jrcchiu-ni Aitka-n has hren collected
from western Montana at t-le\atinns ran^iiii," from 17^^) to .V)()() feet.
. I ii(i/'lir/rs iiidriih l^riniis orridriila/is I I), and K. ) has Keen lakt'n fi"om
Iiotli sides of the l)i\ide at a wide i^ant^e of elevations (21(K)-45()<)
feel I . .Several localities in western Montana have yielded both frcc-
h()riii and occidcntalis.

4. Females of frcchonii have heen collected from Ma_\- 2^^ to X(j-
veniher 22, with nnnierous males found from Ma}' 2<S to ( )clol)er 21.
The more limiled seasonal distrihulion of nccidciifalis includes females
collected from Ajiril 12 to Au.^usl .V The on]\- male on record was
taken on May 30. Four specimens of Anopheles puiietipennis, includ-
iiiii^ one male, were obtained from May 24 to 30. 1946. in three Mon-
tana cf)unties.

5. Dissection of oeeidcntglis females collected on April 28. 1946.
indicated the presence of well-developed eggs on that date. Fgg counts
from two dissected females showed 97 and 126 eggs present.

IJTRRATURE CITED

Aitken. T. FI. G.

1939. The .hiopheles Duieidipennis complex of western .America.
Pan Pacific Fntomologist 15 (4) : 191-192.

1941. The .\iu)pl\eles complex in California.

I'roc. .^ixth Pacific .Sci. Congress 4: 463-486. ilk

1945. Studies on the anopheline complex of western America.
L^ of Calif. Publications in k'nt. 7 ( 11 ) : 273-364. ill.

King. W. W and Bradley, G. Fl.

1941. Distribution of the Nearctic species of Anopheles.

.S\-mposimii on 1 Itunan Malaria. Publ. Amer. Assn.
Advancement nf Science Xo. 15: 71-78. ill.

Mail. G. A.

1934. The Mosquitoes of Montana.

Mont. Agr. k:xp. Sta. P.ul. No. 288. 72 ()p. ill.

Plet.sch, {). ].

1946. Anopheline nKJsquitoes in Montana,
journal -Faucet 66 (9) : 289.

2,S

U. J. PLETSCH

The Great Basin, Natuiali.st

Vol. VII, Nos. 1-4

RECORDS Ui- MONTANA ANOPHE LINES

County
InophcU's itnn
Ravalli

Missoula

(lallatin
Lewis and

Clark-
Glacier

Blaine
Phillips
A^alley
Powder
River
M ineral

Ravalli
Flatliead
Lake
Powell

Citv

Date

identified
by

ulipcniiis occidcntalis (D. and K.)
Florence June 29, 1914 **

Victor July 12, 1918 T. H. C. Aitken

Lolo Apr. 24. 1909 D. J. Pletsch

Missoula June 24, l')14 T. H. G. Aitken

Remarki

.Vlanliattan

Apr. 28,1919

Ace. No. 112,3
Ace. No. E29-314

Helena
Clasoil
No. Fk. Ranger

Sta. Glac. Pk. July 3, 1924
Chinook Auk. 3, 1927

\pr. 12, 1932 T.H.G. Aitken

(ilasgow

Powderville

DeBorgia

Haugan

Darby

Kalispell

Ronan

Garrison

July 11. 1<;21

Apr. 21, 1916
Apr. 19, 1940
Apr. 28, 1946
May 22, 1946
May 30, 1946
May 30, 1946
May 31, 1946

Anoplu'lcs iiuiciiiipcnnis frcchorni Aitken

Ravalli

Sanders
Lake
Granite
Ravalli

Hamilton

Darby
Lake Como
Hot Springs
Ronan
Bearmoutli
Hamilton

Anopheles pimetipennis (Say)

Mineral DeBorgia

Sanders Hot Springs

9 Lake Poison

Anopheles >u(iciilipeiiuis ?

Lake Finley Point

Flathead Kalispell

July 2. 1932
Xov. 22, 1932
Aug. 8. 1933
July 1936
Oct. 20, 1939
Oct. 21, 1939
July 29, 1935
May 28, 1946
May 30, 1946
May 31, 1946
Xov. 7, 1946 ■

May 24, 1946
May 28, 1946
May 30. 1946

(De-scaled)
Nov. 7, 1941
May 29. 1946

**

**
**

D.J. Pletsch

-Ace. No. E46-11
Ace. No. E46-12

Ace. No. E46-36
Ace. No. E46-38g
Ace. No. E46-41h

T. H. G. Aitken "Goats'

D. J. Pletsch
T. H. G. Aitken

D. J. Pletsch

.Specimen'-
now at

\Jonl. Slate

Hamilton

D. T. Pletsch

Light trap
Outhouse

33 9 27$
.A.CC. No. E46-38g
Ace. No. E46-40
"in occupied
residence"

with 60 freebornt
reared from pupae

Numerous in outhouse
under bridge

** Specimens listed by Aitken (1945)

).•(•. M). I'M*. 29

(il.Xl'.KAI. .\( yi'i.s

Dragon Flies Feed on Termites

Dr. 'rainier, soinetinic a^o I iiKMitinticd an interesting phenomenon wliicli I
iilisiTve*! (luriiiR the summer months, and I wish hercwitli to (jive you a written
statement dl' that Mhser\-aliiin,

Ahdul tile middle nl' Aii^;ust, I'Ml, while walking aloug the path immediate!)
east of the President's home, I noted a larj^e swarm of dragon flies. They kept
darting downward, fluttering for a moment or two ahove the ground, and then
mailing ofi". The swarm was very large, prohahly several hundred dragon flies, and
they seemed to he concentrating in a relatively small area.

1 walked into the center of the swarm and sat down to observe what was
going on. 1 found that they were hovering immediately above a bed of what were
probably termites. Many of these forms were in the flying stage, and as they
began to fly upward the dragon fly would dart down, intercept them, and after
a few deft twists and turns would nip off the abdomen. The head, thorax, and
wings would then flutter to the ground. The ground was littered with di)zens of
these dismembered insects. I picked up several, thrust them in the air, and found
that they had hardly begun to fly until the dragon flies were on them. The numbers
of flying forms must have been large, but I should judge that a great proportion
of them had been dismembered by the dragon flies.

The following morning I again observed the swarming area, and although
all living forms had disappeared, the ground still showed many of these dead half-
bodies. The dragon flies apparently must have eaten the abdomen completely, since
1 ^aw no evidence of the outei abdomiiial cases. — Dean .\. Anderson. 1!. V. U.

Ranatra Quadridentata Stal (Nepidae) Found in Utah

While studying the aquatic life of Salem Pond in .\pril, 1940, two specimens
oi water scorpion, Kanatra quadridentata Stal., were collected. This is a new
record for the State of Utah. According to Dr. Hungerford this species is dis-
tinctive and should not be considered as a synonym of ./. aiiuricaiui Montandon.

Two other species of this family have recently been added to the Brigham
Young University entomological collection. They are Raiiata nigra Herrich-
Schafi'er, collected at Urbana, Illinois, September, 1939, and R. hiiniai Hunger-
ford collected at Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee by Prof. C". I.yiin Flaxward. — •X'^asco M.
Tanner.

ri\f (ireat Hasiu Xaturalist

30 \ ol. \11, Xos. 1 4

Sage Hens Killed on Highway

The writer has had an opportunity to observe the animals killed on the motor
highways in various parts of the nation during the past year. Tm my surprise I
have found several species of snakes, frogs, toads; salamanders. rahi)its, squirrels,
mice, porcupine, badgers, opossum, magpies, English sparrows, night hawks,
pheasants, and sage hens killed by the automobile. Anionu tin' bircK is a species
that is becoming rare in Utah, the sage hen, Ccuiraccrcus urtifhas'unuts (llonap.).
Thirteen young birds, about half grown, were found crushed to death on U. S.
Highway. 40 between the head of Daniels Canyon and hVuitlaud, in Wasatch and
Duchesne Counties, Utah. These were observed while traveling over the road
three times, once in July and twice in August. Old birds with their flocks were
fairly common along this part of Highway 40 during this period. They move
about crossing back and forth over the mad in search of insects and seeds. In
doing so they are easj' marks for the fast driving motorist, (^n highways where
traffic is heavy the carcasses of animals are soon ground to dust. In intervals
of one week I have found that the bodies of rabbits have been worn away and
have disappeared from the highway. ]\Iagpies and crows feed on the highway kill.

I call attention to this loss of sage hens since this species is protected in this
area. The annual mortality must be high, judging from the kill noted above.
Signs warning motorists of the presence of sage hens may be of some value in
reducing the loss of this species. — A'asco M. Tanner, December. 1946.

ii\i)i:x 'i"(» \ oixMi-. \ II

\c\v genora and s]K'ric^ dLScrilxd in tliis volninc a])pcar in l)f)lcl-face type.

Anderson. Dean A., article by, Z*-)
Anopheles Mosquito records and ()l)ser-

vations in Mt)ntana. 23

Distribution map, 2()

l\ecords of Montana Ano])lieles, 28

Summary, 27
Apliids from Mt. Timpanogis. Utah. 1

Utamphorophora Knowlton, n. gen.,

1

U. timpanogos Knowlton, n. sp.. 1

I'.arr, William V.. article by, 21
Bragg, Arthur X., article by, 11

Dragon Flies I'eed on. Termites. 2^)

i'rank I-:. Blaisdell, Sr., 17

Kn()\\lton, (ieorge i"\. article by, 1

La Rivers. Ira, article bv, 7

New Suhsi)ecies of Knoclerus from the

(ireat Basin Region of the Western

U. S. (Col: Cleridae). 21

E. eximius trullionis Barr, n. subsp.,

21
Notes on the Histeridae (Coleopterai

known to occur in Nevada. 7

Histrinae, 8

Hololeptinae, 7

Saprinini

I'letsch. I). J., article by, 23

Kanatra Quadridentata Stal (Nepidac)
found in Utah. 29

.Sage Hens Killed on Highway. 30
Some Salientian Adaptations, 11

lanner. \'asco M.. articles by, 17, 29.
30

Date of mailing Nos. 1-4. September. 1^'47.

M

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